"Competitive position is the height of the climb. Execution is what allows you to turn potential energy into kinetic energy by riding down the other side. Both the height of the climb and the efficiency of the ride down are indispensable to the overall experience. A big climb with no descent is essentially worthless, and a train that stutters down the other side is arguably not much better. The smoothest car in the world cannot make up for a puny drop. Similarly, you cannot compensate for a poor position with great execution while poor execution can compromise even the most promising position. In short, position determines how fast you can go; execution determines how fast you actually go.O que tem feito a sua empresa para se diferenciar?
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Industry is the frame of reference for the potential and kinetic energy. As an industry's structure changes - new technologies, new regulations, new entrants, and so on - exceptional companies understand that all performance (or motion, in the roller-coaster metaphor) is relative, and so they adapt in ways that preserve their ability to store potential and release kinetic energy.
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Average companies, and exceptional companies that lose their way, seem to forget that the key is relative position within an industry and instead begin matching their behavior to industry-level forces. If an industry is consolidating, they go on an acquisitions binge; if an industry is suffering a downturn, they begin cutting cost and price; if an industry is expanding, they invest and grow. That all seems reasonable, but it amounts to moving in the same direction and with the same velocity as the frame of reference itself - in other words, it amounts to standing still. Exceptional performance is built on being different, and making choices dominated by industry-level considerations makes you average."
"This Note-Taking System Turns You Into An Efficiency Expert"
"The instinct, then, is to tightly control that last step, to be sure no one has any leeway or can take initiative when dealing with customers, because, after all, you can't trust them.Para esta gente o ideal é uma vending machine. Bom proveito!
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This is a self-defeating precaution. As soon as you elminate humanity from the interactions you have with customers, you've guaranteed that your (now sterile) brand will mean less than it could.
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Hire better people. Trust them more. And be prepared to make it right when they don't."
"You have looked at the idea that poor management practices can last a surprisingly long time. Why do you think that is?Depois, durante o meu jogging, ouvi, no livro "Quiet" de Susan Cain:
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We assume that harmful management practices will make firms less competitive and because they are less competitive they will gradually disappear and those practices will disappear with them.
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But unfortunately I have noticed that is not necessarily the case
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The point is that they kept doing this practice because everyone, indeed, was doing it and the assumption had grown that it is the way it had to be. If nobody challenges that assumption we won’t find out that it’s the wrong practice and it can actually persist, like in this case, for centuries and I am convinced potentially even longer."
"Between 1951 and 1956, ..., a psychologist named Solomon Asch conducted a series of now-famous experiments on the dangers of group influence. Asch gathered student volunteers into groups and had them take a vision test. He showed them a picture of three lines of varying lengths and asked questions about how the lines compared with one another: which was longer, which one matched the length of a fourth line, and so on. His questions were so simple that 95 percent of students answered every question correctly.Já aqui escrevemos sobre as experiências de Asch.
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But when Asch planted actors in the groups, and the actors confidently volunteered the same incorrect answer, the number of students who gave all correct answers plunged to 25 percent. That is, a staggering 75 percent of the participants went along with the group’s wrong answer to at least one question. The Asch experiments demonstrated the power of conformity
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Peer pressure, in other words, is not only unpleasant, but can actually change your view of a problem. These early findings suggest that groups are like mind-altering substances. If the group thinks the answer is A, you’re much more likely to believe that A is correct, too. It’s not that you’re saying consciously, “Hmm, I’m not sure, but they all think the answer’s A, so I’ll go with that.” Nor are you saying, “I want them to like me, so I’ll just pretend that the answer’s A.” No, you are doing something much more unexpected—and dangerous. Most of Berns’s volunteers reported having gone along with the group because “they thought that they had arrived serendipitously at the same correct answer.” They were utterly blind, in other words, to how much their peers had influenced them."
"We are moving toward a largely freelance economy. About a third of American workers are members of the so-called independent workforce, which includes freelance writers, editors, and designers, office temps, independent contractors, and day laborers, and by 2020, that number could grow to more than 40 percent of American workers. That would amount to 60 million people."O que dirá o INE da evolução dos números? E o que dirá o
"There is a strong sense of déjà vu in all this. I recall in the recession of the early 1970s a top Treasury official responding to complaints about under-investment in the UK by asking how else a recovery was going to start if not through increased consumption. And in fairness to the chancellor, George Osborne, that point can be made with equal validity today. The public sector is contracting. The external environment is dismal, with the eurozone struggling and emerging markets slowing down sharply. The manufacturing sector accounts for a mere 11 per cent of GDP, so there are limits to what it could do even if export prospects were rosy. At this stage of the upturn companies are too uncertain about potential demand for their products to increase investment significantly."
"Rui Cunha é mecânico de automóveis na prisão do Linhó. Esta segunda-feira, foi um dos 150 funcionários públicos que foram ao cinema São Jorge, em Lisboa, para ouvir como podem ser despedidos."Quando entrei para o meu primeiro emprego, não estágio, em Fevereiro de 1988 na Têxtil Manuel Gonçalves (TMG) em Vila Nova de Famalicão, lembro-me de, numa conversa de cantina, um engenheiro da Manutenção me contar que o "mundo podia acabar" e, no entanto, tal não afectaria o funcionamento da TMG. A empresa era auto-suficiente, tinha todos os serviços de suporte possíveis e imaginários... sinceramente não sei se tinham mecânicos de automóveis ou, já então, recorriam a oficinas, mais especializadas e com custo efectivo mais baixo. Esse mundo já acabou há muito tempo.
"Mas o factor mais interessante das exportações não reside no facto de estarem a crescer; é o facto de estarem a subir acima da procura interna na maioria dos países de destina O que significa que as empresas portuguesas estão a ganhar quotas de mercado. Confesso que não conheço melhor noticia para o país. Porque isto significa que, pela primeira vez em vinte anos, o padrão de crescimento português é sustentável. E que se se ele se mantiver, o consumo interno poderá recomeçar a crescer de forma equilibrada, evitando novos e penalizadores desequilíbrios das contas externas (o que forçaria Portugal a novo resgate). O que é estranho é ver que há analistas e políticos que em vez de verem nesta evolução sinais positivos, continuam a procurar razões para explicar que a economia continua enfiada num buraco sem saída. Não está; e isso é cada vez mais visível."
"A well-known study out of UC Berkeley by organizational behavior professor Philip Tetlock found that television pundits—that is, people who earn their livings by holding forth confidently on the basis of limited information—make worse predictions about political and economic trends than they would by random chance. And the very worst prognosticators tend to be the most famous and the most confident"Trecho retirado de "Quiet" de Susan Cain.
"How much of each of price and non-price value a company provides relative to its competitors defines its position in competitive space; how a company creates value for its customers.
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Miracle Workers (Moi ici: Designação que os autores deram às empresas com desempenho excepcional) overwhelmingly had non-price positions... and Average Joes (Moi ici: Designação que os autores deram às empresas com desempenho mediano) typically competed on price.
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More compelling still - and a big part of why we feel a non-price position is a material cause of exceptional performance - we found that when exceptional companies abandoned a non-price position, their performance subsequently suffered.
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There are two dimensions of value along which any company can differentiate itself: price value and non-price value. Our research reveals that exceptional companies typically focus on non-price value, even if that means they have to charge higher prices. It did not have to turn out this way: price-based competition is a legitimate strategy. We have found, however, that competing with better rather than cheaper is systematically associated with superior, long-term performance. (Moi ici: Este parágrafo é, simplesmente, música celestial para este blogue... e recordo "guerras" que perdi, em várias empresas, pela minha incapacidade de defender a via do valor através do não-preço, sobretudo no início desta caminhada. O volume é um atractor poderoso, é uma sereia com um canto quase irresistível)
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Better before cheaper is a useful rule because it applies not just to questions of diversification or focus, but to many critical decisions our Miracle Workers faced. The differences in behavior that best explained the differences in performance were consistent with a bias for increasing non-price value, even if it was sometimes at the expense of being price competitive.
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Of course, no company can afford to ignore its relative price position. That is why the rule is "better before cheaper": being price competitive is far from irrelevant, but when it comes to position in a market, exceptional performance is caused most often by greater non-price value rather than by lower price.
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It turns out that just as there is a pattern in how exceptional companies create value (better before cheaper), there is a pattern in how they capture value.
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Our reserach reveals that exceptional companies are systematically more likely to drive their ROA advantage through higher relative revenue than by lower relative cost or lower relative assets. Going down one more level, a revenue advantage can be driven by higher unit price or higher unit volume, and exceptional companies tend to rely more on price. (Moi ici: Recordar a série "Sobre a paranóia da eficiência e do eficientismo", "Aumentar o "producer surplus", o caminho menos percorrido (parte IV)" e "Não tente ser o melhor")
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A company's competitive position defines how it creates value. A company's profitability formula defines how it captures value. Profitability increases when revenue increases, cost decreases, or assets go down. We find that exceptional companies achieve superior profitability with revenue increases, even if that means higher cost or a higher asset base.
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When you find yourself having to allocate scarce resources—usually people, time or money—among competing priorities (which you surely will), think about which initiatives contribute most to enhancing the non-price elements of your position, or to earning relatively higher prices or greater volume, and give those the nod."
"O volume de vendas de bens ao exterior atingiu 4,295 mil milhões de euros, um novo valor recorde e que representa um crescimento de 5,5% em termos homólogos (contra Julho de 2012) e de 9,6% face a Junho deste ano.Aqueles camiões não me enganaram.
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Estas variações positivas surgem depois de, em Junho, as exportações terem descido 1,3% face ao mesmo mês do ano passado e 7,6% contra Maio.
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O valor de Julho (um mês de Verão e por isso de habitualmente menor actividade) é o mais elevado de sempre, superando o anterior recorde fixado em Maio deste ano (4,239 mil milhões de euros)."
""Desvalorizá-los é, digamos, menosprezar o esforço de empresários e de empresas que estão a diversificar mercados e que estão a aumentar as suas quotas de mercado em mercados externos, porque o aumento das exportações portuguesas acontece num momento particularmente difícil do ponto de vista dos mercados externos", disse o governador do Banco de Portugal.Se olharmos para o último ano de exportações, de Junho de 2012 a Maio de 2013, e analisarmos qual o contributo em pontos percentuais de cada componente sectorial para a taxa de crescimento das exportações de bens e serviços, temos:
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Carlos Costa fez questão de realçar que estes números representam aumentos de quota de mercado no exterior e não são um "efeito de arrastamento da evolução desses mercados". (Moi ici: Não foi porque a maré subiu) "O que significa que as empresas portuguesas reagiram bem a uma contracção da procura doméstica desviando a sua produção e a sua presença para mercados onde estavam menos presentes ou inclusivamente para novos mercados. Temos de valorizar esse esforço e esse esforço é que há-de permitir que as empresas consigam atingir níveis de utilização de capacidade e absorver desemprego no curto prazo", referiu o governador do banco central."
"“Power is easier to get, but harder to use or keep,” and I think that encapsulates what’s going on. It’s not that big is bad, it just doesn’t give you what it used to. Conventional trappings of power, scale being just one of them, offer little protection these days.Fico a pensar nisto "A TRIPLE-E COULD CARRY MORE THAN 182 MILLION IPADS OR 111 MILLION PAIRS OF SHOES FROM SHANGHAI TO ROTTERDAM" e o sucesso europeu das pequenas tiragens, como o designou o Frederico.
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“Stability, not change is the state that is most dangerous in highly dynamic competitive environments,” notes Rita Gunther Mcgrath and she’s right. Large organizations used to be able to depend on stasis to protect their prosperity. Those days are over and, most likely, they are never coming back.
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In the old economy of Porter’s value chains and five forces, a manager’s job was to continually build competitive advantage by increasing leverage in the marketplace. However, in the new economy, Rita Gunther McGrath suggests that “transient advantage” is more realistic. We increasingly live in an environment of uncertainty, not permanence.
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To put it another way, in the old economy managers played chess. You succeeded by seeing a move or two further than your opponent. However, the new game of strategy is more like an online role playing game. You go on missions, earn new skills and artifacts, but you are continually looking for new quests.
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So scale isn’t what it used to be and the old days of empire building are over. Competing to win in the new economy is more of a journey than a construction project. Your purpose must be clear, your skills must be honed and you only take what you need. Anything more is just an encumbrance."
"After controlling for many health and behavioral factors, researchers found that some fruits — strawberries, oranges, peaches, plums and apricots — had no significant effect on the risk for Type 2 diabetes. But eating grapes, apples and grapefruit all significantly reduced the risk. The big winner: blueberries. Eating one to three servings a month decreased the risk by about 11 percent, and having five servings a week reduced it by 26 percent."Não é o que compram, é o que conseguem com o que compram.
""Vivemos na era industrial porque temos uma visão neoliberal da educação. (Moi ici: O que será uma visão neoliberal da educação? O que é que este chavão quer dizer? Então não são os perigosos "neoliberais" que querem acabar com a escola centralizada, com programa nacional, com cacifos com dimensões definidas pelo ministério...) Achamos que a educação é melhor se for uniformizada, o que é uma contradição com o mundo em que vivemos, em que só aqueles que se diferenciam é que arranjam emprego." (Moi ici: Fartinho de escrever aqui no blogue sobre esta contradição "A missão da escola tem sido homogeneizar, o futuro pede outra coisa...")O trecho que se segue é...
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Num artigo escrito em 2009, intitulado Inovar em Educação, Educar para a Inovação, António Dias de Figueiredo defendeu que as escolas têm de preparar os cidadãos para "um mundo globalizado, complexo, de mudança, centrado no conhecimento, onde todos competem com todos, sem fronteiras, e onde a capacidade de cada um para criar valor, com empenho e inovação, passou a ser factor crítico, não apenas de sucesso, mas de sobrevivência".
Passados 28 anos sobre o primeiro projecto nacional para as TIC no ensino não-superior, António Dias de Figueiredo considera que evoluímos muito pouco na transformação das escolas em espaços de inovação e criatividade. Os alunos, afirma, "estão a ser produzidos industrialmente e a transformar-se em funcionários. Não têm autonomia"." (Moi ici: Por isso, transformam-se em novos-velhos)
"Na Finlândia, a profissão docente é altamente prestigiada. Uma das razões para que isto aconteça deve-se à elevada exigência da formação dos professores. Só os melhores alunos conseguem entrar numa das oito universidades que preparam docentes. Estudam durante cinco anos, tempo que inclui o mestrado, e treinam observando os seus professores a ensinar."Em Portugal, qual é o critério para impedir um mentecapto de ser professor? Durante décadas qualquer um podia ser professor, não há emprego, vai-se para professor. Depois, acabo com os meus filhos a terem aulas de Matemática dadas via powerpoint.
"Every autumn the incoming class (in Harvard Business School) participates in an elaborate role-playing game called the Subarctic Survival Situation. “It is approximately 2:30 p.m., October 5,” the students are told, “and you have just crash-landed in a float plane on the east shore of Laura Lake in the subarctic region of the northern Quebec-Newfoundland border.” The students are divided into small groups and asked to imagine that their group has salvaged fifteen items from the plane—a compass, sleeping bag, axe, and so on. Then they’re told to rank them in order of importance to the group’s survival. First the students rank the items individually; then they do so as a team. Next they score those rankings against an expert’s to see how well they did. Finally they watch a videotape of their team’s discussions to see what went right—or wrong.
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The point of the exercise is to teach group synergy. Successful synergy means a higher ranking for the team than for its individual members. The group fails when any of its members has a better ranking than the overall team. And failure is exactly what can happen when students prize assertiveness too highly.
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One of Don’s classmates was in a group lucky to include a young man with extensive experience in the northern backwoods. He had a lot of good ideas about how to rank the fifteen salvaged items. But his group didn’t listen, because he expressed his views too quietly.
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“Our action plan hinged on what the most vocal people suggested,” recalls the classmate. “When the less vocal people put out ideas, those ideas were discarded. The ideas that were rejected would have kept us alive and out of trouble, but they were dismissed because of the conviction with which the more vocal people suggested their ideas. Afterwards they played us back the videotape, and it was so embarrassing.” The Subarctic Survival Situation may sound like a harmless game played inside the ivory tower, but if you think of meetings you’ve attended, you can probably recall a time—plenty of times—when the opinion of the most dynamic or talkative person prevailed to the detriment of all."
"Quanto às preocupações da indústria, o inquérito de conjuntura evidencia um peso crescente da questão do abastecimento de matérias-primas, com as empresas a prever que os problemas a este nível “se acentuem no 3.º trimestre”."Cá vai a minha leitura para interpretar estas crescentes dificuldades de abastecimento de matérias-primas (entretanto, imaginem as relações de causa-efeito):
"A economia portuguesa criou 36,3 mil empregos no segundo trimestre do ano, mas o número de empregos remunerados continuou a cair e atingiu no mesmo período o valor mais baixo dos últimos 16 anos e meio, segundo o INE.Faz-me lembrar o jornal i que abre parangonas com a queda do emprego ao mesmo tempo que o desemprego baixa (aqui e aqui)...
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o número de empregos remunerados desceu no segundo trimestre, reduzindo-se este número em cerca de 5.300, para os 3,85 milhões.
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Este é o valor mais baixo desde o primeiro trimestre de 1997, altura em que o número de empregos remunerados estava em crescimento, ou seja, dos últimos 16 anos e meio.
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Segundo o INE, os trabalhadores não remunerados são "indivíduos que exercem uma actividade na empresa/instituição e que, por não estarem vinculados por um contrato de trabalho, sujeito ou não a forma escrita, não recebem uma remuneração regular, em dinheiro e/ou géneros pelo tempo trabalhado ou trabalho fornecido. Inclui nomeadamente os trabalhadores com emprego por conta própria,"
"Pelo segundo trimestre consecutivo, o número de empresas que afirmaram ter aumentado o número de pessoas ao serviço excederam as que disseram tê-lo diminuído, com esta tendência de crescimento do emprego a verificar-se “em quase todas as categorias de empresas, em termos de dimensão e orientação de mercado”.Recordar as barras negativas aqui.
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A este propósito, a APICCAPS recorda que, desde o início do ano, são várias as empresas do sector que estão a construir novas unidades produtivas no interior do país, algumas das quais especializadas na costura, “de modo a contornar a situação de escassez de mão-de-obra que continua a afectar as empresas sediadas nas zonas de forte concentração da indústria de calçado, como Felgueiras”."
"O sector do calçado criou, nos últimos dois meses, mais de 300 postos de trabalho no interior do país.Trecho retirado de "Sector do calçado não perde fôlego e continua a crescer"
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Depois de esgotada a mão-de-obra em Felgueiras, o mais importante pólo do sector em Portugal, a expansão de postos de trabalho chegou a zonas como Paredes de Coura ou Castelo de Paiva, porque as empresas não encontrarm as soluções nos concelhos limítrofes."
"as vendas para países extracomunitários que sustentaram "a actual trajectória de ascensão" do sector, ao registarem um crescimento de 37% até Junho.Trechos retirados de "Exportações de calçado português voltam a subir e somam 789 milhões até Junho"
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Já na Europa, o desempenho do calçado português foi "modesto", mas "igualmente positivo", com as vendas a progredirem 0,7%, para 698 milhões de euros
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De Janeiro a Junho, o preço médio do calçado português exportado aumentou 5,7%, fixando-se nos 22,33 euros.
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Também com um bom desempenho no 1.º semestre esteve o sector dos artigos de pele e marroquinaria, cujas exportações aumentaram 29%, para 49,5 milhões de euros, assistindo-se a crescimentos "em praticamente todos os segmentos".
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Na mesma linha, o sector de componentes para calçado teve uma primeira metade do ano positiva, com as vendas a aumentarem 11%, para 25 milhões de euros."
"Let me begin by describing a fairly typical meeting from one of my consulting clients, a large company. Senior management had gathered to make decisions about what to include in the next version of its product. As part of the company’s commitment to being data-driven, it had tried to conduct an experiment on pricing. The first part of the meeting was taken up with interpreting the data from the experiment.
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One problem was that nobody could agree on what the data meant. Many custom reports had been created for the meeting; the data warehouse team was at the meeting too. The more they were asked to explain the details of each row on the spreadsheet, the more evident it became that nobody understood how those numbers had been derived.
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Listening in, I assumed this would be the end of the meeting. With no agreed-on facts to help make the decision, I thought nobody would have any basis for making the case for a particular action. I was wrong. Each department simply took whatever interpretation of the data supported its position best and started advocating on its own behalf. Other departments would chime in with alternative interpretations that supported their positions, and so on. In the end, decisions were not made based on data. Instead, the executive running the meeting was forced to base decisions on the most plausible-sounding arguments.
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It seemed wasteful to me how much of the meeting had been spent debating the data because, in the end, the arguments that carried the day could have been made right at the start. It was as if each advocate sensed that he or she was about to be ambushed; if another team managed to bring clarity to the situation, it might undermine that person, and so the rational response was to obfuscate as much as possible. What a waste."
"In our work with companies, boards, and government agencies, we see people wrestle with the need to make tough choices - those critical decisions made in service of a relevant strategic goal for which there is no fully satisfactory option and every path seems to demand a trade-off. These are the kinds of decisions for which intellectual integrity is particularly vital.
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Most people, including experienced executives, don’t like to make choices because it means giving up options. There is a clear temptation to hedge bets, to try to do everything, to attempt to keep all doors open at once by refusing to pick from among existing options or to work to create a better answer.
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Next come the choices of “Where will we play?” and “How will we win in our chosen markets?” These are the core choices, the heart of any strategy. Choosing where to play means choosing in which markets, for which customers, in which product lines, in which geographies you will compete. Choosing how to win means figuring out how to create a sustainable competitive advantage on a specific playing field. These choices can have integrity only when they fit together consistently; that is, when the how-to-win choice is made in the context of the where-to-play choice.
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Capabilities are those things you must do exceedingly well in order to deliver on your aspiration, whereto-play, and how-to-win choices.
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It is important to emphasize that for every brand, these five choices must clearly fit together. As a strategist, you can start anywhere in the choice cascade, but you must make all five choices and they must all be coordinated. This is the truly challenging part of strategy. The choices themselves are not terribly complex or difficult. But integrating them, and refusing to stop thinking until they genuinely reinforce one another, takes true intellectual integrity."
"Large-scale education was never about teaching kids or creating scholars. It was invented to churn out adults who worked well within the system.
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Of course, it worked. Several generations of productive, fully employed workers followed. But now?
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If you do a job where someone tells you exactly what to do, they will find someone cheaper than you to do it. And yet our schools are churning out kids who are stuck looking for jobs where the boss tells them exactly what to do.
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Do you see the disconnect here? Every year, we churn out millions of of workers who are trained to do 1925 labor. (Moi ici: Fui confirmar, Metropolis é um filme de 1927, Magnitograd foi logo a seguir. Os mundos opostos ao Estranhistão de Mongo)
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The bargain (take kids out of work so we can teach them to become better factory workers) has set us on a race to the bottom. Some argue we ought to become the cheaper, easier country for sourcing cheap, compliant workers who do what they're told. We will lose that race whether we win it or not. The bottom is not a good place to be, even if you're capable of getting there."
"graveyard of business is filled with the skeletons of companies that attempted to base their prices solely on costs"Ontem, li este texto "Aconselhamento fora do ritmo", onde se pode ler:
"apenas 7% dos inquiridos portugueses revelou que preencheu um questionário sobre o seu perfil de investidor, o que é uma falha muito grave dos intermediários financeiros, mostra o nosso mais recente inquérito aos aforradores. Não conhecendo os seus clientes, é natural que as recomendações que os investidores recebem sejam muitas vezes desadequadas. A falha é ainda comprovada pelo facto de apenas em 52% dos casos o investidor ter sido questionado sobre os seus objetivos de investimento, em 42% sobre o horizonte temporal de investimento e em 31% sobre a sua tolerância ao risco, todos fatores decisivos na escolha de um produto."Qual é a primeira pergunta?
"As an evolutionary, process theory of competition, resources-advantaged, R-A, theory views (I) innovation and organizational learning as endogenous to competition, (2) firms and consumers as having imperfect information, and (3) institutions and public policy as affecting economic performance. Specifically, firms and resources are proposed as the heritable, durable units of evolutionary selection, with competition for a comparative advantage in resources constituting the selection process. Because the selection process focuses on firms and resources that are locally fitter, not maximally fittest, R-A theory is non-consummatory (i.e., there is no predetermined end point for the process of competition) (Moi ici: Os que criticam as decisões tomadas no passado, à luz da situação de hoje, não percebem isto... todas as estratégias vencedoras são transientes. Decisões tomadas antes da China entrar no circuito internacional ou antes dos países da Europa de Leste aderirem à UE eram, se calhar, válidas para esse universo. Recordar “… there are no “sunset” industries condemned to disappear in high wage economies, although there are certainly sunset and condemned strategies, among them building a business on the advantages to be gained by cheap labor” ou também"“Likewise, we cannot say any single strategy in the Prisioner’s Dilemma ecology was a winner. .Lindgren’s model showed that once in a while, a particular strategy would rise up, dominate the game for a while, have its day in the sun, and then inevitably be brought down by some innovative competitor. Sometimes, several strategies shared the limelight, battling for “market share” control of the game board, and then an outsider would come in and bring them all down. During other periods, two strategies working as a symbiotic pair would rise up together – but then if one got into trouble, both collapsed.”…“We discovered that there is no one best strategy; rather, the evolutionary process creates an ecosystem of strategies – an ecosystem that changes over time in Schumpeterian gales of creative destruction.”) and, therefore, the theory accommodates path dependencies. Thus, though R-A competition is a process that is moving, it is not moving toward some ideal point (such as a Pareto-optimal, general equilibrium).Trechos retirados de "A General Theory of Competition: Resources, Competences, Productivity, Economic Growth (Marketing for a New Century)"
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Because R-A theory adopts a resource-based view of the firm, firms are theorized to be historically situated combiners or heterogeneous, imperfectly mobile resources. Combining the resource-based view of the firm with heterogeneous demand and imperfect information results in diversity in the sizes. scopes, and levels of profitability of firms. This diversity exists not only across industries but for firms within the same industry. R-A theory stresses the importance or market segments, a comparative advantage (disadvantage) in resources, and marketplace positions of competitive advantage (disadvantage). Market segments are intra-industry groups of consumers whose tastes and preferences for an industry's output are relatively homogeneous. (The ultimate segment is, of course, a segment of one.) Resources are the tangible and intangible entities available to the firm that enable it to produce efficiently and/or effectively a market offering that has value for some market segment(s). Because many of the resources of firms within an industry are significantly heterogeneous and relatively immobile, some firms will have a comparative advantage and others a comparative disadvantage in efficiently and/or effectively producing market offerings that have value for particular market segments."
"A empresa, que constituíram com um capital social de 5.000 euros, dedica-se a fazer exactamente o mesmo trabalho que estes homens já realizavam no grupo anterior, em Viana do Castelo, e que avançou para a insolvência em Março passado.As barreiras à entrada são extremamente baixas, a operadora não tem critérios muito exigentes já que subcontrata uma empresa recém-formada. Ou seja, deve ser um mundo-cão a nível de competição feroz baseada no preço-mais-baixo.
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"Trabalhamos na rede telefónica, nas infra-estruturas, passando fibra ótica e cabo, montando postes e fazendo ligações. E estamos a operar em todo o distrito de Viana do Castelo, subcontratados pela operadora", acrescentou."
"As pequenas mercearias e supermercados de bairro, detidos por empresários em nome individual, estão a conquistar pontos num sector de grande concorrência, dominado por gigantes como o Continente (grupo Sonae, o mesmo do PÚBLICO), Pingo Doce, Jumbo (Auchan) ou Lidl: entre Janeiro e Junho deste ano, aumentaram para 15,4% a quota no mercado alimentar, ou seja, mais 0,3 pontos percentuais em comparação com o mesmo período de 2012."Espero que estes números não incluam as mercearias que fazem parte dos programas de franchising do Continente e da Jerónimo Martins.
"…Many organizations talk about their desire to have ‘loyal’ Customers, as they know this is the most cost-effective way to make more money. However, ironically they seem to miss the fact that loyalty is built on (an) emotional bond. Very rarely do you hear an organization talking about Customer emotions; instead they talk about price, deliveries, speed etc. Research shows over 50% of a Customer’s experience is about how a Customer feels."Em Portugal é comum ouvirem-se vozes a pedirem uma estratégia para o país, uma orientação central, um planeamento bem intencionado feito por uns senhores indicados pelo governo da ocasião. Como é que uma orientação central de gente longe de onde a acção ocorre pode fazer a diferença? Como é que Muggles podem criar magia? Não me canso de chamar a atenção para a importância de desenvolver relações amorosas com clientes, com fornecedores e com produtos.
""The business world is tired of having armies of analysts descend on their companies," he says. "You can't send a 28-year-old with a calculator to solve your problems."Por isso, é tão comum os académicos preverem a desgraça, e os empresários, muitos deles sem curso, ao mesmo tempo, descobrirem uma alternativa para um futuro.
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The march of science is good, and corporations are being run more scientifically. But what they analyze is the past. And if the future is not exactly like the past, or there are things happening that are hard to measure scientifically, they get ignored. Corporations are pushing analytical thinking so far that it's become unproductive. The future has no legitimacy for analytical thinkers."
"[This led to a long discussion of the less-than-innovative ways in which economists have portrayed innovation through the years, and whether their depictions influenced business practice.].Ao ler isto, recordei logo a leitura que Shelby Hunt fez da teoria neoclássica e que registei na parte II.
The uncertainty that exists in an economy of dynamism got suppressed. If businesspeople needed a license to talk that way, they had it with the way economics was being discussed. I don't have a very good sense of what it was like to be at Harvard Business School as a student in the 1950s or 1960s.
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It feels like the focus at the time was very much on managing something that was there..
Yes, how do you manage the company so it will be a little more efficient than the other guys? And now of course the whole takeover business, private equity, they too are perceived as going in to eradicate the inefficiencies that became encrusted around the management. There's nothing about innovation there."
"you must accept the idea that a company can have too much market share, and that gaining more market share than your product warrant - because of the customers' perceived value and your resources to deliver that value - can actually reduce your profit significantly.Trecho retirado de "Manage for profit, not for market share"
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When a competitor threatens your position by offering lower prices or by offering a slightly better product at the same price as yours, and you feel that attempt to gain market share is unwarrated, you need to respond quickly and resolutely. Restraint is a viable option, and often the wisest. Control your aggression by suppressing the urge to hit back every single time you lose a piece of business."
"One of the members of BlackBerry Ltd.'s board committee tasked with exploring strategic alternatives said the company can compete as a "niche company" in the smartphone business, but said there are "subsets" that should be sold off.Eheheh, estou a imaginar uns seguidores da concorrência perfeita a sugerir:
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"I think BlackBerry is able to survive as a niche company. But being a niche company means deciding to be a niche company."
"Se a BlackBerry baixar salários safa-se!"
"Acting under conditions of perfect and costless information, perfect competition theory focuses on the firm producing a single product using the resources of capital, labor, and (sometimes) land. These "factors" of production are assumed to be homogeneous and perfectly mobile, that is, each unit of labor or capital equipment is assumed to be identical with other units and can "flow" from firm to firm without restrictions. Because all innovation is exogenous, the only role of management is to respond to changes in the environment by determining the quantity of product to produce and then implementing a production function that is identical across all firms in each industry. Competition, then, in perfect competition theory is each firm in each industry (I) in the "short-run" adjusting its quantity of product produced in reaction to changes in the market price of its product and the prices (costs) of its resources and other inputs, and (2) in the "long-run" adjusting the scale of its plant. Therefore, the firm's environment strictly determines its conduct. In particular, all firms in an industry will inexorably produce at an output rate where marginal cost equals marginal revenue (the product's market price). In the short-run, where such resources as plant and equipment are relatively "fixed." each firm will incur profits (or losses) depending on whether price exceeds (or is less than) the average total cost of producing the profit-maximizing quantity. However, in long-run equilibrium in a perfectly competitive market, all resources are "variable," and each firm produces the quantity where market price equals long-run marginal cost, which itself equals the minimum long-run average cost. The position of long-run equilibrium is a "no profit" situation—firms have neither a pure profit (or "rent") nor a pure loss, only an accounting profit equal to the rate of return obtainable in other perfectly competitive industries. Therefore, the firm's environment strictly determines its performance (i.e., its profits).Tanta baboseira... prefiro acreditar no papel da idiossincrasia das empresas e das suas gentes, na capacidade de fazer a diferença.
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For perfect competition theory, the role of management is limited, to say the least. Because firms are price-takers and quantity-makers, the short-term role of management is to determine the quantity of the firm's single product to produce and to implement its standardized production function. Because all firms are profit maximizers, all firms in an industry will inexorably produce at an output rate where marginal cost equals marginal revenue (the product's market price). Therefore, because such resources as plant and equipment are relatively fixed in the short run, each firm will incur profits (or losses) depending on whether price exceeds (or is less than) the average total cost of producing the profit-maximizing quantity."
"46,6% del total de los retailers de Reino Unido, es decir, alrededor de 20.000 negocios, están en serio riesgo de quiebra."Talvez tenha algo a ver com:
"Indeed, as I investigated why incubators fail, I was astounded to find that many incubators assume that cheap real estate, co-working spaces, used furniture, plus a phone and Internet connection equate with business incubation. Jim Flowers, president of the Virginia Business Incubation Association, says, "They mistake cheap floor space for meaningful program content."Trechos retirados de "The Problems with Incubators, and How to Solve Them"
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Well, it isn't. Neither are discounted legal services, accounting, or other kinds of commodity services.
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Most incubators use funding as a success metric, which is a somewhat flawed criterion. Over 99% of companies should operate as organically grown, self-sustaining businesses — bootstrapped, without external financing. For them the goal is to achieve customer validation, not financing. Yet if the incubator uses financing as its success metric, it will try to force inexperienced entrepreneurs into an unnecessary financing round. And more often than not, they will fail."
"For perfect competition theory, demand is:
- a) heterogeneous across industries,
- b) homogeneous within industries, and
That is, at different configurations of price across generic product categories, for example, footwear, televisions, and automobiles, perfect competition theory allows consumers to prefer different quantities of each generic product. Within each generic product category or "industry," however, consumers tastes and preferences are assumed to be identical and unchanging through time with respect to desired product features and characteristics. Thus, neoclassical works speak of the "demand for footwear," and the group of firms constituting the footwear "industry" are presumed to face, collectively, a downward-sloping demand curve. Each individual firm in the footwear industry, however, faces a horizontal demand curve because of the homogeneous, intra-industry demand assumption. For perfect competition, the assumptions of homogeneity of demand and supply are necessary for drawing the industry demand and supply curves required for determining the market clearing, equilibrium price. Absent homogeneous demand, the concept of an industry demand curve and the market clearing price make no sense. Therefore, the existence of firms in an industry haying downward-sloping demand curves results from the kind of product differentiation that, according to Chamberlin (1950), consists of "irrational" preferences. That is, downward-sloping demand curves for individual firms are associated with preferences based on either "ignorance" or the "imperfect knowledge" that results from "the reprehensible creation by businessmen of purely fictitious differences between products which are by nature fundamentally uniform"."
- c) static.
"As PMEs portuguesas, sem capital suficiente para se deslocalizarem e sem acesso ao sector dos bens não transaccionáveis, fizeram o que se faz quando se está desesperado, saltaram da "burning platform". Muitas não resistiram e foram definhando com mais ou menos rapidez, com mais ou menos estrondo. Contudo, algumas empresas fuçaram e fuçaram até que começaram a descobrir o seu espaço, o seu ecossistema, o seu nicho. A Grande Contracção de 2008-2009 é que escondeu essa revolução estrutural nas PMEs portuguesas que passa despercebida aos olhos do mainstream.O ponto crítico é a necessidade de mudar de vida para fazer face à mudança do mundo e, é essa necessidade que obriga as empresas a subirem na escala de valor.
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O facto de uma empresa não se deslocalizar obriga-a a usar a sua herança como uma peça de um puzzle e a ir ao mercado testar e testar diferentes combinações de produtos, de clientes, de soluções até que a herança se case com algo de novo no exterior que resulta, que encaixa, que tem potencial para gerar capital. Depois, o spill-off acaba por contaminar outras empresas existentes e outras mentes, servindo de exemplo, de motivação, de prova de que há uma alternativa"
"That may make the US an attractive spot for multinationals, but economies that live by cheap labor costs can die by them, too."BTW, não acredito nestes números:
"The end result, according to the consultants, is that the US could capture $25 to $72 billion in exports from the four European countries and Japan, creating as many as 1.2 million factory jobs."Isto é assumir que a procura é homogénea, isto é assumir que os recursos são facilmente transmissíveis, isto é assumir que o custo/preço é tudo.
"“Acho que nas empresas viradas para os mercados exteriores, para serem capazes de produzir e vender mais barato aqui e ali, era vantajoso e um estímulo ser-lhes dada a possibilidade de aumentar o horário de trabalho até uma hora a mais, por exemplo”, afirma à Renascença, adiantando que esse aumento horário não seria acompanhado de um aumento de salário."Como se pudéssemos competir com a China nos custos... como se a exportação das PMEs se baseasse em commodities.
"When you walk into a fast food restaurant, the stated, measured, delivered-on goals are to get the transaction over with as cheaply and quickly as possible. The cashier, the fry cook, everyone is rewarded on running the line just a little faster and just a little more efficiently.Agora, leiam isto "Banca modernizou-se. Espalhou balcões, com menos funcionários e mais tecnologia"
On the other hand, when you are the first time client at a contractor, a bank or even a resort, everyone on the staff ought to be focused on getting something started, not over with."
"And then at the policy level, I got really interested in, well, Nancy Pelosi. She was on television advocating something or other, and I was sort of waiting for her to give at least a hint of what her thinking was of why this would be good for the country. What she said was her constituents wanted it. That was kind of the last straw. I began to think that, my God, the whole country seems to be fixated on getting benefits, from state governments, local governments, the federal government. It's not as if we're spending a huge percentage of GDP on it, it's not that. I think it's just that it seems so enervating. We want young people to grow up and come back and give us the world. We don't want them to think now life is going to be how much more in retirement benefits you can get from the city."Trecho retirado de "When Work Is Challenging, Economies Thrive"
