Saltar da panela confortável não é para todos

"In organizations of any size, there will be dozens or hundreds of competing and often conflicting priorities. The discipline of honing priorities down to a handful can force a leadership team to surface, discuss, and ultimately make a call on the most consequential trade-offs the company faces in the next few years. When executives make the hard calls and communicate them through the ranks, they provide clear guidance on the contentious issues likely to arise when executing strategy. But making trade-offs among competing priorities is difficult — they are dubbed “tough calls” for a reason. Prioritizing different objectives results in “winners” and “losers” in terms of visibility, resources, and corporate support. Many leadership teams go to great lengths to avoid conflict, and as a result end up producing toothless strategic priorities.
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A common way to avoid conflict is to designate everything as “strategic” — one S&P 500 company, for example, listed a dozen strategic objectives. Another way leadership teams resist making difficult calls is by combining multiple objectives into a single strategic priority."

Conheço este filme, o medo de fazer trade-offs. O medo de ser pragmático, o medo de romper consensos, o medo de saltar da panela confortável para o frio:

Recordar van den Steen:

• Irreversibilidade - uma faca de dois gumes;
• Acerca da estratégia e da sua ausência;
• Acerca da estratégia - parte I;
• Acerca da estratégia - parte II;
• Acerca da estratégia - parte III

Trecho retirado de "Turning Strategy Into Results"

Foco e mosaico de actividades

"We equate maturity with progress on the path to coherence. Companies are coherent when they align their value proposition and distinctive capabilities system with the right marketplace opportunities — and their whole portfolio of products and services. This typically means identifying the few things your company needs to be really good at, and then developing those few complex capabilities until they’re world-class and interlocking. [Moi ici: Recordar os mosaicos de actividades] If you can do this, the market rewards you with outsize returns.
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These days, most companies recognize the value of this strategic approach, but it isn’t always easy to get from today’s incoherence to tomorrow’s focused strategy.
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The first three archetypes represent companies that are not concerned about coherence at all. They have not tried to establish focus and consistency in their portfolio of products and services, their capabilities, or value propositions, and they are not visibly moving in that direction:
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1. Strategically adrift companies are either failing or lucky. They don’t have a meaningful strategic direction or a clear view of how they create value. The market generally does not perceive them as being advantaged.
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2. Undifferentiated companies have products and services that compete effectively, but they lack a focused identity that sets them apart. Because individual products are relatively easy to copy, their advantage generally isn’t sustainable.
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3. Underleveraged companies have a relevant strategic direction and good execution; they do many things right. But their strategy lacks coherence — it is based on following multiple directions, even if they fit together poorly. These companies risk losing to more focused competitors."

Até dói. Todos os meses encontro empresas que cabem nestes três grupos... o potencial de valor destruído.

Continua.

Trechos retirados de "11 Types of Strategic Maturity: Which One Describes Your Company?"

Estratégia, modelo de negócio e táctica

"Business Model refers to the logic of the firm, the way it operates and how it creates value for its stakeholders; and
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􏰛Strategy refers to the choice of business model through which the firm will compete in the marketplace; while
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Tactics refers to the residual choices open to a firm by virtue of the business model it chooses to employ.
...

...
Business models are made of concrete choices and the consequences of these choices. different designs have different specific logics of operation and create different value for their stakeholders.
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Tactics - the residual choices open to a firm after choosing its business model - are crucial in determining firms’ value creation and capture.
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strategy refers to a firm’s contingent plan as to which business model it will use. It is im- portant to note the word ‘contingent’ - strategies should contain provisions against a range of environmental contingencies, whether they take place or not. An outside observer will only be able to observe the realized strategy, rather than the entire contingent plan.
...

...
the set of strategy choices made in setting the business model up are not easily reversible . tactical choices are relatively easy to change."

Trechos e imagens retiradas de "From Strategy to Business Models and onto Tactics" de Ramon Casadesus-Masanell & Joan Enric Ricart, publicado por Long Range Planning 43 (2010).

Não há almoços grátis, só na cabeça de parlamentares

"This is what enterprise alignment looks like. It means winning through a tightly managed enterprise value chain that connects an enterprise’s purpose (what we do and why we do it) to its business strategy (what we are trying to win at to fulfill our purpose), organizational capability (what we need to be good at to win), resource architecture (what makes us good), and, finally, management systems (what delivers the winning performance we need). The enterprise value chain is only as strong as its weakest link."

Claro que este alinhamento aumenta o risco e a mortalidade, não há almoços grátis:

E isso mete medo, uma razão não incluída nesta lista "Four Reasons for Misaligned Enterprises".

Trecho retirado de "Four Reasons for Misaligned Enterprises"

Papéis de uma estratégia

O papel da estratégia bem resumido:

"Strategy serves as a link between an organization, with its goals and values, resources and skills, structure and organizational systems, and the external environment, with its competitors, customers, and suppliers. At the same time, it is a model or a guideline that gives coherence to the decisions made by the enterprise or the individual.
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Often, the situation in which the decision-maker makes decisions is characterized by limited rationality and knowledge of the problem and of the existing options.
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Three main roles can be identified for strategy: it helps to simplify the decision-making process, to set goals, and to coordinate the actions to be undertaken to reach these goals."

Simplifica o processo de tomada de decisão porque enquadra as decisões a tomar permitindo uma resposta intuitiva a uma dinâmica externa.
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Ajuda a estabelecer objectivos que façam sentido para orientar o caminho para o futuro desejado e para reconhecer que se chegou, ou não, a esse futuro desejado.
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E coordena as acções a tomar, permitindo coordenar pessoas e recursos através de iniciativas alinhadas que transformam a realidade, que ajudam a formar o mosaico de trade-offs que dificultam a sua cópia.

Trecho retirado de "Business Strategies and Competitiveness in Times of Crisis - A Survey on Italian SMEs" de Laura Gavinelli.

McDonald's - As minhas cartas em cima da mesa (parte IV)

Chamem-me bruxo!
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Só que eu não sou bruxo!
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Basta perceber de estratégia e de como ela não pode ferir o ADN de uma organização, e de como ela tem de ter por trás um mosaico alinhado para poder ajudar a gerar resultados positivos.
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Recordo, por exemplo:

• Quem são os clientes-alvo da McDonald's? (Julho de 2013)
• McDonald's - As minhas cartas em cima da mesa (parte I), (parte II) e (parte III) (Outubro de 2015)

E agora convido à leitura de "McDonald's Finally Realizes Fancy Build-Your-Own Burgers Aren't Worth the Effort":

"McDonald’s much-hyped “Create Your Taste” menu, which allowed diners to customize their burger orders, is kaput. ... Sandwiches will still be customizable in some markets, but not quite as customizable as the previous program allowed.
...
But as Business Insider notes, there were some problems with the program — namely, that it was too costly and slowed down operations.
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will be able to do, allowing McDonald’s to focus on what it does best: cheap food and all-day breakfast."

A McDonald's não é uma empresa de vão de escada, tem CEO formados nos MBA mais conceituados que se possam imaginar, tem o apoio de consultores de empresas de renome mundial e, depois, cometem estes erros de palmatória.

Pense na sua empresa

Uma corporação.
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Duas unidades de negócio.
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Duas marcas.
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Diferentes modelos de negócio: diferentes clientes-alvo, diferentes ecossistemas da procura, diferentes prateleiras, diferentes propostas de valor, diferentes mensagens de marketing.
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Custa-me a crer no que se segue mas:

"The brands, [Nespresso e Dolce Gusto] which he says have similar profit margins of about 25 percent, are the biggest players in the global coffee-pod business."

Pense na sua empresa, uma unidade de negócio, muitas vezes uma única marca e a tentativa de fazer tudo para todos sem critério. Pense na curva de Stobachoff, no tecto de vidro e nos dinossauros azuis.
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Não está na altura de pôr um pouco de ordem?
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Não está na altura de fazer escolhas?

Trecho retirado de "Nestle's Coffee Business Is Competing With Itself"

Acerca da importância do foco (parte III)

Parte I e parte II.

"THE STRATEGIC PURPOSE OF SACRIFICEHmm, Sacrifice. Isn’t this just clear prioritization by any other name? The difference between Sacrifice and prioritization is that the latter allows secondary and tertiary targets. Sacrifice means not doing these secondary and tertiary things at all.
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Sacrifice’s value, therefore, is not simply one of concentration of marketing forces externally; it also has an internal value similar to hardpruning a plant: all the energy, all the dynamism in the company becomes devoted to the primary goal.
...
1. Sacrifice concentrates the internal and external expressions ofidentity by eliminating activities that might dilute it.
2. Sacrifice allows the creation of strong points of difference by changing the organization’s mind-set from pursuing weak universal appeal to a more intense, narrower appeal (and thereby avoiding becoming the ‘‘mush in the middle’’).
3. Sacrifice generates critical mass for the communication of that identity and those differences by stripping away other secondary marketing activity. This is central to maximizing the Challenger’s consumer presence, given its more limited marketing resources.
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While the Brand Leader perceives its currency to be mass appeal and can afford the dilution of preference that creates because it is compensated for by the convenience of its ubiquity and distribution, Challengers need more extreme actions and gestures - they need to create a greater proportion of ‘‘committed’’ and ‘‘enthusiastic’’ users through real differentiation.
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Challenger currency is therefore not means but extremes: top-box preference scores or nothing.
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For any brand, positioning is Sacrifice; for a Challenger, it is the path to growth. What it chooses not to do defines who and what it really is."

Trechos retirados de "Eating the Big Fish" de Adam Morgan.

Acerca da importância do foco (parte II)

Parte I.
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Entretanto em "Eating the Big Fish" de Adam Morgan encontro todo um capítulo dedicado à importância da renúncia para as PME, segundo uma vertente diferente:

"In the world of clutter and information saturation that consumers are faced with, the greatest danger facing a brand is not rejection, but indifference.
...
the solution to indifference for a Challenger lies in both a strong identity and, through this, a strong relationship with its consumer base. Inevitably, this means that success for the Challenger brand comes from considering very carefully what it is going to Sacrifice in order to create this relationship and identity. Indeed, the ability to sacrifice and concentrate one’s focus, voice, and actions more narrowly is one of the few advantages a Challenger has. Having to fight a war on two fronts weakens the ability to do either really well and Brand Leaders have to fight on many fronts at once.
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Challengers recognize, ... that in order to break through, their only currency with the consumer is going to be strong preference. If they achieve simply weak preference or parity preference, all the other attributes the market leader has on its side will swing the vote in its favor: ubiquity, social acceptability, salience, convenience. And to create that strong preference, we as Challengers accept that we will need to do things that reach out and bind certain groups of people very strongly to us. And we will also accept that, in order to create those stronger relationships, these same actions or behaviors may (and probably will) leave other groups cold.
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The Sacrifices a Challenger makes do not lie in incidentals to the business, such as minor line extensions, a research budget, or the assistant public relations manager. They are instead fundamentals: distribution, messages, audiences, even issues like promotional pricing, or our deliberate lack of it (T-box, unlike the rest of the ready-to-wear category, never offers seasonal discounts). The overriding objective is to have significant impact of the right kind on your core audience, to achieve critical mass for your voice.
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Although ubiquity in distribution is good for establishment brands like Coca-Cola and AT&T, it is dangerous for Challenger brands looking to create a stronger affinity with a more focused target, be they self-styled fashion rebels, surfing wannabes, or weekend mountain bikers.
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there is no escape: Strong brands are necessarily simple and single-minded in their communication, even if it means sacrificing what might seem to be important secondary messages.
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As a Challenger, we have to use our more limited resources (people, time, passion, energy, money) against the few things that will really make a difference, and this means being very clear on both who we are and what we are going to Sacrifice to promote that identity. Focus on the products, experiences, and marketing that will genuinely break through."

Assim, concentração não só por causa do encaixe do mosaico estratégico (recordar Terry Hill) mas também para reforçar a mensagem de marketing, mas também para criar uma identidade forte.
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Continua.

Alinhamento estratégico

"Rule 2.1 - The operations strategy that a company deploys must be driven by the value proposition that the firm provides to its customers. [Moi ici: Daí a importância do mosaico estratégico, do encaixe a vários níveis, de várias actividades, pessoas e outros recursos. Daí o absurdo de montar sistemas de gestão da qualidade desligados da estratégia da empresa]
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This rule, then, must be at the heart of any corporate discussion regarding its operations strategy. Hence, before we identify the appropriate operations strategy, it is essential to define the customer value proposition provided by the firm. I define customer value as "the way customers perceive the company's offerings, including products, services, and other intangibles." Customers' perceptions can have several dimensions:

• Product innovation, 

• Product selection and availability, 

• Price and brand, 

• Value-added services, and 

• Relationships and experiences. 

The first three items in this list of dimensions are the essentials, and the final two items are more sophisticated dimensions that may not always be as important but can be mined for ideas to create a unique way to add value and differentiation to a company's offering. Taking a position along each one of the customer value dimensions defines the business strategy."

Trecho retirado de "Operations Rules: Delivering Customer Value through Flexible Operations de David Simchi-Levi"

McDonald's - As minhas cartas em cima da mesa (parte III)

Parte I e parte II.
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A parte I já dava para intuir algumas das afirmações deste texto "McDonald's franchisees say the brand is in a 'deep depression' and 'facing its final days'":

""The CEO is sowing the seeds of our demise. We are a quick-serve fast-food restaurant, not a fast casual like Five Guys or Chipotle.
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"The lack of consistent leadership from Oak Brook is frightening, we continue to jump from one failed initiative to another," one franchisee wrote.
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"The system is very lost at the moment," one franchisee wrote. "Our menu boards are still bloated, and we are still trying to be too many things to too many people.
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Franchisees also criticized the "Create Your Taste" program, which allows people to customize their burgers with premium ingredients.
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"They are throwing everything they can against the wall to see what will stick," one franchisee wrote."

 Recordar conceitos como mosaico de valor, como "activity-systems maps" ..., para chamar a atenção para o perigo destas derivas que não estão alinhadas com o ADN da empresa.

"clientes-alvo, underserved, migração de valor, mosaico de actividades e estratégia"

Um texto interessante sobre clientes-alvo, underserved, migração de valor, mosaico de actividades e estratégia:

"the rise of restaurants known in the trade as “fast-casual”
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Unlike traditional fast-food restaurants, fast-casuals emphasize fresh, natural, and often locally sourced ingredients. Perhaps as a result, their food tends to taste better. It’s also more expensive.
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For most of the fast-food industry’s history, taste was a secondary consideration. Food was prepared according to a factory model, explicitly designed to maximize volume and reduce costs. Chains relied on frozen food and assembly-line production methods, and their ingredients came from industrial suppliers. They were able to serve enormous amounts of food quickly and cheaply, even if it wasn’t that healthy or tasty, and they enjoyed enormous success in the last quarter of the twentieth century.
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Traditional fast-food chains pretty much ignored these changes. [Moi ici: A migração de valor, o aparecimento de tribos endinheiradas que valorizam o gosto, a comida saudável, a comida local] They were still doing great business, and their industrial model made it hard to appeal to anyone who was concerned about natural ingredients and freshness. That created an opening for fast-casual restaurants. You had tens of millions of affluent consumers. They ate out a lot. They were comfortable with fast food, having grown up during its heyday, but they wanted something other than the typical factory-made burger. So, even as the fast-food giants focussed on keeping prices down, places like Panera and Chipotle began charging higher prices. Their customers never flinched."

Trechos retirados de "The Shake Shack Economy"

Focalização, focalização, focalização

Mais umas ideais interessantes sobre a superior importância da focalização nos negócios:

"In its simplest form, strategic thinking is about deciding on which opportunities to focus your time, people, and money, and which opportunities to starve.  One of history’s greatest strategic thinkers, Napoleon Bonaparte summed it up this way: “In order to concentrate superior strength in one place, economy of force must be exercised in other places.” If dead, despotic French emperors are not really your style, Michael Porter said it like this: “The essence of strategy is choosing what not to do.”
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Strategic thinkers must decide where to focus, not merely what’s “important.” Strategic leaders must consciously table some “important” projects or ignore some “important” opportunities.
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Napoleon once said, “Nothing is more difficult, and therefore more precious, than to be able to decide.” Perhaps that’s also why this precious ability to decide is the defining feature of those deemed worthy to hold the highest leadership positions."

Só a focalização permite a concentração de recursos no aprofundamento de uma proposta de valor que leve ao "sell it for more" ou ao "make it for less", sem focalização são precisos compromissos que reduzem a especialização numa vantagem competitiva, que reduzem o alinhamento do mosaico de actividades.
Trechos retirados de "3 Myths That Kill Strategic Planning"

Dizer não! (parte II)

Parte I. E, também "A disciplina da focalização" (parte I e parte II)
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Como referimos muitas vezes aqui no blogue é muito difícil a um líder cortar, dizer não, dizer que não vai oferecer o mesmo que outros.
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Por isso, quero salientar este exemplo:

"Em expansão acelerada está a Fitness Hut, rede de ginásios Iow cost que em dois anos abriu oito clubes, e em 2015 prevê abrir em média um novo por mês. A marca foi criada por Nick Coutts, que trouxe o Holmes Place para Portugal. em 1998 e presidiu à rede a nível ibérico até 2010, altura em que saiu para fundar a Fitness Hut, com um conceito diferente. "Procurei tirar coisas do tradicional modelo de health club que não traziam lucro e obrigavam a grandes investimentos e custos de manutenção, como piscina (que só 5% dos sócios utilizam), sauna e banho turco, restaurante ou creche", explica Coutts. "Quis um conceito de fitness puro, sem piscina e restaurante, mas corri balneários amplos, e assim ter preços acessíveis"."

Conheço empresários que são incapazes de fazer este tipo de corte, a falha deve ser em parte minha, de não ter a arte suficiente para os convencer das vantagens de cortar. Ficam logo a pensar nos 5% do texto, clientes que vão deixar de servir e, por isso, vão alimentar a concorrência.

Trecho retirado de "Ginásios de nova geração em Portugal a €20 por mês", publicado no semanário Expresso de 24 de Janeiro último.

E quem puder dar esse acompanhamento superior (parte IV)

Parte I, parte II e parte III.
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Para terminar, um tema que me ficou atravessado desde a parte I:

"Para além de grandes marcas como a Inditex, a empresa é também procurada por pequenos designers que querem começar ou começaram recentemente uma marca própria. ... Para além de grandes encomendas, a fábrica Paula Borges, com 50 funcionários, lida frequentemente com quantidades pequenas encomendadas por designers e lojas estrangeiras, sobretudo de Inglaterra e França."

Falta de concentração estratégica, trabalhar longe da fronteira do desempenho... e a lição de Terry Hill?

Andam constantemente a saltar de um extremo para o outro.

Não são empresas de vão-de-escada mas acreditam...

"there was an enormous, invisible cost to their adjacency moves: Each move distracted them from finding ways to grow the business they already had. As a result, they missed chances to grow their core businesses and made slow growth a self- fulfilling prophecy.
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Missing growth opportunities in your own backyard is one thing, but a second, even bigger, danger of pursuing growth through adjacencies is losing your coherence—that is, loosening the fit between the boundaries and scope of your company and what it’s distinctively good at."

Pelos vistos:

"big-box retailers such as Walmart and Tesco. Lemming-like, many are pursuing a small-format adjacency strategy."

Não são empresas de vão-de-escada mas acreditam que, no mundo dos átomos, não existem trade.-offs!!!
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Chamo-lhe, há muito, stuck-in-the-middle:

"The danger in trying to be distinctive at operating both small and large stores under one corporate roof is “averaging down”—that is, you may end up competent at both, but you won’t be the best at either. In other words, entering the small- store adjacency will very likely dilute a big- box retailer’s coherence."

E a sua empresa, também se comporta como uma célula cancerosa? "Growth for the sake of growth?
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Depois de escolhidos os clientes-alvo, é preciso alinhar as actividades num mosaico que se reforça, é preciso escolher, é preciso ter paciência estratégica.
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Trechos retirados de "The Dangers of Adjacencies Strategy"

"life inside a cost leader looks very different from life inside a differentiator"

"Differing imperatives under low-cost strategies and differentiation strategies.In other words, life inside a cost leader looks very different from life inside a differentiator. In a cost leader, managers are forever looking to better understand the drivers of costs and are modifying their operations accordingly. (Moi ici: Recordar ao fazer a barba todos os dias)  In a differentiator, managers are forever attempting to deepen their holistic understanding of customers to learn how to serve them more distinctively. In a cost leader, cost reduction is relentlessly pursued, while in a differentiator, the brand is relentlessly built.Customers are seen and treated very differently. At a cost leader, nonconforming customers - that is, customers who want something special and different from what the firm currently produces - are sacrificed to ensure standardization of the product or service, all in the pursuit of cost-effectiveness. At a differentiator, customers are jealously guarded. If customers indicate a desire for something different, the firm tries to design a new offering that the customers will adore....Both cost leadership and differentiation require the pursuit of distinctiveness. You don’t get to be a cost leader by producing your product or service exactly as your competitors do, and you don’t get to be a differentiator by trying to produce a product or service identical to your competitors’. To succeed in the long run, you must make thoughtful, creative decisions about how to win."

Trecho retirado de "Playing to win" de Roger Martin e Lafley.

"the biggest mistake that companies make is they fail to make choices"

"the biggest mistake that companies make is they fail to make choices"
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3 escolhas fundamentais:

• para quem trabalhar e para quem não trabalhar? (recordar a Lei de Gresham)
• que produtos e serviços oferecer e que produtos e serviços não oferecer?
• que ecossistema da procura desenvolver, como levar a oferta até aos clientes?

Claro que a primeira opção leva a equacionar:

• a segmentação dos clientes e a geografia da presença

A segunda opção leva a desenvolver:

• uma proposta de valor

A terceira opção leva a construir:

• um mosaico de actividades que se reforçam

Fazer escolhas!

Trechos retirados de "Leading with Intellectual Integrity"

"In our work with companies, boards, and government agencies, we see people wrestle with the need to make tough choices - those critical decisions made in service of a relevant strategic goal for which there is no fully satisfactory option and every path seems to demand a trade-off. These are the kinds of decisions for which intellectual integrity is particularly vital.
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Most people, including experienced executives, don’t like to make choices because it means giving up options. There is a clear temptation to hedge bets, to try to do everything, to attempt to keep all doors open at once by refusing to pick from among existing options or to work to create a better answer.
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Next come the choices of “Where will we play?” and “How will we win in our chosen markets?” These are the core choices, the heart of any strategy. Choosing where to play means choosing in which markets, for which customers, in which product lines, in which geographies you will compete. Choosing how to win means figuring out how to create a sustainable competitive advantage on a specific playing field. These choices can have integrity only when they fit together consistently; that is, when the how-to-win choice is made in the context of the where-to-play choice.
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Capabilities are those things you must do exceedingly well in order to deliver on your aspiration, whereto-play, and how-to-win choices.
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It is important to emphasize that for every brand, these five choices must clearly fit together. As a strategist, you can start anywhere in the choice cascade, but you must make all five choices and they must all be coordinated. This is the truly challenging part of strategy. The choices themselves are not terribly complex or difficult. But integrating them, and refusing to stop thinking until they genuinely reinforce one another, takes true intellectual integrity."

O truque do mapa da estratégia (parte II)

Parte I.
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Ontem, escrevíamos aqui:

(Moi ici: Aqui é que entra o truque do mapa da estratégia... qual é o nosso ADN? Onde podemos fazer a diferença? Existe massa crítica de clientes-alvo? Quem são os clientes-alvo? O que procuram e valorizam? Que mosaico de actividades devemos desenvolver para os conquistar, satisfazer e fidelizar? Que recursos e infraestruturas suportaram essas actividades estratégicas? E, assim, tudo fica alinhado!!!)

E em sintonia encontramos "You Can’t Build a Winning Strategy If You Don’t Know Who You Are":
"Every enterprise is regularly confronted with questions of where to grow, how to acquire, and what should make up its business portfolio. The corporate landscape is littered with companies that have lost their way because their answers to those questions became detached from who they are: their way of creating value for customers and shareholders (or “way to play”), and the differentiating capabilities they leverage to play their way better than anyone else. (Moi ici: Recordar este número "56 percent said their company has not allocated resources in a way that really supports the strategy, and 55 percent reported difficulties in ensuring that day-to-day decisions are in line with strategy" e "Only a third (33 percent) said they feel the company’s core capabilities fully support the company’s strategy") These two essential components of every company’s identity must work together and reinforce each other for a company to have a right to win in its particular markets