sexta-feira, fevereiro 26, 2010
Para reflexão
Componentes de uma boa estratégia
A good strategy is concerned with the structural evolution of the industry as well as with the firm's own unique position within that industry. Effects in the industry can overwhelm a good strategy. If a company finds itself in a bad industry at the wrong time, it doesn't matter how well positioned it is, to put it bluntly. So managers have to look at the dynamics of their industry and at its future trajectory.
…
Increasingly, the companies that will be the true leaders will be those that don't just optimize within an industry, but that actually reshape and redefine their industry.
…
The second principle is that a good strategy makes the company different. It gives the company a unique position. And a unique position involves the delivery of a particular mix of value to some array of customers which represents a subset of the industry.
The fundamental truth in strategy is that a company simply cannot be all things to all people and do a very good job of it. Strategy requires choices. You have to decide what particular kind of value you want to deliver to whom.
It might be that a company has a broad customer target, but it should not try to deliver every kind of value that customers might want. (Moi ici: Nunca esquecer a pergunta "Quem são os clientes-alvo?" Quem podemos servir com vantagem competitiva?) Rather, the broad competitor should concentrate on common, cross-cutting needs and concentrate on being unique in meeting them.
Third, it's not good enough just to be different. You've got to be different in ways that involve trade-offs with other ways of being different. In other words, if you want to serve a particular target customer group with a particular definition of value, this must be inconsistent with delivering other types of value to other customers. If not, the position is easy to imitate or replicate.
.
The trouble is that companies hate making choices, because doing so always looks dangerous and limiting. They always want the best of all worlds. It's psychologically risky to narrow your product range, to narrow the range of value you are delivering or to narrow your distribution. And this unwillingness to make choices is one of the biggest obstacles to creating a strategy.” (Moi ici: No alvo, para ajudar a responder a um desafio que me foi colocado ontem)
quinta-feira, fevereiro 25, 2010
Diferentes tipos de competição
...
"There are two ways of viewing evolution, through the spectacles of either the Red Queen or the Court Jester. The Red Queen model (1) stems from Darwin, who viewed evolution as primarily a balance of biotic pressures, most notably competition, and it was characterized by the Red Queen’s statement to Alice in Through the Looking-Glass that “it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place.”
The Court Jester model (2) is that evolution, speciation, and extinction rarely happen except in response to unpredictable changes in the physical environment, recalling the capricious behavior of the licensed fool of Medieval times. Neither model was proposed as exclusive, and both Darwin and Van Valen (1) allowed for extrinsic influences on evolution in their primarily biotic, Red Queen views.
Species diversity in a Red Queen world depends primarily on intrinsic factors, such as body size, breadth of physiological tolerance, or adaptability to hard times. In a Court Jester world, species diversity depends on fluctuations in climate, landscape, and food supply. In reality, of course, both aspects might prevail in different ways and at different times, what could perhaps be called the multilevel mixed model. Traditionally, biologists have tended to think in a Red Queen, Darwinian, intrinsic, biotic factors way, and geologists in a Court Jester, extrinsic, physical factors way."
"Strategy and the Business Landscape" de Pankaj Ghemawat.
A não perder
- "A verdade" (quem é que teve razão?);
- "Ter memória"
Auditorias internas que acrescentam valor (parte I)
Nada contra o Estado, tudo pelo Estado!
.
""Afirmações apocalípticas, como as que foram feitas pela drª Manuela Ferreira Leite, além de não reflectirem a realidade económica e financeira do país, também prejudicam a credibilidade externa do país. "
.
As Vestais rasgam as vestes horrorizadas... se fosse no Israel do Antigo Testamento vestiam-se de saco, cobriam a cabeça de cinza e arrancavam a barba.
.
ADENDA: Até parece que o ministro Vieira da Silva vive em Hogwarts; "Nem vou citar, só de citar" ... já atrai a maldade daquele cujo nome não deve ser mencionado.
.
Voltando a Hogwarths, o ministro Vieira da Silva criticou, como se fosse uma blasfémia, as palavras de MFL sobre um futuro hipotético.
.
Quando Vieira da Silva fala do futuro, lembro-me sempre desta frase de antologia que o define:
.
"Acham que a função de um Governo é estar a antecipar uma evolução negativa para a qual não tem ainda nenhum dado que o confirme? Se o estivesse a fazer, seria um profundo erro."
quarta-feira, fevereiro 24, 2010
As teses de Arroja validadas ao vivo
- "Governo estuda reforma aos 67";
- "Governo quer evitar subida de impostos e afasta aumento da idade da reforma".
Não há estratégias únicas
Another trap was the idea that all companies should reduce their cycle times, and speed up the time to market. Again, as a universal `truth', this isn't true. In some markets, it's better to take more time to get it right, rather than introduce new products with short development cycles. In other markets it's different. But if all companies reduce their cycle times, then what results is a time race that nobody can win. In fact, everybody loses, because faster time to market eventually starts to drive up costs or reduce revenue, which dissipates profit.
So the idea that there might be a universal strategy for the twenty-first century, that could be applicable across the board, is obviously wrong. And to think otherwise is, in my opinion, a very big mistake."
Acerca da medição da satisfação dos clientes
Findings – Certified companies in the Euro-region Galicia-North Portugal have a high awareness of the need to measure and analyze the satisfaction of their customers and a predisposition towards it but, when it comes to putting said practice into action, they fall into certain methodological deficiencies that lead to their usefulness being only moderate."
In our opinion, the usefulness that the companies obtain from the practice of measuring and analyzing customer satisfaction (valued at 3.76 on the Likert scale of 1-5), could be greater if companies employed a combination of methods to evaluate customer satisfaction (without relying so heavily on written surveys alone), and improved the methodology to reduce the errors mentioned. To do so, it is especially necessary for the company managers to make an effort to improve their know-how in these techniques through adequate training actions or by the assessment that can be provided by other bodies, such as consultants, universities, business colleges, etc."
The Art of Profitability
terça-feira, fevereiro 23, 2010
Ir ao fundo da questão
- contratar caçadores para matar os pássaros;
- contratar aplicadores de insecticida para matar as aranhas.
Vamos viver tempos interessantes, mesmo, mesmo!
segunda-feira, fevereiro 22, 2010
Para reflexão
Prepare to be dazzled (parte II)
- Sales growth rate: to evaluate the ISO 9000 impact in sales.
- Personnel expenses and operational cost growth rates: to evaluate the ISO 9000 impact on costs.
- Earnings before taxes: to evaluate the ISO 9000 impact on benefits.
- Return on assets (ROA): to evaluate the ISO 9000 impact on profitability."
In first place, a longitudinal study that consisted in a t-test comparing performance before and after certification is presented (see Table I). Excluding the year of certification, the performance average of the three years before the implementation of ISO 9000 is compared to the performance average during the three years following registration. The analysis shows not only that certified companies have not improved their results, but also that their results have worsened.
However, this analysis could be biased by an abnormal performance of some companies in one of the groups. In order to avoid that problem, a second analysis was performed: the sign-test. The sign test compares the number of companies that improve with the number of companies that worsen. The results support the conclusion that certified companies obtained less earnings and ROA after certification.
There were no differences in sales, so the results do not support the conclusions of other studies that ISO 9000 is a good marketing tool (Ebrahimpour et al., 1997; Brown et al., 1998; Anderson et al., 1999; Hughes et al., 2000). Operational costs and personnel expenses remained unchanged.
Analysis II compares certified and non-certified companies. Some differences have been detected but, contrary to findings in some of the literature exposed before, these differences are negative, as certified companies are the group with the worse performance.
In summary, the data suggest that certification has a negative effect on company results, mainly on earnings and ROA. These results support the findings of Singels et al. (2001), who found that certified companies had worse average cost savings, rate of sales growth, rate of market share growth and rate of net benefit growth when compared with non-certified companies. However this is in contrast with the results of many other papers that claimed that ISO 9000 has a positive effect or even no effect at all on company performance (Simmons and White, 1999; Abraham et al., 2000; Gupta, 2000; Heras Saizarbitoria et al., 2000; Hua et al., 2000; Sun, 2000).
A number of explanations of the present findings can be advanced:
- The cost of implementation and maintenance of the standard is greater than the benefits that it produces.
- This cost is high due to the fact that the standard slows the production process by introducing too much bureaucracy in the company (Martı´nez-Costa and Martı´nez-Lorente, 2004). The 2000 version of the standard has reduced the need for paperwork and this could change the effect that the standard has today on company results.
- The benefits of implementation are low in companies that get the certificate only in response to external pressures, since they do not apply the standard thinking of a quality management system more in line with TQM but only with a view to getting the certificate at a minimum cost. Terziovski et al. (2003) found that there is a positive relationship between the managers’ motives for adopting ISO 9000 certification and business performance. In this sense, the 2000 version of the standard has tried to be more congruent with TQM prescriptions and therefore it will be interesting to analyse the effect of this new version.
- Some of these companies that have applied the standard only for commercial reasons could be applying it only in a formal way and trying to deceive the auditors.
- Some companies have applied the standard because their industrial customers have forced them to do it. Therefore, after getting the certificate they have the costs but the same clients. If these companies have no way to decrease costs by the application of the standard, it has been a requisite to survive but not a way of improving.
- Not all auditing companies have the same ways of understanding the standard (Andrews et al., 2001), and some of them could have flexible procedures of
- auditing. This will mean that two companies in the same sector certified by different companies could be applying the standard in very different ways, and possibly even companies certified by the same auditing company." (Moi ici: Na terceira parte desta série vou dar a minha explicação pessoal para estes resultados, com base na minha experiência como consultor e como auditor.)
- (1) Organizations should not undertake the certification process if they do not have customers that force them to do so. The costs of implementation and maintenance appear to be greater than the possible benefits. However, some companies of the sample got better results after the certification, what could imply that depending of the way of application or depending of the specific company circumstances, the norm can be positive. Therefore, the differences amongst different industries and amongst other company characteristics in relation to the benefits of ISO application could be interesting to analyse.
- (2) Organizations should not choose their suppliers using their possession of an ISO 9000 certificate as a requisite, since they could be creating problems for their suppliers that, soon or later, will result in increased costs to themselves."
domingo, fevereiro 21, 2010
Para reflexão
Locus de controlo interior
sábado, fevereiro 20, 2010
Hello!?!?!
.
“Life is the most resilient thing on the planet. It has survived meteor showers, seismic upheavals, and radical climate shifts. And yet it does not plan, it does not forecast, and, except when manifested in human beings, it possesses no foresight. So what is the essential thing that life teaches us about resilience? Just this: Variety matters.”
A morte lenta
Retratos das Associações empresariais deste pais
- De natureza endógena: Debilidades do tecido empresarial em termos de subdimensionamento, falta de visão estratégica , baixa qualificação dos recursos humanos; estrangulamentos no acesso ao crédito e aos seguros de credito à exportação por parte das PME."
- maior rapidez e eficácia nas decisões dos tribunais;
- manutenção dos estímulos à actividade económica pelos poderes públicos;
- implementação eficaz dos programas de apoio sectorial já aprovados;
- enfoque nas PME com vocação exportadora;
- agilização e maior transparência no QREN;
- pagamento do IVA no acto de recebimento, reajustamento do pagamento especial por conta e celeridade no pagamento do Estado aos fornecedores (medidas estas a discutir em sede do novo Orçamento de Estado);
- flexibilização da lei laboral , e em particular no que se refere aos ajustamentos do quadro de pessoal às necessidades das empresas sem que tal implique incomportáveis ónus financeiros."
Prepare to be dazzled (parte I)
Esse é, segundo o CEO da APCER, o próximo passo. Sendo que já se sente algum movimento nesse sentido. «Nos próximos três anos vão aparecer centenas de empresas certificadas, principalmente PME», antevê José Leitão. (Moi ici: Gostava de saber quantas empresas deixaram de ser certificadas nos últimos 2 anos.)
Segundo um estudo da Mark test sobre a «A certificação nos hábitos de compra dos portugueses», cerca de 96% dos inquiridos revelaram ter noção do conceito «certificação». No entanto, o estudo também provou que, actualmente, ainda não existe uma comunicação eficaz entre as empresas e os consumidores. A prova está no facto de nem todas as organizações certificadas serem (re)conhecidas como tal.
«Há muitos produtos que são feitos por empresas certificadas e que os consumidores não o sabem», constatou José Leitão. (Moi ici: Tem graça, quando eu comecei no mundo da qualidade aprendi que quando uma empresa é certificada, o que é certificado é a empresa, a sua organização, não os seus produtos ou serviços. Aliás, uma empresa não pode apor o símbolo de empresa certificada nas embalagens dos seus produtos.)
Esta lacuna deve ser encarada não como um problema mas como uma oportunidade. As empresas têm de começar a comunicar não só que são certificadas e em que produtos/serviços, mas também explicar as vantagens da certificação. Porque está provado que têm influência no acto da compra. (Moi ici: Provado onde? Quem tiver um mínimo de conhecimento de como são feitas as auditorias de concessão e de como funcionam muitos dos sistemas certificados sabe perfeitamente que que isto não é verdade.)
Esta situação de desconhecimento não ocorre em todas as áreas. A alimentação e a saúde já são reconhecidas e premiadas pelo facto de terem certificações. (Moi ici: Provas? Com números de vendas e rentabilidade? Comparando o desempenho médio de empresas certificadas versus empresas não certificadas nos mesmos sectores de actividade) Nas análises clínicas, por exemplo, o certificado é exibido logo à entrada. O que determina a escolha de um doente de efectuar ali as suas análises. (Moi ici: Provas?)
Certificação influencia decisão de compra
.
O estudo da Marktest provou que a certificação pode levar a diferentes tomadas de decisão dos consumidores aquando do acto da compra. Mas é esse o único benefício da certificação? Não! José Leitão explica que é um factor cada vez mais primordial quando se efectuam negócios com empresas internacionais. O ter um certificado é cada vez mais exigido como um pré-requisito. Mesmo em Portugal, os concursos públicos já o exigem." (Moi ici: Isto não conta para as PMEs e micro-empresas do começo do artigo.)
sexta-feira, fevereiro 19, 2010
A importância da proposta de valor
Contar uma história, desenvolver uma narrativa
Ampliando a parte em que: sabendo quem são os clientes-alvo, definimos a proposta de valor. Pode ver-se que a legenda seguinte é "Vamos contar uma história". Vamos descrever as relações de causa-efeito que relacionam escolhas e consequências e que constituem o mapa da estratégia.
Instead of drawing and analysing a map or plotting numbers on a chart, executives should use words to create what I call a playscript: a narrative that sets out the cast of characters in a business, the way in which they are connected, the rules they observe, the plots and subplots in which they play a part, and how companies create and retain value as the business and the cast change.
Words are more powerful and flexible than value curves.
In a world where everything is shifting, executives can use words to decipher the motives and roles of the organisations bringing about change, the evolving rules and relationships in the business, and the story lines that link the present and the future.
The playscript isn’t just a metaphor; it’s a tool that helps companies manage the complexity of the competitive landscape and facilitates analysis and action.
Playscripts force companies to focus on the causes of change as opposed to the symptoms; they explicate the logic of success and the assumptions behind it.
By providing a sense of how long the good and bad times will last and how value is migrating, playscripts allow companies continually to assess the relevance of their strategies."
quinta-feira, fevereiro 18, 2010
Fora isto, tudo bem!
Flexibilidade... uma palavra feia para muita gente
Depois de uma queda na produção de quase 50 por cento em 2009, a fábrica voltou aos níveis anteriores à crise e prevê até ultrapassá-los, estimando chegar aos 60 milhões de rolamentos em 2010 (o que constituirá um recorde) e prepara-se já para atingir os 100 milhões nos próximos anos."
A farmácia do futuro (parte II)
1. Trust. Patients already have more contact with pharmacists than other health-care providers and appear to greatly value their pharmacists’advice."
capable of delivering some advisory, diagnostic, and treatment services.
An increasing number of pharmacies also have a retail clinic on the premises, staffed by a nurse practitioner licensed to perform a range of primary care services and, in some cases, write prescriptions.
4. Cost. Retail pharmacies operate in a highly competitive business environment, and are already acting to keep the nation’s cost of prescription medications lower by promoting generics."
As pharmacy companies plan for the future, they will need to first choose between two approaches for serving different patient segments consistently. The first is to build
retail health centers that focus on healthy and at-risk individuals and that deliver a range of health and wellness services, such as health risk assessments, counseling, smoking cessation programs, and ongoing tracking of risk factors.
...
The second approach is to concentrate on compliance and comprehensive disease management for the chronically ill. This population continues to grow, and more people are being forced to deal with multiple chronic conditions. Disease management (DM) companies are tackling the issue head on, but their efforts have not been fully satisfactory for the public or commercial payors"
quarta-feira, fevereiro 17, 2010
Seldom do countries simply “grow” their way out of deep debt burdens
A atitude é uma coisa pequena que faz uma grande diferença
"The great excitement of the future is that we can shape it.”
Eu sei, em primeira mão, o que isto significa.
No entanto, acredito que muitas pessoas ainda não perceberam que assim é. Por isso, em vez de moldarmos o futuro, somos conformados pelo passado que ficou obsoleto.
Em vez de ousar arriscar, há a tendência para barricar o status quo e defender o passado.
A revista The Economist no artigo “So hard to bend” bate nas leis laborais rígidas e nos salários elevados e, bate neles porque julga que a solução passa por mexer nessas variáveis.
Assim, de um lado, temos os defensores do passado que tentam defender os postos de trabalho a todo o custo e, do outro lado, temos outros defensores do passado, os que defendem estratégias obsoletas, e que em vez de apostarem na criação de valor se concentram na redução de custos. Ambos estão condenados à erosão, à irrelevância e à implosão final.
Charles Handy tem um capítulo intitulado “Finding Sense in Uncertainty” no livro “Rethinking the future” onde se pode ler:
"WE ARE LIVING in very confused times, because many of the things that gave structure to our lives are disappearing. Institutions which we relied on, particularly the work organization are no longer so sure or so certain. For one thing, work organizations disappear rather rapidly these days.
If we are going to make any sense out of all this confusion around us, we have to find a way to organize it in our minds, so that we can start to understand what is actually happening in the world and then try to do something about it. (Moi ici: Sempre a mesma coisa, se queremos lidar com um “wicked problem” esta é a a abordagem correcta, devemos procurar perceber primeiro o problema antes de saltarmos para a solução)
…
In the twenty-first century, we will see more and more people adopting a `portfolio' approach to their lives and to their work. What I mean by this is that life will be a collection of different activities, almost like a share portfolio. A part of the portfolio will be the core activities, for providing the essentials for living, whereas the rest will be other things that we think of as personal fulfillment, as responsibilities towards other people or even just as fun.
Instead of having a career in the traditional sense, you will, for part of life, have a `portfolio career', where part of your time will be spent earning wages or fees, and the rest will be for community work or study or whatever. A lot of it will be work of some form, even if much of it is unpaid, and it will all go to make up a portfolio of activities which will increasingly define you.
...
We have to remember that the very definition of work is changing. Work used to mean having a job with an employer. But today, it increasingly means working for yourself and even by yourself. In the near future, half of the workforce of the developed world will be working `outside' the organization. Traditional organizations now employ only 55 percent of the workforce on a full-time basis. The rest are temporary, part-time or contractual workers. Our portfolios will increasingly be collections of different work for different clients.
…
We've got to learn to live with chaos and uncertainty, to try to be comfortable with it and not to look for certainty where we won't get it.
…
You can't look at the future as a continuation of the past. The things that got you where you are are seldom the things that keep you there. But, on the other hand, if you don't know where you are coming from you will find it hard to go forward.
Actually, we've got to see the future as a series of discontinuities, and we've got to learn to take these things in our stride.
…
The way you make sense of the future, in organizations and in societies and in your own life, is by taking charge of the future. Not by responding to it.”
Entretanto, o sítio da revista Business Week cita um artigo de Harvard “Cut Costs Without Cutting Meaning” que é uma chamada de atenção para todos aqueles que se concentram tanto no corte dos custos que se esquecem do significado, do valor para os clientes.
O título é uma citação atribuída a Winston Churchill.
terça-feira, fevereiro 16, 2010
The Great Wicked Mess
- Temos o Reino Unido "Britain and the PIGS" daí o sorriso que este artigo me despertou "Mandelson urges swift action on Dubai debt restructuring";
- Temos os Estados Unidos "What Keeps Australian Central Bankers Up at Night?" e "9,500 Shuttered Stores In Sacramento Area: "Everyone Perfectly Content With Less""; e
- Temos a China e a Australia "Goldman Says "Something Brewing" in China on Currency; What's Really Brewing Is "Trouble"".
The show hasn't changed, we have.
Onde está a originação de valor?
.
Some companies are moving into branded generics as a short-term tactic to make up for revenue shortfalls and capture near-term growth in emerging markets, Mr. Gal said.
.
But as government health care programs and health insurers in emerging markets develop further, consumers could be encouraged or required to switch from midpriced branded generics to low-cost no-name generics, he said. He estimated that it would take at least a decade for that to happen."
- por um lado, a aproveitar este mercado temporário dos genéricos nos países emergentes; e
- por outro lado, a tentar copiar a Procter & Gamble, confiando a investigação de novas moléculas a pequenas empresas, a quem depois compram e patenteiam com muito menos risco as moléculas mais promissoras.
segunda-feira, fevereiro 15, 2010
Somos todos alemães (parte V)
Injustiças, comportamentos e recompensas
domingo, fevereiro 14, 2010
And Then There Were None.
Nine little Indian boys sat up very late; One overslept himself and then there were eight.
Eight little Indian boys travelling in Devon; One said he'd stay there and then there were seven.
Seven little Indian boys chopping up sticks; One chopped himself in halves and then there were six.
Six little Indian boys playing with a hive; A bumblebee stung one and then there were five.
Five little Indian boys going in for law; One got in Chancery and then there were four.
Four little Indian boys going out to sea; A red herring swallowed one and then there were three.
Three little Indian boys walking in the Zoo; A big bear hugged one and then there were two.
Two little Indian boys sitting in the sun; One got frizzled up and then there was one.
One little Indian boy left all alone; He went and hanged himself and then there were none.
Vamos viver tempos interessantes, mesmo!
Onde está a procura? (parte II)
Primeiro, quem são os clientes-alvo?
sábado, fevereiro 13, 2010
A crença na infalibilidade leva mais uma machadada
Acerca da satisfação dos clientes (parte I)
A técnica do pulmão
Serão cândidos?
.
Esta é uma das conclusões que é possível retirar das linhas centrais do Programa de Estabilidade e Crescimento (PEC), apuradas pelo Negócios, que o Governo vai enviar para Bruxelas. "