Modelos mentais - desaprender para voltar a aprender

Ao ler vários artigos sobre a Service-Dominant Logic, que foram sendo publicados desde 2004, há uma referência bibliográfica constante "Reframing Business - When the Map Changes the Landscape" de Richard Normann.
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Trata-se de um livro que aqui fomos comentando ao longo de 2008 e que ficou na categoria de topo. O subtítulo é delicioso ... quando o mapa, a nossa representação da realidade, altera essa mesma realidade. Aliás, nós nunca chegamos a ter consciência da realidade, nós só sensoriamos o mapa.
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Os nossos modelos mentais são os nossos mapas, são um filtro que nos ajuda a seleccionar e enquadrar os estímulos recebidos, para evitar a "parálise por análise".
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Ainda nesta série de postais reflectimos sobre a importância dos modelos mentais para explicar as diferenças de desempenho entre empresas de um mesmo sector de actividade num mesmo país.
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CK Prahalad e Richard Bettis em "The Dominant Logic: Retrospective and Extension", publicado no Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 16, 1995, em vez de modelo mental escrevem lógica dominante, no entanto a mensagem mantém-se:

"We have come to view the dominant logic as an information filter, shown here as a funnel. Organizational attention is focused only on data deemed relevant by the dominant logic. Other data are largely ignored. (Moi ici: Assim, o mainstream apenas reconhece o que encaixa no filtro) "Relevant' data are filtered by the dominant logic and by the analytic procedures managers use to aid strategy development. These 'filtered' data are then incorporated into the strategy, systems, values, expectations, and reinforced behavior of the organization."
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Em "Mental Models, Decision Rules, and Performance Heterogeneity" de Michael Shayne Gary e Robert E. Wood, publicado no número de Junho de 2011 da revista Strategic Management Journal defende-se que o desempenho das empresas depende dos modelos mentais dos seus líderes. Quando a realidade muda... o mais certo é o desfasamento entre o modelo mental mantido e a nova realidade. Sim, o mapa pode mudar a realidade. Mas há limites para o poder dos mapas...
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Voltando a Prahalad e Bettis sobre o abandono dos modelos mentais que ficaram obsoletos:
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"In the business world. IBM is an excellent example in which the dominant logic for years revolved around a set of unseen assumptions about the centrality of the mainframe business. At IBM this thinking became embedded in the strategy, reward system, promotion preferences, and resource allocation system so strongly that a catastrophic crisis was necessary even to begin to dislodging it.
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There has been a great deal written about organizational learning ... In general it is assumed that the learning curve is drawn on 'a clean sheet of paper' in that learning takes place in a neutral environment. This is seldom if ever the case. There is often previous learning 'drawn' on the paper that may inhibit the new learning process. This leads to the concept of unlearning.
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The dominant logic makes clear that before strategic learning of the kind discussed above can occur, the old logic must in a sense be unlearned by the organization. In this sense there Is an unlearning (or forgetting) curve just as there is a learning curve. ... This need to unlearn may suggest why new competitors often displace experienced incumbents in an industry when major structural change occurs (e.g.. the personal computer revolution). The new entrants in essence are starting with a clean sheet of paper and do not have the problem
of having to run down an unlearning curve in order to be able to run up a learning curve.
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What seems clear is that strategic learning and unlearning of the kind involving the dominant logic are inextricably intertwined."
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O subtítulo de Normann faz sentido quando um agente económico percebe, numa realidade em turbulência, que uma ordem nova, mais complexa, está a emergir e antecipa-se a enquadrá-la num novo mapa, para ajudar a actuar melhor na nova realidade. Como se trata de uma antecipação, ainda a realidade não estabilizou e já o agente tem o mapa no seu arsenal de ferramentas.
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Exemplos de modelos mentais a precisar de desaprender muito:

• "Rui Moreira reeleito presidente da ACP com expansão do metro como prioridade"
• "Metro de Lisboa com novas ideias para extensão das linhas"

Quando não desaprendemos e a realidade mudou... os modelos mentais fazem de nós bobos (à brasileira) e castram-nos. 

"um mosaico vai emergir para densificar as interacções"

"Porter, in his classical work on competitive strategy, built the concept of the 'value chain' according to which various economic actors working in a sequential, chain-like configuration 'add value' all the way until the customer is finally reached. Porter duly and clearly recognized that a company's position in this 'chain' may be challenged not only by its traditional competitors but also by actors representing substitute technology, by suppliers, and by customers themselves. And in his work on the competitiveness of nations Porter, with his 'cluster' theories, begins to develop notions of actor systems which can only fit the value chain model mom or less by forcing them to do so.
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In fact, today's market game is much more about who can most creatively design frame breaking systemic solutions than about who can position himself in a 'chain'. The value chain was a stronger metaphor in a production- and materials-based economy than in a knowledge- and service-based one."

Relacionei logo estes trechos com um vídeo delicioso que o @icyView me fez chegar ontem à tarde:

This is truly incredible.#nature #SundayMorning #October1st pic.twitter.com/j21OkF5dGL

— Fredon Moniteau (@FMoniteau) October 1, 2017

Quando se monta um ecossistema acredita-se que vão surgir relações não lineares um pouco por todo o lado, e um mosaico vai emergir para densificar as interacções entre os seus actores.

Retirei estes trechos do capítulo 4 de "Reframing Business - When the Map Changes the Landscape" de Richard Normann. O capítulo 4 tem o sugestivo título de "Chained to the Value Chain?"

Aproveitar a restrição (parte IV)

Parte I, parte II e parte III.
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Continuando com a leitura de "A Beautiful Constraint" encontro mais uma ponte para as técnicas que costumo usar:

"The way we tend to think about resources, in other words, is a form of path dependence. We see the resource available to us as only what is given to us, or is directly within our control. When that is taken away from us, we see our resource as depleted; when it is increased, we think we have more.
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But those who are genuinely resourceful see available resources in a very different way. They see resources as not simply what they control, but what they can access: what the rest of the company has, what those in their network have, what their neighborhood (literally or metaphorically) has, and indeed what the big resource owners they have yet to meet may have that they can use. A key part of being resourceful is seeing those sources of abundance for what they are, recognizing  that they are available, and finding innovative ways to enable them to flow in the desired direction. Resourceful people see, in other words, that if they lack something (money, time, people, ideas), and that scarcity is one of their apparent constraints, it is an opportunity to access abundance from elsewhere. And for people who want to make constraints beautiful, this will quickly become an essential capability.
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In time, this will become an entirely natural way of thinking, seeing, and behaving.
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creating abundance because it is in itself an act of creativity: creatively looking for sources of resources, creatively reframing what we have to maximize our own sources of value to others, and creatively trading that value to allow us to access the abundance we need."

Isto é, nem mais nem menos que o racional para se pensar ao nível do ecossistema da procura. Como chegar à atenção de um cliente que não valoriza o que tenho? Quem o inflencia? Quem "manda" nele?
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Como conseguir, sem subornar, sem poder hierárquico, sem truques, sem ilegalidades, sem enlamear a ética, que alguém independente, suporte a nossa causa como forma de também ele ganhar?

"In Quadrant A we’ll find those that represent the Immediate Opportunity. These are potentially willing partners who both share an agenda with us and have something it would be mutually beneficial to trade.
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Quadrant B reveals the Unmotivated Traders who would recognize that we have something of value that they would benefit from in exchange, but do not yet see us both as sharing the same agenda. Because they will have a number of potential partners also offering the kind of value that we represent, it may be necessary to persuade them that we also share an agenda in order for the value exchange to take place.
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Quadrant C is where a Coalition of The Willing resides. The parties may share an agenda but don’t need to trade anything concrete in order to have a mutually beneficial relationship. By their collective contributions, they can create abundance for many, including themselves.
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Quadrant D are the Distant and Oblivious. Here our sources of resource neither see any apparently shared agenda or anything of mutual value to trade. This doesn’t matter if we don’t need their permission to use their resources (if we are stealing with pride from their publicly available insights and ideas, for example—the technique that method refer to as appropriation). But if we do need their permission, this will clearly be the group whose potential resources it will take the most creativity and tenacity to unlock here."

Relações ganhar-ganhar-ganhar, relações sem controlo, o mundo da co-criação.

"And the critical competence moves from production competence to relationship competence"

"Customers were - and basically still are - described in economic theory as an abstract congregation called 'the market'. They were the recipients at the end of a chain which moved raw materials, which gradually had 'value' added to them, until they reached the buyers.
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Thus was born the idea of product differentiation and market segmentation, which was a first step towards a new paradigm. But it was an adjustment within the old paradigm, in which the product remained in focus, in which the critical competence was production, and in which the customer was seen as the receiver at the end of a 'value chain'.
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The movement from craft to industrialism
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Much later - in the 1960s and 1970s - the same principles [industrialism] were applied to services. Levitt (1972) vividly described the benefits of the industrialization of services ... but when these principles were applied to certain types of services the results were sometimes absurd.
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Companies found that customers were no longer captive; they had to be seduced. Relationships had to be based on loyalty not on captivity.
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The customer became much more than a 'receiver'
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Business did not come from the assets of the company, but was generated by the customer relationship. The customer relationship, not the factory, represented the decisive business potential. The key flow was not from the factory outbound, but from the customer inbound. Skillful utilization of the customer relationship was the key.
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Instead of seeing the business as a flow of materials to which value is continually added and ending with the customer, we now see business starting from the customer and flowing to the company. The perspective changes from inside-out to outside-in. The market as a sink is replaced by the customer as a source.
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Companies now are seen as having customer bases in which customers are individuals (institutions or persons) and representing sources of business; they are no longer anonymous markets and receivers/sinks. And the critical competence moves from production competence to relationship competence."

Num breve resumo a mensagem do capítulo 1, "Evolution of Strategic Paradigms" de "Reframing Business - When the Map Changes the Landscape" de Richard Normann.

Quando oiço/leio a tríade, acredito que ainda se encontra no primeiro parágrafo deste resumo. E chegando ao último parágrafo e a "the critical competence moves from production competence to relationship competence" penso logo naqueles que se concentram pura e simplesmente na automatização e esquecem o poder da autenticidade da interacção e da co-criação.

Arquitecto de paisagens competitivas (parte II)

Parte I.
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No primeiro capítulo de "Reframing Business - When the Map Changes the Landscape", Richard Normann descreve a evolução da figura que se segue:

Nesta parte pretendo exemplificar, com a minha experiência profissional, o que é isto da "Reconfiguração de sistemas criadores de valor".
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Entre 2000 e 2001 comecei a trabalhar com uma empresa industrial produtora de materiais de construção (para o imobiliário) apoiando-a na implementação e certificação de um sistema da qualidade.
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Hoje tenho e temos tendência a falar de "Construção" como todo um sector. Na verdade, esse sector tem duas grandes realidades a "Construção" (privada, imobiliário) e as "Obras Públicas".
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A empresa quando foi criada adoptou a relação que se segue com o mercado:

A empresa vendia a distribuidores, a armazenistas, que, por sua vez, vendiam a empreiteiros.
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A segunda metade da última década do século XX corria tão bem, a facturação crescia com uma tal segurança que a empresa decidiu alterar a sua relação privilegiada com o mercado:

A empresa deixou de trabalhar com muitos distribuidores e, com uma equipa comercial no terreno, começou a trabalhar as obras directamente e, assim, evitar dar margem aos distribuidores.
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Quando Guterres se demitiu, o mercado da construção privada começou a encolher, quando a empresa sentiu a quebra nas vendas tentou recuperar os distribuidores mas estes já tinham arranjado fornecedores alternativos.
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A facturação foi-se deteriorando e o mercado foi encolhendo. Então, em 2004 a empresa convidou-me para facilitar uma reflexão estratégica sobre o futuro.
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A análise do mercado feita na altura pode ser resumida nesta tabela SWOT simplificada:

A tabela TOWS dá uma lista do tipo de acções que podem fazer sentido:

Ou seja:

• (O1S1) desenvolver e comercializar produtos técnicos de alto valor acrescentado

E vendê-los a quem? Os empreiteiros e distribuidores só raciocinam em termos do preço mais baixo...

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Então, começamos o trabalho de reconfigurar a criação de valor, começamos o exercício de arquitectar uma nova paisagem competitiva, começamos o desafio de mudar a perspectiva de abordagem ao mercado.

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Primeiro, passar para 2º plano as ligações a distribuidores e empreiteiros. Eles nunca vão abandonar a procura do preço mais baixo:

• (O2S1S2) focar o mercado dos produtos prescritos por gabinetes; e
• (O2SW3) trabalhar os gabinetes com produtos inovadores

Constituem 2 pistas sobre o caminho a seguir:

Trabalhar os Gabinetes de Arquitectura e de Engenharia divulgando os novos produtos, as suas vantagens técnicas, as vantagens para o progresso da obra, as vantagens para os Donos de obra, as vantagens para os utilizadores finais das construções. A ideia é a de fazer com que os Gabinetes prescrevam os produtos técnicos aos empreiteiros.

Esta abordagem pode ser fortalecida reforçando as relações entre a empresa e as universidades e politécnicos. Estas escolas fornecem os futuros prescritores e os futuros quadros dos empreiteiros. Desenvolver uma relação em que a empresa reforça a sua imagem de líder tecnológico, de solucionador de problemas, de inventor de novos produtos, de autoridade técnica.

Outra componente seguida foi o trabalhar estrategicamente a vertente da regulação, apostando na intervenção nas comissões técnicas de normalização, por exemplo, para, através de normas influenciar o trabalho dos prescritores e das universidades.
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Deste modo, a reflexão estratégica reconfigurou o sistema de criação de valor... a empresa já não vende um produto... o produto é o modelo de negócio, o produto é a configuração que reúne um conjunto de actores e cria uma sinfonia, uma harmonia de vantagens.
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Deste modo, a reflexão altera, constrói uma nova paisagem competitiva, com novos actores-chave e com novas regras.
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No próximo episódio vamos analisar este exemplo usando a terminologia de Normann.

Movimentos de defesa ou de reconfiguração da paisagem competitiva?

No Diário Económico de hoje:
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"Maiores empresas de genéricos do mundo fundem-se" artigo assinado por Sofia Lobato Dias.
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Porque será? Serão movimentos defensivos ou reconfiguração deliberada da paisagem competitiva?
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"many of these global players that we see today emerge from defensive moves, rather than creative or aggressive strategies. The established gather their forces against the reconfigurers. They become larger, but that do not necessarily reconfigure."
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"Deregulation revealed accumulated market imperfections...Companies which had been opaque black boxes now became transparent, and new 'invaders' were able to unbundle products/services and give better deals to customer groups which had been mishandled or exploited outright.
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As markets become transparent and 'unbundleable' there is always the opportunity for a gold rush. And it tends to be quick and simple strategies which win. But such strategies are imperfection based, they are primarly neither competence based nor customer orientation based. As these successful players gain from the imperfections they contribute to eliminating them. And while, for a period of time, they eat deeply into the positions and profitability of the established players some of these will adapt, innovate, and reconquer positions."
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"to consolidate their positions by realizing that the imperfections that made them successful will not persist and have to be replaced by systematic, long-term strategies building new capabilities and consolidating relationships including with customers."
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Trechos retirados de "Reframing Business - When the Map Changes the Landscape" de Richard Normann.
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Sim, mas que é que está a ser medroso e quem está a ser reconfigurador?

Um desafio

A propósito de "Disrupting beliefs: A new approach to business-model innovation" um desafio, e se um suinicultor ou um produtor leiteiro aplicar este racional à sua exploração?

"Let’s face it: business models are less durable than they used to be. The basic rules of the game for creating and capturing economic value were once fixed in place for years, even decades, as companies tried to execute the same business models better than their competitors did. But now, business models are subject to rapid displacement, disruption, and, in extreme cases, outright destruction. [Moi ici: Um suinicultor pode pensar, por que não posso ser eu o disruptor? Por que tenho de continuar a jogar o jogo das cadeiras e esperar a minha vez de sair?]

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Every industry is built around long-standing, often implicit, beliefs about how to make money.

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These governing beliefs reflect widely shared notions about customer preferences, the role of technology, regulation, cost drivers, and the basis of competition and differentiation. They are often considered inviolable—until someone comes along to violate them.

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In a nutshell, the process begins with identifying an industry’s foremost belief about value creation and then articulating the notions that support this belief. By turning one of these underlying notions on its head—reframing it—incumbents can look for new forms and mechanisms to create value. When this approach works, it’s like toppling a stool by pulling one of the legs."

O artigo continua com alguns exemplos:

• Innovating in customer relationships: From loyalty to empowerment;
• Innovating in activities: From efficient to intelligent;
• Innovating in resources: From ownership to access;
• Innovating in costs: From low cost to no cost.

Talvez possamos ajudar, afinal já andamos por esse campeonato há mais de 10 anos. Contacte-nos.

Not jumping to ill-informed solutions

Parte I.

"You’ll never get past the tendency to leap to solutions. But there are ways to fight the tendency, to promote deep analytical thinking instead of Jumping. Here’s a four-step process to help you activate your inner Analyst and keep you from jumping to ill-informed solutions.
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1. Go and SeeIt’s easy to jump to conclusions — and lousy solutions — when you don’t have a clear picture of what’s actually happening. And you can’t have a clear picture if you don’t leave your desk, your office, or your conference room. [Moi ici: Isto pôs-me a pensar seriamente... sobre as auditorias remotas ou e-audits] Unfortunately, that’s where most leaders live.
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Taiichi Ohno was the father of the Toyota Production System, or what is now known as ‘lean’. As described in The Birth of Lean,
[Ohno] never rendered judgment simply on the basis of hearing about something. He always insisted on going to the place in question and having a look.
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Ohno said, “Data is of course important in manufacturing, but I place the greatest emphasis on facts.” Gathering facts comes from close observation of people, of objects, of spaces. By contrast, spreadsheets, reports, and anecdotal accounts are not facts. They’re data. They’re two-dimensional representations of reality, which makes it easy to jump to conclusions.
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Data tells you how often a machine breaks down on an assembly line. Facts — direct observation—show you that the machine is dirty, covered in oil, and hasn’t been cleaned and maintained in a long time."

This is how organizations, normally, see the world:

A place full of unexpected results conspiring against its existence and success.

But, if we digg a little deeper...

We always find an invisble system with its own agenda. Worst, we find nests of invisible cycles conspiring against the oficial agenda.

And what is interesting is ... like in that Alien movies: The evil (the xenomorph) was inside Ripley all the time.

As a rule of thumb always think on this:

Always look for short-term gains that deliver long-term costs.

Results are a natural outcome of how organizations work and manage. Some times it is just a rule, just a small practice, that derails the entire system.

Can you imagem the power of that bonus?

Delivering above target savings is something desirable and very tangible. Seeing that the management behind that delivers:

• Raw materials that arrive to late and have to bypass quality control;
• Raw materials that don't pass quality control;
• Raw materials that don't arrive.

Takes a deeper and analytic look. Takes not Jumping into the simple, obvious and wrong.

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2. Frame It ProperlyFraming the problem properly is the first step on the road towards finding the right solution. Problem statements are deceptively difficult to get right. For one thing, it’s easy to mistake the symptoms for the underlying problem. The Jumper inside you gravitates towards symptoms. They’re easy to see and comparatively easy to address. It’s the Analyst inside you that has the cognitive power to find the root cause of those symptoms, and to really fix the problem. [Moi ici: Recordo estar em Abril de 2019 a olhar para as reclamações recebidas por uma empresa e, constatar que em apenas 3 meses já tinham tido 8 reclamações com o mesmo motivo. Olhando para o tratamento de cada reclamação, percebi que cada uma tinha dado origem a uma acção correctiva. No entanto, já iam em 8 reclamações em três meses. Quando pesquisei o conteúdo de cada acção correctiva descobri que a acção era sempre a mesma, porque a causa identificada era sempre a mesma: erro humano. Erro humano não é causa nenhuma. As causas-raiz costumam estar bem escondidas. Daí que uma investigação para as encontrar não seja fácil. Daí que eu não proponha que se desenvolvam acções correctivas por tudo e por nada, para que quando faça sentido se use a artilharia como deve ser.]
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How many times have you heard something like this (or said it yourself)? ‘The problem is that we don’t have enough time to do….’ Or, ‘The problem is that we need more money so that we can….’ Or, ‘The problem is that we don’t have enough people for….’
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These sound like legitimate problems, right? Not really. The truth is you never have enough time. You never have enough money. And you never have enough people.
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A well-framed problem statement opens up avenues of discussion and options. A bad problem statement closes down alternatives and quickly sends you into a cul-de-sac of facile thinking. [Moi ici: Erro humano...]  Consider these two problem statements:

1. Our sales team needs more administrative support.
2. Our sales team spends six hours per week on low-value administrative tasks.

Although you hear this kind of framing often, notice that the first statement isn’t really a problem at all. It’s a solution.
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The only possible response to needing more administrative support is to hire more administrative support. What’s the solution to the second problem statement? It’s unclear — which is good! The second problem statement pushes us to think analytically. The observable fact (six hours) rather than the implicit judgment (we need more admins) raises other questions that help us develop better solutions: why do they have six hours of administrative tasks in the first place? How can we make the tasks faster? Can we use a computer? Can we use checklists and templates to reduce the burden? Are they actually necessary? Can we eliminate some of them entirely? If you see that your problem statement has only one solution, rethink it. Reframing the problem can help you avoid conclusion-jumping."

Trechos retirados de "Four Tools for Better Decisions" publicado na revista Rotman Management Spring 2020:

"A competência crucial passa a ser a de organizar a criação de valor"

Continuado daqui.

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O capítulo "Strategic thinking" continua com base nesta figura:

Uma figura que resume bem uma abordagem possível para a estratégia das organizações. Antes da figura vem a introspecção, vem a reflexão sobre quem somos, como empresa, em que nos distinguimos, qual é o nosso ADN, em que paisagem competitiva estamos ou queremos estar. Depois, vem a identificação dos clientes-alvo e do ecossistema da procura

"value is always cocreated in exchange and in the use and integration of what is exchanged. This view proposes that multiple stakeholders contribute to the value-creation process by integrating and applying resources to create value for themselves and for others.
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The exchange of service is not confined to an actor-to-actor (A2A) dyad.
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The actors are linked by value propositions, which are essentially invitations to participate in a particular value cocreation process. The service ecosystem mainly functions to enable actors to integrate and apply their resources and the resources of others (accessed through exchange) to improve its own viability as a system"

Desenhado o ecossistema com os vários actores e as suas motivações intrínsecas, o passo seguinte passa por equacionar como pôr os vários intervenientes-chave a colaborarem numa relação ganhar-ganhar-ganhar, para densificar as relações entre eles.

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O passo seguinte é a formulação das propostas de valor que poderão atrair os vários intervenientes-chave para a relação.
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Depois, desenhar o ecossistema a funcionar no futuro desejado e trabalhar para configurar o mercado nesse sentido.
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Recordar:

• Os mercados como configurações (parte I, parte II e parte III)
• Arquitecto de paisagens competitivas (parte I, parte II, parte III e parte IV)

"A competência crucial passa a ser a de organizar a criação de valor."

Frase de "Reframing Business - When the Map Changes the Landscape" de Richard Normann.

Acerca de valor para o cliente (parte VI)

Parte I, parte II, parte III, parte IV e parte V.

"Integration.
Closely connected to, but still distinct from, interactions as source of CV is the integration of resources. This includes the integration of the customers’ resources which refers to providing customers with the opportunity to participate within the companies processes. Integrating the resources of customers and companies is treated as prerequisite for interactions.
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“An inherent aspect of inter- action is connectivity”, i.e., the parties involved are in some contact with each other. With the term ‘connectivity’, the authors emphasize the integration of the companies’ and the customers’ resources. The importance of the integration of the companies’ and customers’ resources in the value creation process is strongly emphasized by the S-D logic.
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customer processes which are not controlled by a company are considered as a highly relevant part within value creation. Hence, the challenge that needs to be addressed is discovering the underlying issues which cannot be easily recognized by a company. When the customer’s life is brought into the focus of value creation, an in-depth knowledge of the customer becomes necessary.
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One way to gain this depth of understanding of the customer is integrating customers into the company’s processes. The aim of integration may therefore not only be the creation of interactions, but also the achievement of profound customer insights that go beyond insights gained by traditional marketing research methods. Hence, integration can also be considered a way for getting deep customer insights regarding what the C-D logic describes as ‘value-in-life’.
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We conclude by stating that the benefits of customer integration are twofold. On the one hand, interactions are generated, which in turn, are considered a source of CV. On the other hand, it has the ability to generate in-depth knowledge of the customer, which may provide insights regarding value-in-life considerations and, as a result, for aligning future company actions."

Trechos retirados de "Reframing customer value from a dominant logics perspective" de Tobias Schlager e Peter Maas e publicado por International Journal of Marketing (2012) 51:101–113

Visão e Missão: Futuro e Propósito

A última reflexão que retiro do livro de Richard Normann "Reframing Business When the Map Changes the Landscape" é sobre os conceitos de missão e visão.
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São conceitos que volta e meia voltam à baila, julgo que a reflexão de Normann denota profundidade e substância.
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"I see 'mission' and 'vision' as artefact concepts which are deliberately used to create purposeful, collective action. They do so by making gaps visible."
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"Vision definetely is in the time domain, about the future. It implies a gap between an imagined future state and the present state.
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Mission is not related to time in the same manner. Instead, mission is related to what value creating domain we participate in and how, i.e. what role we have in what larger system.
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This definition of mission also means that mission can (but not necessarily) imply a gap between the present state and some desired state."
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"So, mission is a description of what differences our existence makes to the context we function in, whereas vision defines a gap between the present and some future state. Vision always implies a gap. mission may imply the existence of a gap but doesn't have to."
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"But vision does not have to imply mission. Mission always implies reasoning in terms of what effects you have on the external world and its betterment. Vision may be about effects on the external world, but it may also be only about the state of our own organization (for example its size, its profitability, its competence, how it makes its shareholders rich, how it gains power)."
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"All visions are about the future; all missions are about the effects on the external world."
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"Why are vision and mission interesting conceptual artefacts? Because of the inherent importance of 'gaps' and of 'meaning' and 'purpose' to create (individual and collective) action in human beings... probably the most important 'atractor' equivalent in social systems is 'meaning'.
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In complexity theory, 'atractor' means some sort of principle or 'magnetic field' which can serve to bring the energy of many seemigly disparate elements and actions to move in some particular direction; when suddenly the system acquires qualities beyond those of its elements. This happens normally when a compex system reaches a 'fracture point' in which it takes on a different logic moving towards a different state of organization and structure."
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"visionary leaders who did not formulate a vision about a mission wil be much more quickly forgotten."
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BTW, nesta obra, Richard Normann racionaliza, de certa forma, o exercício de sair para fora do corpo, como o realizar, com o upframing e o downframing.

Reflexão em curso

Value-in-Life
- Faça uma viagem descansado, se acontecer algo ao seu automóvel estará protegido.

Value-in-context
- O azar aconteceu. Radiador furado numa viagem no estrangeiro, às 19h. É preciso ligar e pedir apoio.

Value-in-use
- Hotel para 4, reboque para oficina e entrega do carro reparado 12h depois.
- E isto "Um bom serviço"



Imagem retirada de "Reframing customer value from a dominant logics  perspective" de Tobias Schlager e Peter Maas, publicado por International Journal of Marketing

"The market is a goal collective"

Parte I.

Outra perspectiva acerca dos ecossistemas da procura:

"Viewing markets as goal collectives rather than as individual customers is especially critical in business-to-business where multiple key decision-makers are involved, sometimes all present at the same meeting.
The key to business success is the navigation of the goal landscape. This can truly transform the selling approach.
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In the case of a scientific instrument manufacturer, this question started with: who is the customer – the director of the research institute, chief financial officer, procurement manager, lab manager? The answer, of course, is all of them. And each has different goals. Unfortunately, in most instances, the main touch-point had been when the sales person met procurement head on; each side armed with ten-point negotiation plans. By realizing each decision-maker had different goals – ranging from the head’s focus on international reputation, procurement’s focus on sales price and the lab manager’s focus on usability – the sales force was able to map out a goal landscape. Armed with a handy guide, sales people could lead with different sales pitches depending on whom they encountered. They could also zone in on the key player for whom their offering had the most convincing competitive advantage.
The firm also changed its practices by encouraging sales people to visit as many parties within a single organisation as possible compared with the old practice of commanding a specific number of visits to different organizations per day.
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The customer consists of multiple parties, each with their own goals. Success is created by showing how you offer the best solution across these collective goals rather than by focusing on a unique selling proposition for “Barry the island”
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Communications and sales efforts should explicitly focus on multiple parties. Either in face-to-face meetings or by reframing goals by personifying these with co-decision makers, reminding your counter-party that they need to consider a broader range of goals
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To gain legitimacy, companies need to provide value to all relevant parties."

Trechos retirados de um excelente texto, "So you Think You Know your Customers? de Nader Tavassoli, publicado por International Commerce Review, Vol. 10, nº 1 Spring 2011

"We start to see bridges"

“Once we stop obsessing about our lack of resources and look to enable individuals and give them dignity, we find that, instead of beneficiaries looking for our help or employees worried about budgets, we have stimulated people who start creating their own luck.

Reframing helps to create serendipity by enabling people to see potential events and situations and feel they have the capacity to act on them – to spot the triggers and connect the dots. At the core of this are changes in thought and practice. Once we stop waiting for an opportunity to loudly declare itself, we realize that opportunity is all around us if we keep our mind open and release it from closed templates and frames.

When we do not take structures and constraints for granted, we look at the world with different eyes. We start to see bridges where others see gaps.”

Trecho retirado de "The Serendipity Mindset" de Christian Busch.

Subsídios para um primeiro-ministro

"Ackoff (1981) contrasted five positions in relation to the future: reactive, which is past oriented; inactive, which is present oriented; pre-active, concerned with predicting the future; proactive, concerned with creating the future; and interactive, engaging and working with the future.

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In the English language, the dictionary informs, a future event is considered to be a “time to come.” The future, in other words, is not something we go into, but something that comes at us. (This also implies that the future is different from the long term, which always happens later.) 

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To clarify the conceptions of future time available to strategists and in decision-making processes, we have developed a heuristic called the “three arrows of time,” depicted in Figure 2.2:

The White Arrow represents the future embodied in our action planning. It is the future dependent on our will. It is manifested in processes such as schedules, roadmaps with milestones, budget plans, and goals with detailed targets and action plans. Management by objectives and most kinds of plans (strategic, tactical, operational) are familiar examples of this stance on the future. The White Arrow is informed by our sense of the gap between our current situation and the vision to which we aspire.

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This White Arrow can hide deeper assumptions about the way the world should work, such as a deeply held narrative or myth of progress.

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The Black Arrow timeline depicts the momentum of the past, the things that have already happened and that are expected to continue to have impact on one’s situation in the future. The Black Arrow is informed by horizon scanning, forecast-based planning, and trend/mega-trend impact analysis. For example, governments rely on demographic forecasting to anticipate how many children are going to be born and need to be educated, or to calculate when pensions will need to be paid out and for how long. Such analysis, in turn, informs the White Arrow timeline and the targets for maternity facilities and school building programs.

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The Shaded Arrow depicts future developments that are coming toward us independent of our will. The Shaded Arrow is informed by redirecting attention to novel developments, emerging issues, weak signals, disruptive changes, etc. Imagination plays a large role here.

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These plausible future contexts are constructed from the interaction of the yet-to-unfold certainties identified by the Black Arrow and the uncertainty of less familiar and novel developments introduced by the Shaded Arrow. The resulting scenarios (combining Black Arrow and Shaded Arrow conceptions of the future) can then help users to assess priorities and options for action, that is, the White Arrow (strategies or intentions)."

"Ao dr. Costa interessa tanto o que se vai passar daqui a três anos, como a mim o que se vai passar daqui a 300. O dr. Costa quer saber da semana que vem. O que é desesperante é que a direita nem a semana que vem percebe."

— Carlos P da Cruz (@ccz1) August 28, 2021

Uma semana entre estas duas notícias.
U-M-A-S-E-M-A-NA!
Zero estratégia. Zero respeito. Zero capacidade.
Fechem a porta e deitem a chave ao mar. pic.twitter.com/SFwSJPKx7g

— Pedro Moreira (@pismael) October 15, 2021

Trechos retirados de "Strategic Reframing" de Rafael Ramírez e Angela Wilkinson.   

Densidade e ecossistemas

Ao ler "Creating the competitive edge: A new relationship between operations management and industrial policy" publicado por Journal of Operations Management 49-51 (2017), encontro uma citação de uma velha conhecida minha, Suzanne Berger:

“rich and diverse set of complementary capabilities in the industrial ecosystem: suppliers, trade associations, industrial collective research consortia, industrial research centers, Fraunhofer Institutes, university-industry collaborative, technical advisory committees. It's impossible to understand the different fates of manufacturing in the United States and Germany without comparing the density and richness of the resources available in the industrial ecosystem across much of Germany to the thin and shrinking resources available to U.S. manufacturers across much of our country” 

Ao ver o termo ecossistema, (palavra usada com especial carinho neste blogue), ao ver o desfilar de actores que povoam os meus esquemas sobre ecossistemas da procura (Malta da ISO 9001:2015, estão a ver porque aprecio a cláusula 4.2 da norma? E como a aprecio!) associados à palavra densidade não pude deixar de imediatamente recordar dois nomes: Richard Normann e Rafael Martinez e o seu "Reframing Business: When the Map Changes the Landscape". Bastou uma pesquisa no Google para chegar a "Designing Interactive Strategy":

"In so volatile a competitive environment, strategy is no longer a matter of positioning a fixed set of activities along a value chain. Increasingly, successful companies do not just add value, they reinvent it. Their focus of strategic analysis is not the company or even the industry but the value-creating system itself, within which different economic actors—suppliers, business partners, allies, customers—work together to co-produce value. Their key strategic task is the reconfiguration of roles and relationships among this constellation of actors in order to mobilize the creation of value in new forms and by new players. And their underlying strategic goal is to create an ever-improving fit between competencies and customers.
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The result is an integrated business system that invents value by matching the various capabilities of participants more efficiently and effectively than was ever the case in the past.
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What is so different about this new kind of value? One useful way to describe it is that value has become more dense. Think of density as a measure of the amount of information, knowledge, and other resources that an economic actor has at hand at any moment in time to leverage his or her own value creation. Value has become more dense in that more and more opportunities for value creation are packed into any particular offering."

E as suas ideias acerca das constelações:

"IKEA is more than a link on a value chain. It is the center of a constellation of services, goods, and design.
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The image of a value chain fails to capture the complexity of roles and relationships in the IKEA business system. IKEA did not position itself to add value at any one point in a predetermined sequence of activities. Rather, IKEA set out systematically to reinvent value and the business system that delivers it for an entire cast of economic actors. The work-sharing, co-productive arrangements the company offers to customers and suppliers alike force both to think about value in a new way—one in which customers are also suppliers (of time, labor, information, and transportation), suppliers are also customers (of IKEA’s business and technical services), and IKEA itself is not so much a retailer as the central star in a constellation of services, goods, design, management, support, and even entertainment. The result: IKEA has succeeded, arguably, in creating more value per person (customer, supplier, and employee) and in securing greater total profit from and for its financial and human resources than all but a handful of other companies in any consumer industry."

Arquitecto de paisagens competitivas (parte I)

Em 2008, ainda não conhecia a service-dominant logic (SDL), li "Reframing Business - When the Map Changes the Landscape" de Richard Normann.
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O livro pareceu-me interessante e teve a classificação de "top pessoal".
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Hoje, tomei a decisão de voltar a reler o livro, integrando-o com o que aprendi com a SDL e com a minha experiência profissional.
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O ponto de partida é o capítulo 1, "A Evolução dos Paradigmas Estratégicos" que conta um pouco da história que nos trouxe até aqui. Segue-se um resumo:
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"No começo da era industrial os clientes eram – e basicamente ainda o são – descritos na teoria económica como uma congregação abstracta chamada de “o mercado”. O mercado era visto como o receptor, como o recipiente no final da cadeia de valor ao longo da qual as matérias-primas eram transformadas, sendo-lhes gradualmente acrescentado valor até chegarem aos compradores.
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O sucesso da General Motors sobre a Ford, que tinha um modelo e uma cor única, ilustrou o início de uma mudança gradual do poder para os clientes. Assim, nasceu a ideia da diferenciação do produto e da segmentação do mercado, o que representou um primeiro passo em direcção a um novo paradigma. Mas ainda era um ajustamento dentro do velho paradigma, no qual o produto continuava a ser o centro das atenções, no qual a produção continuava a ser a competência crítica e, no qual o cliente continuava a ser visto como o receptor no final da cadeia de valor.
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Durante a década de 70 do século passado, (Moi ici: Com a invasão dos produtos japoneses, que acelerou o desequilíbrio entre a oferta e a procura) as empresas começaram a descobrir, sector após sector, que os clientes já não estavam prisioneiros, tinham de ser seduzidos. A relação tinha de ser baseada em lealdade e não numa prisão.
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As empresas descobriram, também, que as suas estruturas de custos tinham mudado. Uma fatia relativamente grande dos investimentos estavam agora na distribuição, no marketing, no branding, na investigação e desenvolvimento, e não na produção como era tradicional.
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Começou a tomar lugar uma nova forma de pensar e de encarar a relação com os clientes. A análise de uma empresa devia começar na interface entre cliente e empresa, no momento da verdade, e não a partir da produção do produto. Isto implicou olhar para o cliente como muito mais do que um simples receptor.
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A maneira fundamental de interpretar o novo fenómeno passou por olhar para o negócio a partir de uma perspectiva totalmente nova. O negócio não resulta dos activos de uma empresa, mas é gerado pela relação com os clientes  (Moi ici: Muita gente e muitas empresas ainda não chegaram aqui). A relação com os clientes, não a fábrica, representava o potencial decisivo para o negócio. O fluxo-chave não era o que emanava da fábrica, mas o que partia dos clientes. A utilização competente da relação com os clientes era a chave.
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Outra importante mudança de percepção traduziu-se numa alteração da linguagem do negócio: a noção de “mercado”, consistindo numa massa anónima, começou a ser substituída pela noção de “clientes”. Os clientes tinham uma face, tornaram-se indivíduos.  (Moi ici: Pois, cuidado com os fantasmas estatísticos, olhar olhos nos olhos... recordar as personas, recordar a Maria) 
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A competência crítica de um negócio deixou de estar relacionada com a produção e, passou a ser a capacidade de gerir as relações com os clientes e o potencial de negócio com a base de clientes.
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Os indicadores de desempenho em termos tradicionais nos relatórios de contas foram complementados com balanced scorecards que incluíam a satisfação dos clientes.
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Tudo isto representou uma mudança radical de estratégia e de arquétipos de modelos de negócio relativamente ao paradigma industrial. Em vez de ver o negócio como um fluxo de materiais aos quais continuamente se adicionava valor e que terminava no cliente, o negócio passou a ser visto como começando no cliente e fluindo para a empresa. A perspectiva mudou de, dentro para fora, para, de fora para dentro. O mercado deixou de ser visto como um ralo, por onde se escoavam os produtos, e passou a ser visto como a fonte de onde emanam os negócios. No entanto, poucas empresas abandonaram os velhos modelos. Ainda que algumas empresas tenham adquirido gradualmente a nova visão como o seu paradigma fundamental, a maioria das empresas tentou extender o velho paradigma industrial.
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As empresas passaram a ser vistas como tendo bases de clientes em que cada um é um indivíduo (instituição ou pessoa) e, representa uma fonte de negócio, e deixaram de ser mercados anónimos de receptores/ralos que absorvem tudo o que os produtores se dignam oferecer. E a competência crítica deixou de ser a produção e passou a ser o relacionamento com os clientes. As relações transcendem as transacções.
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O resultado foi um novo paradigma estratégico que pode ser chamado de gestão baseada nos clientes. O seu modelo mental é muito distinto do paradigma industrial.
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Os últimos anos trouxeram uma nova mudança levando-nos a um novo paradigma estratégico.
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A empresa como um organizador da criação de valor. A competência crucial passa a ser a de organizar a criação de valor.  (Moi ici: Voltar atrás e reler estas duas frases... um organizador da criação de valor...)  O cliente já não é um receptor, já não é uma fonte, mas antes um co-produtor e um co-designer de criação de valor.

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A evolução pode ser ilustrada desta forma:

A parte II, vai descrever, com um exemplo profissional que vivi em primeira mão em 2004, o que significa "reconfiguração de sistemas criadores de valor" e porque chamo a isto "Arquitectura de paisagens competitivas" e como contribui para "ajudar PMEs a fazer batota".

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Continua.

Migração do valor (parte II)

Os tempos que correm convidaram-me a reler um livro já com uns anitos em busca de pistas para algum capacidade de 'reframing' ("Value Migration - How to Think Several Moves Ahead of the Competition" de Adrian Slywotzky)
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Encontrei uma passagem que se aplica bem à nossa actualidade futura próxima:
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"But perhaps the most dramatic market opportunities for new business designs are created by external shocks.
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These phenomena can abruptly upset the business chessboard, recasting both customer priorities and the economic viability of different business designs (modelos de negócio).
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External shocks can be very difficult to predict. What is not difficult to predict, however, is that shocks will create significant opportunities for new business designs. So while all organizations may not be able to afford the luxury of trying to predict the exact nature and timing of external shocks, there is no established competitor that can afford not to expand its competitive field of vision once a shock has occurred. In the wake of a significant external shock, the most important question becomes: What new business designs may be taking advantage of the situation to encroach on the incumbent's customer franchise?"

Privilegiar os inputs sobre os outputs

Pessoalmente uso o termo "pivô". Recordar "Primeiro, quem é o pivô da vossa procura?"

"I will reserve the term ‘Prime Movers’ for reconfigurers who do not just base themselves on a historical imperfection, and where the reconfiguration does not only come as a result of technological breakthroughs.
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Prime Movers create cases of reconfiguration which seem to stem from a new design vision of an 'industry' or broader system of value creation. The design vision seldom is clear-cut from the start; rather, it has emergent characteristics. Prime Movers rend to envision a broader Value-creating System (as opposed to a technological innovation, a new product, or the simple exploitation of an economic imperfection) as the outcome of their strategy.
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Prime movers … they move away from focusing on the competences required to manufacture and sell a product to a focus on the much broader set of competences related to the design and functioning of a Value-creating System. [Moi ici: Outra forma de dizer, privilegiar os inputs sobre os outputs]
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The Prime Movers listen to the war cries and live up to them in the sense that they have only a limited number of competences and activities inside themselves. Instead, they develop another specific competence, namely the competence to mobilize and manage external actors and their competences which are outside the Prime Mover company.
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While retaining and nurturing their own specific generic competences which they add to the totality of the Value-creating System, each of these Prime Movers adds a unique competence to the whole: a vision-based network pattern, and the ability to actually bring players with disparate assets and competence, together into forming a new, functioning Value-creating System. The end result is that Prime Movers move from focusing on a traditional and narrow (often production- and commodity-based) set of competence, to a much broader and partly new set of competences and users, which they are able to mobilize and coordinate (but not necessarily or even generally own) to that the result becomes a shift of focus from a product or service to a Value-creating System."

Gosto de despertar esta capacidade em empresários e gestores.

Fugir da armadilha afuniladora do "old focus" e abrir a mente para o manancial de oportunidades criativas que se podem abrir com o "new focus".

Ver o mundo através de um novo ponto de vista.

Trechos retirados de "Reframing Business" de Normann

Como é que o tempo flui?

O futuro é um tema que me atrai.

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Durante anos percebia a relação de causa-efeito, com causas no passado e efeitos no presente ou no futuro. Depois, com Ortega Y Gasset fiquei fascinado com a colocação das causas no futuro, para influenciar o presente.

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Richard Normann no seu livro "Reframing Business - When the Map Changes the Landscape" acrescenta-me mais alguns motivos de reflexão:

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"It can be argued that time is always now and that there is nothing we can do about that. And that the only thing that happens is that 'the now' is moving.

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"business executives have always realized that the real reason for mentally moving into the future is to influence the minds and therefore the actions of people living in the present. The idea behind moving into the conceptual future therefore is to create a different future by influencing action now.

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the human mind continuously creates different mental images of possible futures - what we now think of as acenarios - and that the existence of these can actually be shown physiologically in the brain. Such scenarios are in fact necessary for survival and for being able to structure our present. We use them in a 'what of if?' sense.

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By imagining ('living in') and empathizing with alternative possible future states and events we can 'back-cast' to the present, and we can begin to consider what we have to do to handle possible eventualities, prepare ourselves, perhaps influence the course of events. These future scenarios provide us with relevancy structures without which we would have much lower if any possibilities at all to distinguish what is relevant to us or not - we would be drowned by signals and information.

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it is part of the nature of the human mind to move conceptually and more or less freely between the conceptual past, the here-and-now, and the conceptual future. In fact, the more and the richer experiences we can dig out and bring into the future from the past, the richer the present. Therefore we should try to be 'exiles from the past'. And the more we can bring of insightful aand rich scenarios from the future into the present - the more we can become 'vistors from the future' - the ritcher the present.

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All this suggest another mental image of how time moves (or how we relate to the time domain):