Os duendes e a base do valor

Em Mongo, o Estranhistão domina esta paisagem:

Um mundo de tribos, de diversidade e heterogeneidade na procura.
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Como é que as empresas tentam dar resposta a esta explosão câmbrica da parte dos clientes?
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Aumentando a variedade dos produtos que oferecem. Contudo:

"Product variety has not necessarily resulted in better consumer experience"

As empresas têm de perceber que o papel dos consumidores/clientes mudou:

"The most basic change has been a shift in the role of the customer - from isolated to connected, from unaware to informed, from passive to active." 

E que isso traz consequências:

"What is the net result of the changing role of consumers? Companies can no longer act autonomously, designing products, developing production processes, crafting marketing messages, and controlling sales channels with little or no interference from consumers. Consumers now seek to exercise their influence in every part of the business system. Armed with new tools and dissatisfied with available choices, consumers want to interact with firms and thereby co-create value. The use of interaction as a basis for co-creation is at the crux of our emerging reality." 

Mas cuidado:

"Eventually, the roles of the company and the consumer converge toward a unique co-creation experience, or an "experience of one."
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Notice what co-creation is not. It is neither the transfer nor out-sourcing of activities to customers nor a marginal customization of products and services. Nor is it a scripting or staging of customer events around the firm's various offerings. That kind of company-customer interaction no longer satisfies most consumers today.
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The change that we are describing is far more fundamental. It involves the co-creation of value through personalized interactions that are meaningful and sensitive to a specific consumer. The co-creation experience (not the offering) is the basis of unique value for each individual. The market begins to resemble a forum organized around individuals and their co-creation experiences rather than around passive pockets of demand for the firm's offerings."

 E, por isso, é que os duendes (a partir de hoje vou usar esta palavra para significar os artesãos de Mongo) têm uma vantagem importante sobre os incumbentes, habituados a ver o produto como a oferta. Com os duendes, a oferta é a experiência. A experiência que começa no co-desenho, continua na co-produção e se prolonga pela utilização, é essa experiência com mais pontos de contacto, como mais pontos de IKEA-effect que vai gerar uma superior percepção de valor na vida dos clientes.

Trechos retirados de "The Future of Competition" de C.K. Prahalad e Venkat Ramaswamy. Livro lido em 2008 e que fui re-ler a propósito de um tweet do Paulo Peres. E sentimos logo o efeito de 5/6 anos de experiência desde a sua primeira leitura, bem na linha de:

"Nunca é tarde para aprender, mas às vezes é demasiado cedo" 

Cuidado com as melhores práticas

No ambiente de mudança em que vivemos e, registado neste postal "Escrito nas estrelas" e continuado em "Viragem no sourcing – Parte 2", de certeza que muitas práticas estabelecidas ficaram obsoletas e passaram a ser mais prejudiciais do que benéficas:

"Companies identify best practices, particularly those of market leaders, and try to implement them. Such benchmarking has a role to play in business, but I’m not exactly a fan of the process. (Moi ici: Não há melhores práticas) It may allow enterprises to catch up with competitors, but it won’t turn them into market leaders. Organizations become winners by spotting big opportunities and inventing next practices
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Next practices are all about innovation: imagining what the future will look like; identifying the mega-opportunities that will arise; and building capabilities to capitalize on them.
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If you look for ways to develop next practices, opportunities abound. In fact, executives are constrained not by resources but by their imagination."

Trechos retirados de "Best Practices Get You Only So Far"

"Most companies follow "best practices." Often, these are practices that most firms in their line of business have been following for many years, leading people in the industry to assume that it is simply the best way of doing things.
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One reason why a practice's inefficiency may be difficult to spot is because when it came into existence, it was beneficial — like broadsheet newspapers once made sense. But when circumstances have changed and it has become inefficient, nobody remembers, and because everybody is now doing it, it is difficult to spot that doing it differently would in fact be better.
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with all the best intentions, executives often implement what is considered a "best practice" in their industry. What they do not know is that some of these practices are bad habits masquerading as efficiency boosters, their real consequences lying hidden."

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BTW, muito interessante a história sobre a origem e persistência do formato "broadsheet" nos jornais.

Modelos mentais - desaprender para voltar a aprender

Ao ler vários artigos sobre a Service-Dominant Logic, que foram sendo publicados desde 2004, há uma referência bibliográfica constante "Reframing Business - When the Map Changes the Landscape" de Richard Normann.
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Trata-se de um livro que aqui fomos comentando ao longo de 2008 e que ficou na categoria de topo. O subtítulo é delicioso ... quando o mapa, a nossa representação da realidade, altera essa mesma realidade. Aliás, nós nunca chegamos a ter consciência da realidade, nós só sensoriamos o mapa.
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Os nossos modelos mentais são os nossos mapas, são um filtro que nos ajuda a seleccionar e enquadrar os estímulos recebidos, para evitar a "parálise por análise".
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Ainda nesta série de postais reflectimos sobre a importância dos modelos mentais para explicar as diferenças de desempenho entre empresas de um mesmo sector de actividade num mesmo país.
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CK Prahalad e Richard Bettis em "The Dominant Logic: Retrospective and Extension", publicado no Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 16, 1995, em vez de modelo mental escrevem lógica dominante, no entanto a mensagem mantém-se:

"We have come to view the dominant logic as an information filter, shown here as a funnel. Organizational attention is focused only on data deemed relevant by the dominant logic. Other data are largely ignored. (Moi ici: Assim, o mainstream apenas reconhece o que encaixa no filtro) "Relevant' data are filtered by the dominant logic and by the analytic procedures managers use to aid strategy development. These 'filtered' data are then incorporated into the strategy, systems, values, expectations, and reinforced behavior of the organization."
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Em "Mental Models, Decision Rules, and Performance Heterogeneity" de Michael Shayne Gary e Robert E. Wood, publicado no número de Junho de 2011 da revista Strategic Management Journal defende-se que o desempenho das empresas depende dos modelos mentais dos seus líderes. Quando a realidade muda... o mais certo é o desfasamento entre o modelo mental mantido e a nova realidade. Sim, o mapa pode mudar a realidade. Mas há limites para o poder dos mapas...
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Voltando a Prahalad e Bettis sobre o abandono dos modelos mentais que ficaram obsoletos:
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"In the business world. IBM is an excellent example in which the dominant logic for years revolved around a set of unseen assumptions about the centrality of the mainframe business. At IBM this thinking became embedded in the strategy, reward system, promotion preferences, and resource allocation system so strongly that a catastrophic crisis was necessary even to begin to dislodging it.
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There has been a great deal written about organizational learning ... In general it is assumed that the learning curve is drawn on 'a clean sheet of paper' in that learning takes place in a neutral environment. This is seldom if ever the case. There is often previous learning 'drawn' on the paper that may inhibit the new learning process. This leads to the concept of unlearning.
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The dominant logic makes clear that before strategic learning of the kind discussed above can occur, the old logic must in a sense be unlearned by the organization. In this sense there Is an unlearning (or forgetting) curve just as there is a learning curve. ... This need to unlearn may suggest why new competitors often displace experienced incumbents in an industry when major structural change occurs (e.g.. the personal computer revolution). The new entrants in essence are starting with a clean sheet of paper and do not have the problem
of having to run down an unlearning curve in order to be able to run up a learning curve.
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What seems clear is that strategic learning and unlearning of the kind involving the dominant logic are inextricably intertwined."
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O subtítulo de Normann faz sentido quando um agente económico percebe, numa realidade em turbulência, que uma ordem nova, mais complexa, está a emergir e antecipa-se a enquadrá-la num novo mapa, para ajudar a actuar melhor na nova realidade. Como se trata de uma antecipação, ainda a realidade não estabilizou e já o agente tem o mapa no seu arsenal de ferramentas.
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Exemplos de modelos mentais a precisar de desaprender muito:

• "Rui Moreira reeleito presidente da ACP com expansão do metro como prioridade"
• "Metro de Lisboa com novas ideias para extensão das linhas"

Quando não desaprendemos e a realidade mudou... os modelos mentais fazem de nós bobos (à brasileira) e castram-nos. 

Experimentar, testar, aprender e evoluir.

O trecho que ontem recortei do livro "Competing for the Future" ficou a ressoar na minha mente com uma preocupação... concentração não significa saber tudo à partida, não quer dizer que se tem tudo estabelecido desde o início.

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Então, no capítulo seguinte encontro algo que ajuda a esclarecer, que ajuda a evitar a mensagem que não queria que fosse apreendida:

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"being first carries a risk of failure disproportionate to the rewards of leadership only when the pioneering firm permits its financial commitment to race ahead of its understanding of the precise nature of the emerging opportunity. The objective is to learn as quickly and as inexpensively as possible about the precise nature of customer demand, the suitability of the new product or service concept, and the need for adjustments in market strategy."

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Boyd ensinou-me os fundamentos da blitzkrieg... schwerpunkt:

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"Schwerpunkt represents a unifying concept that provides a way to rapidly shape focus and direction of effort as well as harmonize support activities with combat operations, thereby permit a true decentralization of tactical command within centralized strategic guidance—without losing cohesion of overall effort.

or put another way

Schwerpunkt represents a unifying medium that provides a directed way to tie initiative of many subordinate actions with superior intent as a basis to diminish friction and compress time in order to generate a favorable mismatch in time/ability to shape and adapt to unfolding circumstances."

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Entretanto, a minha leitura do número especial da revista Long Range Planning dedicado aos modelos de negócio levou-me a um artigo de Rita McGrath, "Business Models: A Discovery Driven Approach":

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"The concept of ‘the business model’ is appealing because it suggests a change to the way that strategies are conceived, created and executed against. In highly uncertain, complex and fast-moving environments, strategies are as much about insight, rapid experimentation and evolutionary learning as they are about the traditional skills of planning and rock-ribbed execution. Modeling, therefore, is a useful approach to figuring out a strategy, as it suggests experimentation, prototyping and a job that is never quite finished.
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business models often cannot be fully anticipated in advance. Rather, they must be learned over time, which emphasizes the centrality of experimentation in the discovery and development of new business models
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Conventionally, the Holy Grail in strategy has been the creation of a ‘sustainable’ competitive advantage. In more and more categories, however, we see firms competing to achieve what we might think of as a ‘temporary’ advantage, which they exploit until competition has caught up or markets have changed, at which point, the hunt is on for a new advantage. The business model construct encourages conversations which might help us discern possible early warnings of model weakness and prompt the search for new ones
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Finally, as business models themselves evolve and mature, adopting the notion suggests a developing understanding that strategy itself is quite frequently discovery driven rather than planning oriented.
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When an existing business model has been copied, made irrelevant by environmental events or is otherwise no longer germane to customers, new business models have the opportunity to flourish. It is difficult, however, to plan analytically for which new models will supplant old ones, since so many of the variables relevant to their success are unknown at the outset. This brings us to the next issue - the centrality of experimentation in discovering new models.
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Most business models are conceived within the boundaries of a particular set of constraints. As new technologies and other shifts relax constraints or impose different ones, the opportunities for new models (and the threats to existing ones) increase. Typically, new models emerge when a constraint is lifted, and old ones often come under pressure when one emerges."

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Este último sublinhado faz-me recordar aquela citação, a vida na Natureza não pensa, tem tem vontade teleológica, a vida na Natureza evolui fugindo, ou contornando as restrições.

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Nós, humanos, pensamos, temos vontade teleológica... mas temos ferramentas incompletas e imperfeitas para perceber o mundo na sua totalidade. Nós estamos no mundo mas não vemos o mundo, vemos a nossa interpretação, o nosso modelo do mundo.

Concentrar, alinhar, sintonizar

Concentrar, alinhar, sintonizar, focar, recursos, pessoas, tempo, atenção, imaginação, motivação, sonho e vontade numa aposta, numa oportunidade assente numa qualquer descontinuidade, numa desconformidade, em algo inesperado.

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Quando não há concentração há deriva!

Quando não há concentração não há estratégia, há dispersão

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"The pursuit of a single strategic intent over a long period of time ensures that the efforts of individuals, functional departments, and entire businesses converge on the same goal. In many
companies with which we are acquainted there is no such convergence of long-term goals. We often ask managers to look back over the past six or seven annual strategic plans and test them for consistency in long-term direction. What these managers often find is that development trajectories, definitions of served market, investment programs, and even the definition of the firm's core competencies and core businesses get changed far more often than is justified by changing competitive circumstances. The goal of strategic intent is to ensure there is some "cumulativeness" to month-by-month and year-by-year decisions.
Almost as bad as having no clear aspirational goal is having multiple, competing goals. Where there are no shared, corporatewide priorities for growth and new business development, resource fragmentation and suboptimization is the likely outcome."

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Demasiadas vezes exageramos na atenção que damos à concorrência. E essa atenção exagerada impede-nos de ser diferentes, impede-nos de sermos distintos. Estamos tão distraídos em copiar, em superar pontos negativos face ao concorrente que nos esquecemos de fazer a diferença.

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Trecho de Hamel e Prahalad, retirado de "Competing for the Future"

Esticar a corda e começar antes do tempo

Acerca das eternas preparações, acerca das empresas que nunca mais mudam de vida porque ainda não estão preparadas, porque ainda não é tempo, porque falta qualquer coisa, porque ...

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A firm's strategic architecture and its overall strategic intent must be grounded in a deep understanding of potential discontinuities, competitor intentions, and evolving customer needs.

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Nevertheless, a firm's strategic intent should represent an ambition that stretches far beyond the current resources and capabilities of the firm. Unfortunately, planning and budgeting criteria often conspire to prevent the company from committing to a goal that lies beyond the range of currently available resources. What is immediately feasible drives out what is ultimately desirable. Let us explain.

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Strategic planning is, in practice, a "feasibility sieve." It is a tool for ensuring that questions of feasibility are fully addressed. Do we have the resources? Is the market ready? Is the net present value positive? These are the concerns of strategic planning. Strategic planning and capital budgeting are, in essence, used to reject goals when the means for achieving those goals are not readily at hand. They require managers to "Be realistic," which is not a bad thing! These are legitimate questions-there are no excuses for poorly thought out, hare-brained strategies-but what happens if a firm tries to push an ambitious ten-year strategic intent through the sieve? It simply won't go through. (Moi ici: Este "ser realista" versus "optimismo documentado" - termo cunhado pelo José Silva do Norteamos.)

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When what is feasible drives out what is desirable, an ambitious strategic intent becomes impossible. While politics may be the art of the possible, leadership is the art of making the impossible come true.
Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King, and Abraham Lincoln were leaders first, and politicians second. Similarly, strategic intent must take primacy over the realpolitik of planning. Although strategic planning is billed as a way of becoming more future oriented, most managers admit that their strategic plans reveal more about today's problems than tomorrow's opportunities. Plans seldom do more than project the present forward incrementally. The goal of strategic intent, the implicit task in developing a strategic architecture, is to fold the future back into the present. It forces the organization to ask, "What must we be doing differently today if we want to create this particular future-if we want to reach this particular future destination?" (Moi ici: Começar pelo fim, começar pela viagem ao futuro, para depois actuar no presente)
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“We believe that it is essential for top management to set out an aspiration that creates, by design, a chasm between ambition and resources. An explicit emphasis on the notion of "fit," and the way in which the idea of fit is embedded in strategy tools, often deflects managers from the enormously important task of creating a misfit between resources and ambitions. Of course, at any point in time there must be a loose fit between short-term objectives and near-at-hand resources.”
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“Where fit is achieved by simply paring down ambitions, there will be no spur for such ingenuity and much of the firm's strategic potential will remain dormant. Tests of realism and feasibility must not be prematurely applied. Stretch and the creativity it engenders are the engine and fuel for corporate growth and vitality.”

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Estes trechos de Hamel e Prahalad, retirados de "Competing for the Future" apelam a esticar a corda, a percorrer caminhos desconhecidos, a perder o controlo total... recordo aquela citação da F1, atribuída a muita gente:

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"If everything is under control you're not fast enough."

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Se não entramos "fora de controlo", senão deixamos de ser "realistas" estaremos sempre em terreno conhecido de todos e por todos, com poucas hipóteses de criar valor. Claro que alguns espertos aproveitam-se deste "fora de controlo" para ludibriar as empresas.

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Uma reflexão mais recente sobre este mesmo tema encontra-se aqui:

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"Start Before You’re Ready"

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"Good things happen when we start before we’re ready. Not only do we open ourselves to the blessings of happy serendipity, but we steal a march on the forces of procrastination, perfectionism, overpreparation, fear and self-doubt.
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One of the quirks of warfare in the desert, where there are no natural defensive barriers like rivers or mountain ranges, is that, once one side gets the other on the run, that “run” can go on for a long time. In this case it was a thousand miles, all because Rommel started before he was ready.
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By the time we’re ready, it’s too late. The moment has passed. Resistance has seen us coming and has marshaled all its forces to lay us low."

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Nunca me esqueço do europeu de futebol de 1992. Uma selecção tinha ganho no campo o direito a estar presente no evento, a Sérvia. Por causa da política e da guerra foi desqualificada ou suspensa. Assim, à última da hora, sem preparação, com alguns jogadores já em férias, literalmente, foi repescada à pressa a selecção da Dinamarca para substituir a Sérvia e ser campeã da Europa. Depois, quando vemos toda a preparação de algumas selecções... dá que pensar.

Arquitectura estratégica e modelo de negócio

O artigo "Business Model Design: An Activity System Perspective" de Christoph Zott e Raphael Amit, publicado no volume 43 da revista Long Range Planning é uma boa referência sobre o conceito de modelo de negócio. Seguem-se alguns recortes:

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"Each of these choices involves a fundamentally different business model, that is, implies a different set of activities, as well as the resources and capabilities to perform them - either within the firm, or beyond it through cooperation with partners, suppliers or customers. And each choice will have implications for the venture’s performance potential - it will affect what capital expenditures are necessary, what prices can be charged and what margins earned, and, perhaps most importantly, which customers and competitors the new firm will deal with. In other words, the design of the business model is a key decision for an entrepreneur who creates a new firm - and a crucial - perhaps more difficult e task for general managers who are charged with rethinking their old model to make their firm fit for the future.

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“the overall objective of a focal firm’s business model is to exploit a business opportunity by creating value for the parties involved, i.e., to fulfill customers’ needs and create customer surplus while generating a profit for the focal firm and its partners. That objective is reflected in the customer value proposition, and has been characterized by Magretta as ‘the value creating insight on which the firm turns’. An activity in a focal firm’s business model can be viewed as the engagement of human, physical and/or capital resources of any party to the business model (the focal firm, end customers, vendors, etc.) to serve a specific purpose toward the fulfillment of the overall objective. An activity system is thus a set of interdependent organizational activities centered on a focal firm, including those conducted by the focal firm, its partners, vendors or customers, etc.. The firm’s activity system may transcend the focal firm and span its boundaries, but will remain firm-centric to enable the focal firm not only to create value with its partners, but also to appropriate a share of the value created itself.

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Interdependencies among activities are central to the concept of an activity system, and provide insights into the processes that enable the evolution of a focal firm’s activity system over time as its competitive environment changes. (Moi ici: Esta interdependência organizada, orquestrada, arquitectada é um claro exemplo da evolução de mistério para algoritmo que Roger Martin tão bem explica) These interdependencies are created by entrepreneurs or managers who shape and design both the organizational activities and the links (transactions) that weave activities together into a system. Such purposeful design - within and across firm boundaries - is the essence of the business model. Some activities relevant to the focal firm’s business model will be performed by the firm itself, others by suppliers, partners and/or customers. The architecture of the firm’s activity system - shaped by the choice of activities, how they are linked, and who performs them - captures how the focal firm is embedded in its ‘ecology,’ i.e., in its multiple networks of suppliers, partners and customers, as well as defining who are the firm’s potential suppliers, partners and customers (and competitors) in the first place.
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These important consequences of the firm’s business model design choice have obvious ramifications for its ability to create and capture value. The stronger the competition implied by the choice of the business model, for instance, the more difficult value appropriation will be. The firm’s revenue model also plays an important role in value appropriation.
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A business model is geared toward total value creation for all parties involved. It lays the foundations for the focal firm’s value capture by co-defining (along with the firm’s products and services) the overall ‘size of the value pie,’ or the total value created in transactions, which can be considered the upper limit of the “firm’s value capture potential."

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Leio isto num artigo publicado em 2010 e faço o paralelismo para o livro publicado em 1994 por Hamel e Prahalad, "Competing for the Future":

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“Not only must the future be imagined, it must be built; hence our term, "strategic architecture." An architect must be capable of dreaming of things not yet created-a cathedral where there is now only a dusty plain, or an elegant span across a chasm that hasn't yet been crossed. But an architect must also be capable of producing a blueprint for how to turn the dream into reality. An architect is both a dreamer and a draftsman. An architect marries art with structural engineering.
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There seems to be, in many companies, an implicit assumption that the short term and long term abut each other, rather than being dovetailed together. But the long term doesn't start at year five of the current strategic plan. It starts right now!
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A strategic architecture identifies "what we must be doing right now" to intercept the future. A strategic architecture is the essential link between today and tomorrow, between short term and long term.
It shows the organization what competencies it must begin building right now, what new customer groups it must begin to understand right now, what new channels it should be exploring right nozu, what new development priorities it should be pursuing right now to intercept the future. Strategic architecture is a broad opportunity approach plan.”

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Aquilo a que Hamel e Prahalad chamaram "arquitectura estratégica" foi, IMHO, uma contribuição para a evolução de algo a que hoje chamamos "modelo de negócio".

Onde se faz o futuro

Houve um tempo em que era ao contrário...

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"Emprego ideal. Jovens sonham com lugar em empresas de topo"

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Houve um tempo em que o sonho era constituir a sua própria empresa, era entrar numa start-up, era ser independente...

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Hamel e Prahalad em "Competing for the Future" escreveram este trecho:

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"Companies that create the future are rebels. They're subversives. They break the rules. They're filled with people who take the other side of an issue just to spark a debate. In fact, they're probably filled with folks who didn't mind being sent to the principal's office once in a while. Foresight often comes not from being a better forecaster, but from being less hide-bound."

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Por isso, a evolução da origem das patentes.

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Por isso, a revolução na indústria farmacêutica... em que as grandes empresas se estão a metamorfosear em empresas grandes:

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"Grandes farmacêuticas investem cada vez mais nos genéricos" (no semanário Vida Económica):

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"A indústria de medicamentos genéricos está a funcionar como «tábua de salvação» a algumas empresas de fármacos de marca, devido à falta de novas patentes. Mas também está a servir para reduzir os défices orçamentais e os gastos com a saúde por parte dos consumidores. A indústria do medicamento está a passar por profundas alterações"

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As grandes empresas têm tanto a perder com a mudança, tantos "sunk costs", trazem um tal momentum que é difícil alterar-lhes a direcção (não por causa da velocidade mas por causa da massa):

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"I’ve been wondering lately that companies must have a collective lizard brain. It’s that feeling that keeps the status quo going, that resists change, that resists new ways of doing things, that never thinks outside the box. It’s that collective voice that says “that will never work”, “we did that before and it didn’t work”, “we will fail”. It’s that feeling that prevents individuals from contradicting the boss, from speaking at that meeting, from presenting that innovative idea that might change everything for the better. It’s that little devil’s voice that says “do nothing, say nothing, you might fail, you might look ridiculous, they will laugh at you”." (Trecho retirado daqui ouver aqui)

Há sempre uma alternativa.

Voltando a Hamel e a Prahalad e a "Competing for the Future", não é nada de novo neste espaço, mas nunca se perde nada em voltar ao fundamental:

E se as coisas não estão a correr bem, se a empresa vai num trajecto insustentável (palavra na moda), talvez seja útil questionar, testar os limites do modelo actual:

Há sempre uma alternativa.

Dedicado aos políticos que nos (des)governam e aos outros que os querem substituir

Hamel e Prahalad num livro publicado em 1994 com o título "Competing for the Future" dedicam o capítulo III a "Aprender a esquecer"

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"... beliefs are, at least in part, the product of a particular industry environment. When that environment changes rapidly and radically, those beliefs may become a threat to survival.
Acquired through business schools and other educational experiences and from consultants and management gurus, absorbed from peers and the business press, and formed out of career experiences, a manager's genetic coding establishes the range and likelihood of responses in particular situations. In this sense they bound or "frame" a firm's perspective on what it means to be "strategic," the available repertoire of competitive stratagems, the interests that senior management serves, the choice of tools for policy deployment, ideal organization types, and so on.

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Managerial frames, the corporate equivalent of genetic coding, limit management's perception to a particular slice of reality. Managers live inside their frames and, to a very great extent, don't know what lies outside. (Moi ici: Daí o valor da humildade de Kepler)

Although each individual in a company may see the world somewhat differently, managerial frames within an organization are typically more alike than different.
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The deeply encoded lessons of the past that are passed from one generation of managers (Moi ici: políticos, consultores, auditores, ...) to another pose two dangers for any organization. First, individuals may, over time, forget why they believe what they believe. Second, managers may come to believe that what they don't know isn't worth knowing. A failure to appreciate the contingent nature of corporate beliefs afflicts many companies. Yesterday's "good ideas" become today's "policy guidelines" and tomorrow's "mandates." (Moi ici: Pimenta Machado sempre actual)

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Industry conventions and "accepted best practices" assume a life of their own. Dogmas go unquestioned, and seldom do managers ask how we got this particular view of organization, strategy, competition, or our industry."
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Qual a experiência de vida dos políticos? Que experiências os moldaram e condicionam as suas "gut reactions"?

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Será que percebem o quanto o mundo mudou desde Agosto de 2007, ou desde Janeiro de 1999?

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Aprender a esquecer é difícil.

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A aprendizagem inicial moldou-nos, formou-nos, ajudou-nos, e é preciso um esforço, uma experiência de saída fora do corpo, uma reflexão intensa ou um choque para a pôr em causa, não para a destruir e amaldiçoar, mas para a ultrapassar, mas para olhar para ela como um degrau anterior que já foi ultrapassado, mas que foi essencial para nos trazer até aqui onde estamos.

The ability to uniquely imagine what could be...

Hamel e Prahalad no seu livro “Competing for the Future” escrevem:

"We want to help them get off the restructuring treadmill and get beyond the reengineering programs that simply rev up today's performance. We want to help them capture the riches that the future holds in store for those who get there first.
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Perhaps this sounds paradoxical: (Moi ici: Atenção ao pormenor que aí vem) It might make sense to help a company get to the future first, but how can one help companies get there first? Surely for every leader there must be a follower. Not necessarily. There is not one future but hundreds. There is no law that says most companies must be followers. Getting to the future first is not just about outrunning competitors bent on reaching the same prize.
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It is also about having one's own view of what the prize is. There can be as many prizes as runners; imagination is the only limiting factor.(Moi ici: Escrevo tantas vezes isto no blogue, quando nos concentramos na criação de valor, em detrimento do denominador da equação da produtividade não há limites. Literalmente não há limites, é tudo uma questão de imaginação!!! É como um pedaço de terreno selvagem, não há monocultura, não há mono-espécie. Ainda que uma espécie possa ser dominante, quando nos aproximamos, podemos ver um equilíbrio onde dezenas de espécies coabitam.)
Renoir, Picasso, Calder, Serat, and Chagall were all enormously successful artists, but each had an original and distinctive style. In no way did the success of one preordain the failure of another. Yet each artist spawned a host of imitators. In business, as in art, what distinguishes leaders from laggards, and greatness from mediocrity, is the ability to uniquely imagine what could be.”

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Quando as pessoas numa empresa percebem isto... é um corte epistemológico com um paradigma redutor, ninguém está condenado à partida.

E quem não perceber isto...

As re-estruturações tornam as empresas mais pequenas, a re-engenharia torna as empresas mais rápidas e melhores. No entanto, isso pode ser irrelevante para o futuro de uma organização.

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Hamel e Prahalad no livro "Competing for the Future" expõem o problema de forma superior.

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“Our point is simple: It is not enough for a company to get smaller and better and faster, as important as these tasks may be; a company must also be capable of fundamentally reconceiving itself, of regenerating its core strategies, and of reinventing its industry (Moi ici: Smaller e Better actuam sobre o denominador da equação da produtividade, como escreve Larreche, actuam sobre a captura e a extracção de valor. Só sendo diferente é que se actua no numerador, na originação do valor, no ponto onde não há limites). In short, a company must also be capable of getting different (see Figure).
Just as some companies have gotten smaller faster than they've gotten better, others have gotten better without becoming much different.
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A company surrenders today's businesses when it gets smaller faster than it gets better. A company surrenders tomorrow's businesses when it gets better without getting different. (Moi ici: Please rewind e reler e reler este parágrafo)

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It is entirely possible for a company to downsize and reengineer without ever confronting the need to regenerate its core strategy, without ever being forced to rethink the boundaries of its industry, without ever having to imagine what customers might want in ten years' time, and without ever having to fundamentally redefine its "served market." Yet without such a fundamental reassessment, a company will be overtaken on the road to the future. Defending today's leadership is no substitute for creating tomorrow's leadership.”

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E quem não perceber isto... defende a agricultura do passado, tenta adiar o reckoning day das empresas que perderam o comboio, ...
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Apostar no numerador, no valor e não no lápis vermelho (parte III)

Somos muito bons a detectar eventos que emergem e parecem isolados. Normalmente falhamos a perceber a evolução do comportamento que sub jaz a esses eventos.

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Assim, tenho a ideia, eu e alguns grupos políticos de esquerda, que quando uma empresa anuncia despedimentos e reestruturações as suas cotações sobem.

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Não me interpretem mal, a maior parte das vezes associo esses despedimentos e reestruturações a uma actuação à la Lanchester, de gente que não percebendo as oportunidades do mercado, pois falta-lhes conhecimento e relações amorosas com clientes, produtos e fornecedores, só vê uma alternativa, defender o que já tem.

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Uma coisa é a nossa percepção da realidade, outra é a realidade:

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"Restructuring seldom results in fundamental improvement in the business. At best it buys time. One study of 16 large U.S. companies with at least three years of restructuring experience found that although restructuring usually did improve a firm's share price, the improvement was almost always temporary. Three years into restructuring, the share prices of the companies surveyed were, on average, lagging even farther behind index growth rates than they had been when the restructuring began. The study concluded that a savvy investor should look at a restructuring announcement as a signal to sell rather than buy.' Downsizing belatedly attempts to correct the mistakes of the past; it is not about creating the markets of the future. (Moi ici: Drucker tinha aquela tirada fantástica, não se concentrem nos problemas mas nas oportunidades) The simple point is that getting smaller is not enough. Downsizing, the equivalent of corporate anorexia, can make a company thinner; it doesn't necessarily make it healthier.(Moi ici: até tremo com a coincidência de opiniões... uso tantas vezes esta imagem, correr, correr, correr, e ganhar negócios com margens cada vez mais apertadas até morrer anoréctico... hei-de procurar esta palavra neste blogue.)
Any company that is better at denominator management than numerator management-any company that doesn't have a track record of ambitious, profitable, organic growth-shouldn't expect Wall Street to cut it much slack. What Wall Street says to such companies is, "Go ahead, squeeze the lemon, get the inefficiencies out, but give us the juice (i.e., the dividends). We'll take that juice and give it to companies that are better at making lemonade." The financial community knows that a management team that is good at denominator reduction may not be good at numerator growth." (Moi ici: normalmente não é, porque ao concentrar-se na redução de custos não lhe sobra tempo de qualidade para ter atenção e trabalhar o aproveitamento das oportunidades)

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Trecho retirado de "Competing for the Future" de Gary Hamel e C. K. Prahalad.

Fugir do Red Queen Effect (parte I)

Acabo de ler o primeiro capítulo de um livro escrito na primeira metade da década de noventa do século passado e... impressionante como se adequa tão bem às empresas portuguesas de hoje. E já agora, não fazia mal nenhum a muitos políticos, a começar pelos defensores do passado (Qimondas et al), e aos dirigentes do Forum para a Competitividade, investirem na sua leitura.

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Para os gerentes das PMEs devia ser obrigatória a sua leitura!!!

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Ainda, ao ler o capítulo senti uma impressionante sensação de deja-vue, pois não nos cansamos de transmitir a mesma mensagem aqui no blogue. Até o título do primeiro capítulo "Getting Off the Treadmill" coincide com o tema deste postal "Correr, correr, correr, só para não sair do sítio".

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O livro chama-se "Competing for the Future" de Gary Hamel e C. K. Prahalad.

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Título por causa deste postal relacionado.

Não há acasos - a abundância e a co-criação

A propósito do livro "The future of competition" de C.K. Prahalad e Venkat Ramaswamy, tenho aqui escrito sobre a co-criação.
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Não há acasos!
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Portanto, todas as coincidências são significativas. Assim, algumas sinapses ligaram-se e fizeram sinal, ao encontrar neste artigo "Design Thinking", de Tim Brown, publicado na Harvard Business Review deste mês, o seguinte trecho:
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"As Daniel Pink writes in his book "A Whole New Mind", “Abundance has satisfied, and even over-satisfied, the material needs of millions—boosting the significance of beauty and emotion and accelerating individuals’ search for meaning.” As more of our basic needs are met, we increasingly expect sophisticated experiences that are emotionally satisfying and meaningful. These experiences will not be simple products. They will be complex combinations of products, services, spaces, and information. They will be the ways we get educated, the ways we are entertained, the ways we stay healthy, the ways we share and communicate. Design thinking is a tool for imagining these experiences as well as giving them a desirable form."
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Aquilo a que Prahalad chama co-creation, é exmplificado pela história sobre a pesquisa da Shimano no artigo de Brown (da IDEO), como "human-centered exploration—which took its insights from people outside Shimano’s core customer base".

Variedade e variabilidade e mais variabilidade

Neste postal reflecti sobre o perigo da cristalização, e sobre a diferença entre variedade e variabilidade.
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A leitura do livro "The future of competition" de C.K. Prahalad e Venkat Ramaswamy permitiu-me avançar um pouco mais nessa reflexão.
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Quem presta serviços tem de apostar na variabilidade da prestação em função de quem é servido, dado que cada cliente é diferente e tem expectativas diferentes.
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"A basic tension is emerging between the Total Quality Management (TQM) of products and processes versus what might be called Experience Quality Management (EQM). Traditional product-oriented TQM taught us to stamp out variation in a bid to control product quality. But EQM means combining heterogeneity - in other words, variability - with quality of execution.
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The same consumer who demands a unique, personalized experience also demands responsiveness, speed, reliability, and cross-channel consistency in actually experiencing the underlying event staisfactorily. How can we simultaneously meet such seemingly contradictory demands?
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The answer lies in the crucial distinction between variability in consumer experiences - access to many alternative channels, products, and services - and variability in the underlying processes. The former is our ally; the latter is our enemy. The trick is in configuring an array of resources so as to create a multitude of possible experiences while maintaining the quality of each of the underlying subprocesses.
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In other words, the experience network must be designed to accommodate variation in experiences while reducing variation in the quality of the supply processes that are activated to co-construct those experiences."

Mais batota...

Agora que dei atenção a esta necessidade de fazer batota parece que estou sempre a dar de caras com artigos sobre o tema.
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Comecei a ler o livro "The future of competition" de C.K. Prahalad e Venkat Ramaswamy e... é um monumento ao tema da batota.
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Um monumento dedicado à co-criação entre cliente e fornecedor:
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"Events form the basis for experiences. An event is a change of state in space and time that affects one or more individuals."
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"We can disaggregate events into its components or subevents of increasing granularity."
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"People experience events at varying levels of granularity."
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"Several businesses have already learned how to provide a variety of offerings, and even stage standardized experiences around these oferings."
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"Context in space and time is an inherent part of any event and thereby experience. If an event is about what happened, then context is about when it happened (time) and where it happened (space). These dimensions factor into the meaning ascribed to the experience. ... As the context changes, so does my experience.
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Context also entails the situational circumstance associated with an event and how it happens. Companies have moved from providing content to shaping the circumstances of events, as Starbucks has done in its coffee stores. Contextual elements such as store location, interior design, lighting, product options, and recorded music creatively combine to let patrons relax, read, chat with friends, or savor a moment. While the firm stages the broad context through its experience environment, it also provides the scope for individuals to define their own contexts and enjoy different kinds of Starbucks experiences."