segunda-feira, junho 19, 2017

"What is going to be scarce is human imperfection"

"In the world of the future, automated perfection is going to be common. Machines will bake perfect cakes, perfectly schedule appointments and keep an eye on your house. What is going to be scarce is human imperfection.
...
If you have a world where the amount of perfect products we can produce increases almost infinitely by using AI, robots and clean energy, we’ll end up with a surfeit of supply, which will push the supply curve far to the right. It will come along with demand curve and ultimately the price will decline.
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What will be plentiful will be the perfect product. What will be rare will be imperfect products; the products that got touched by the human hand.
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A little bit like Persian rug which are produced with error in them. The waivers believed that only god can produce perfection. We might start to value the things that are less perfect, from the ones that are, from the less scarcity value.
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Human-made will be valuable — I can imagine going into a supermarket and seeing on the shelf products labeled “not touched at all by a robot or machine”.
This will be one part of the artisan economy—the economy in which humans will have the space to excel in experiential, discretionary, and intimate. Robots will take all those things that are of high risk, seek reliability, and are repetitive."
Em linha com "Pensado e fabricado por humanos, de carne e osso".

Mongo passa por isto, pela arte, pelas tribos, pela diversidade.

Trechos retirados de "There is one thing that computers will never beat us at"

"we cannot say any single strategy in the Prisioner’s Dilemma ecology was a winner"

"the landscape of manufacturing changes continually; there is no 'end of history' in the sense of the relative powers of each country locking in a position and staying there for decades and centuries to come. Any forecast that manufacturing in any given country is dead and buried should be treated with suspicion, as each change in technology, costs and demographics alters the landscape that manufacturers face as they make their decisions. It may be very difficult to restart making in a country, but it is not impossible."

Como não recordar as experiências de Lindgren que Eric Beinhocker no seu "The Origin of Wealth" me deu a conhecer:
"Likewise, we cannot say any single strategy in the Prisioner’s Dilemma ecology was a winner. .
Lindgren’s model showed that once in a whilea particular strategy would rise up, dominate the game for a while, have its day in the sun, and then inevitably be brought down by some innovative competitor. Sometimes, several strategies shared the limelight, battling for “market share” control of the game board, and then an outsider would come in and bring them all down. During other periods, two strategies working as a symbiotic pair would rise up together – but then if one got into trouble, both collapsed.”

“We discovered that there is no one best strategy; rather, the evolutionary process creates an ecosystem of strategies – an ecosystem that changes over time in Schumpeterian gales of creative destruction.”





Trecho inicial retirado de "From global to local" de Finbarr Livesey

domingo, junho 18, 2017

Curiosidade do dia



Para reflexão

Olhando para este gráfico:

Comparemos 1995 com 2016 na ITV Portuguesa:









Lemingues


Um almoço na sexta-feira passada deixou-me, por momentos, com os cabelos em pé. Até cheguei a citar:
"confusing testosterone with strategy is a bad idea"
Voltei a recordar o tema da conversa ao ler "How Lego clicked: the super brand that reinvented itself".

Quando a Lego começou a se afundar o que recomendaram os teóricos?
"Consultants hurried to Lego’s Danish HQ. They advised diversification. The brick had been around since the 1950s, they said, it was obsolete. Lego should look to Mattel, home to Fisher-Price, Barbie, Hot Wheels and Matchbox toys, a company whose portfolio was broad and varied. Lego took their advice: in doing so it almost went bust. It introduced jewellery for girls. There were Lego clothes. It opened theme parks that cost £125m to build and lost £25m in their first year. It built its own video games company from scratch, the largest installation of Silicon Graphics supercomputers in northern Europe, despite having no experience in the field."[Moi ici: Copiar independentemente disso ter alguma relação com o ADN]
Hoje a Lego é um sucesso financeiro e uma super-marca mas não por causa destas recomendações.
"Vig Knudstorp rescued Lego by methodically rebuilding it, brick by brick. He dumped things it had no expertise in – the Legoland parks are now owned by the British company Merlin Entertainments, for example. He slashed the inventory, halving the number of individual pieces Lego produces from 13,000 to 6,500. (Brick colours had somehow expanded from the original bright yellow, red and blue, sourced from Piet Mondrian, to more than 50.) He also encouraged interaction with Lego’s fans, something previously considered verboten. Far from killing off Lego, the internet has played a vital role in allowing fans to share their creations and promote events like Brickworld, adult Lego fan conventions. [Moi ici: De certa forma é o que as PME que dão a volta fazem. Não tendo dinheiro para se perderem em diversificações que raramente resultam, concentram-se no que sabem fazer bem, trabalham a marca para B2B e fogem do preço trabalhando a relação com o cliente]
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“What’s made them successful over the past 10 years is their ability to create new entities, movies, TV shows, by partnering with brilliant people. They’ve said: ‘We might not make as much money if we outsource it, but the product will be better.’ That mentality is very Danish. It comes from saying: ‘We’re engineers. We know what we’re good at. Let’s stick to our knitting.’ That’s a very brave thing to do and it’s where a lot of companies go wrong. They don’t understand that sometimes it’s better to let go than to hang on.”
...
“The reality is that the last few years the growth has been supernatural,” Julia Goldin, Lego’s chief marketing officer, tells me. “When you look at the proportion of revenue that’s coming out of the mature markets it becomes more and more challenging with the level of penetration."
Não adianta copiar o que os outros fazem. O que se aplica a umas empresas não se aplica a outras. E quem nos garante que o que os outros fazem, mesmo para eles, é a melhor opção? A testosterona não é uma boa conselheira.

Cenários e estratégia (parte VII)

Parte Iparte IIparte III,  parte IVparte V e parte VI.

"it is important to distinguish between immediate actors one does business with (located in the smaller brown oval) and the diverse factors in the larger contextual environment. The contextual factors are beyond the influence of the organization.Scenario planning is about exploring how larger contextual factors might affect an organization. Scenarios are developed by combining contextual factors (particularly ones that are less well-known and more uncertain). Each scenario will be based on a unique combination of contextual factors."
 Trechos e imagem retirada de "Using Scenario Planning to Reshape Strategy"

COAR-map e mapas da estratégia (parte VII)

 Parte Iparte IIparte IIIparte IVparte V e parte VI.
"The Strategy Execution Map provided a blueprint for the organization to think through the execution issues and key activities inherent in defining and administering sales compensation plans.
It provided clarity by:
...
Crisply defining 'success' from the customer viewpoint. This made it easier for the organization to examine funding decisions by evaluating a project request against core objectives.
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Showing the line of sight from a capability to an outcome.
This provided an unprecedented basis for understanding the intent of the program and gaining commitment to a shared purpose. Every individual could now see exactly how their efforts were contributing to meeting customer and stakeholder outcomes
...
The Strategy Execution Map provided focus by:

  • Highlighting the need to develop options that achieve outcomes 
  • Requiring the organization to collaborate in selecting options that met customer and stakeholder outcomes
  • Stack rank and eliminate options that did not help in meeting customer and stakeholder outcomes or which were otherwise suboptimal

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Once the options were narrowed down to those that should be implemented, the organization could then focus on the chosen opens. Additionally, the Strategy Execution Map eliminated the churn caused by incomplete understanding of why a decision was made and not understanding why certain options were eliminated."
Sem tirar nem pôr, é isto que gosto num mapa da estratégia: uma ligação directa entre o que fazer e os outcomes. É impressionante como em tantas e tantas empresas o que conta é actividade, quantidade de trabalho, movimento, ... se gera outcomes estratégicos? Isso é muita areia para a camioneta.

Trechos retirados de "Importance of Strategy Execution in Influencing Sales Behavior"

sábado, junho 17, 2017

Curiosidade do dia

Há dias o @icyView chamou-me a atenção para este pormaior. Sempre que há um artigo de opinião no Expresso que bajula o actual governo acontece uma coisa extraordinária... não há paywall!!!

Hoje chamaram-me a atenção para mais um servicinho de Nicolau Santos "O dia em que Schäuble e Dombrovskis engoliram um grande sapo".

Com que então Schäuble e Dombrovskis engoliram um grande sapo!!!! Porquê?

Será que Schäuble e Dombrovskis mudaram de discurso?

Será que Schäuble e Dombrovskis mudaram de referencial?

Será que Nicolau Santos não tem memória de o projecto inicial de orçamento de Centeno para 2016 apontar para um défice de 2,6% e que essa proposta foi recusada e que Centeno teve de refazer o orçamento apontando aos 2,2%?

Por mim acho muito bem que o PS apoiado pelo Bloco e os comunistas faça o "trabalho sujo" que a direita não consegue fazer, não só porque ela também é socialista mas sobretudo porque não controla os "avençados" da comunicação social e a rua. Toda a gente sabe que a austeridade de esquerda é muito mais fácil de suportar e generosa que a austeridade de direita.






Cenários e estratégia (parte VI)

Parte Iparte IIparte III,  parte IV e parte V.

"Rather than trying to predict the future, organizations need to strengthen their abilities to cope with uncertainty.
...
Rather than tying their company’s future to a strategy geared to a single set of events, many senior executives are coming to the view that smart management benefits from a richer understanding of the present possibilities afforded from multiple views about possible futures.
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 the Oxford scenario planning approach is based on plausibility. By recognizing the part of uncertainty that is unpredictable and by actively exploring the sources of the turbulence and uncertainty, the goal is to iteratively and interactively generate new knowledge and insights to help organizations reperceive their circumstances.
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During periods of turbulence, unpredictable uncertainty, novelty, and ambiguity (what the Oxford scenario planning approach refers to as TUNA conditions), organizations frequently experience serious challenges that threaten existing value chains, communities, and even whole fields of endeavor. Such conditions can be unsettling and destabilizing on many different levels. But they also present opportunities for organizations to reframe their strategies and innovate.
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A core feature in the Oxford approach is making a distinction between the immediate business environment an organization inhabits (where business transactions take place) and the broader environment, or context, in which it operates. In principle, our approach focuses on two layers. The first layer is the immediate business environment and includes a company’s suppliers, customers, competitors, partners, and other stakeholders. The second layer is made up of all the factors that are beyond the organization’s direct influence. Scenario planning is about exploring how the second layer might transform the first layer."


Trechos retirados de "Using Scenario Planning to Reshape Strategy"

COAR-map e mapas da estratégia (parte VI)

Parte Iparte IIparte IIIparte IV e parte V.

"Step 5: Define CapabilitiesAfter identifying customer and stakeholder outcomes, competitive objectives and core objectives, the organization now turned its attention to identifying the capabilities required to achieve success.[Moi ici: O equivalente à perspectiva de recursos e infraestruturas que uso na base do mapa da estratégia]
...
  • By aligning the capabilities with the core objectives the organization knew which capability contributed to which core objective
  • By knowing which capabilities were weak and which ones were strong, the organization was able to make informed choices on program and project selection"



I rest my case: competitividade e CUT (parte X)

 Parte Iparte IIparte IIIparte IV, parte V, parte VIparte VIIparte VIII e parte IX.

Sabem como gosto de ver a economia como uma continuação da biologia.

Este artigo, "Cities should be studied as evolutionary hotspots, says biologist", vem ao encontro de um pensamento que anda a correr em modo batch algures na minha mente.
"Equilíbrio pontuado é uma teoria evolutiva proposta pelos paleontólogos norte-americanos Niles Eldredge e Stephen Jay Gould em 1972, que propõe que a maior parte das populações de organismos de reprodução sexuada experimentam pouca mudança ao longo do tempo geológico e, quando mudanças evolutivas no fenótipo ocorrem, elas se dão de forma rara e localizada em eventos rápidos de especiação denominados cladogênese.
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O equilíbrio pontuado é frequentemente contrastado com a teoria do gradualismo, a qual afirma que a evolução ocorre de maneira uniforme, por mudança contínua e gradual de linhagens inteiras (anagênese). Segundo essa visão, a evolução é vista como um processo suave e contínuo."
Na parte IX ficámos neste momento t+1:
E perguntámos:
"O que pode fazer com a empresa verde mude de ideias e resolva voltar para o outro pico onde está a empresa azul?"
Imaginemos que o pico que a empresa verde está a subir é o do valor acrescentado e o que a empresa azul está a subir é o do preço-baixo.

O mais provável é que a empresa verde evolua para:
No entanto, se assumirmos que a empresa verde é um ser vivo, e recordando esta citação da coluna da direita no blogue:
"nature evolves away from constraints, not toward goals"
Se a gestão da empresa verde sentir que os chineses azuis desapareceram, ou rareiam no pico "azul", é provável que a ausência de constrangimentos, o instinto e facilidade de pensar preço, e a ideia de que apostar preço é menos incerta no curto-prazo, pode levar a esta evolução:
Se eu fosse governo interventionista e quisesse evitar este retorno da empresa verde ao mundo do preço aumentaria o SMN, apesar do desemprego que ele geraria. (Por que é que os migrantes de Calais querem ir para o Reino Unido e não colocam a hipótese de ficar em França?)

Se eu fosse governo não-interventionista teria de admitir esta possibilidade de actuação para a empresa verde como uma possibilidade honesta e trataria de estar atento à redução das barreiras à entrada e à redução do custo de falhar no pico do valor acrescentado para que mais agentes individuais aparecessem e optassem pelas várias alternativas nos vários picos.

Estamos em mais um desses momentos de alteração tectónica no fenótipo o que acelera o ritmo da evolução.

Mudar de modelo de negócio: outro exemplo

Um trecho muito interessante para que os teóricos bebam sobre como fazem os práticos:
"Há mais de 30 anos que trabalha na Lasa. Este é o melhor momento que o grupo está a viver?Já vivemos momentos muito melhores. Era bem mais fácil trabalhar quando recebíamos grandes encomendas e não tínhamos uma concorrência tão feroz. A crise obrigou-nos a um grande ajustamento e a flexibilizar a nossa estrutura para produzirmos quantidades mais pequenas.
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Como aguentaram o embate da adesão dos asiáticos à OMC?Entramos num sistema permanente de ajustamento a uma realidade concorrencial muito diferente e bem mais agressiva. A flexibilização da estrutura produtiva foi apenas uma das componentes da nossa estratégia.
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O que fizeram mais?Criamos a Lasa Internacional, o braço logístico da LASA, e apostamos em marcas próprias e numa relação directa com o retalho, o que nos obrigou a apresentar duas colecções/ano e a fazer um grande investimento em stocks permanentes para podermos fornecer quaisquer quantidades directamente em qualquer ponto da Europa, num prazo de 48 horas.
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Quando se fornece directamente o retalho, o preço deixa de ser o factor determinante?Nesse segmento de negócio, a nossa vantagem competitiva assenta essencialmente no design, na qualidade e no serviço, ou seja, na capacidade de dar uma resposta rápida, que garantimos por termos 130 mil referências em stock.
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O que aprenderam com a crise?Aprendemos que para continuarmos a ser competitivos num mundo em permanente mudança não podemos parar de investir e de inovar nos recursos humanos, design e produtos diferenciadores."
Triste o crime dos custos de contexto:
"Os custos energéticos são uma grande fatia das nossas despesas. É incompreensível o aumento da electricidade a que temos vindo a assistir todos os anos – e estamos a falar de incrementos de dois dígitos, o que nos dificulta ainda mais a vida face à concorrência internacional." 
O que costumo dizer no CTCP: o futuro da escola profissional é voltarmos ao século XIX e os empresários pagarem as escolas que formarão os seus profissionais:
"É fácil contratar mão-de-obra especializada?
Infelizmente, não. Há grandes problemas. A escassez de recursos humanos é um dos grande males que aflige o nosso sector. É muito difícil arranjar um bom tecelão, uma pessoa com formação em química para trabalhar com as máquinas de tinturaria ou um especialista em design. Estamos sempre a dar formação internamente para tentar contornar esse problema, uma vez que o nosso ensino de cariz técnico deixou de dar resposta."

Trechos retirados de ""CONSUMIDORES PREFEREM TUDO QUANTO É NATURAL E ORGÂNICO""

sexta-feira, junho 16, 2017

Curiosidade do dia

"Se anualizarmos a taxa de crescimento trimestral, método utilizado nos EUA, a economia portuguesa está a crescer a mais de 4% ao ano. Em quanto ficará em 2017, não sei.
.
Suponhamos que vai ficar em 3%. Ora o orçamento para 2017 tem como objetivo um défice de 1,6% do PIB com base num crescimento de 1,5%. Que acontecerá ao défice se o crescimento da economia for superior? Terá de ser menor: haverá mais receita de impostos e menos despesa, por exemplo em subsídio de desemprego. A cábula diz que, por cada ponto percentual de crescimento a mais, o défice tem de ser meio ponto a menos. Por exemplo se o crescimento for de 3% em 2017 o défice terá de ficar em 0,8% do PIB: 3 menos 1,5 dá 1,5, cuja metade é 0,75; finalmente, 1,6 menos 0,75= dá 0,8 (arredondado). Ou seja, o crescimento “adicional” da economia em 2017 conduziria a um défice que é metade do que está no orçamento! Se esta redução não ocorrer então quer dizer que o governo se apropriou dos “dividendos do crescimento” seja aumentando despesa, para lá do orçamentado, ou reduzindo impostos. O “há mais vida para além do défice” terá então triunfado sobre a consolidação orçamental. Não seria bom pois, inter alia, a dívida não teria sido reduzida tanto como poderia ter sido."
Trecho retirado de "O genial amigo: o défice excessivo"

COAR-map e mapas da estratégia (parte V)

Parte Iparte IIparte III e parte IV.

"Step 4: Clarify core objectives
The organization next turned to the question of identifying “success” in using SIC as a lever to influence the sales force behavior. The success measures are termed Core Objectives.
The Core Objectives (see Exhibit 10) served as a platform to unify the various stakeholders who have to collaborate in meeting the customer (sales force) outcomes. By establishing common goals, Cisco could develop new business processes focused on improving collaboration.
Exhibit 11 shows how the Core Objectives align with the competitive objectives and the customer and stakeholder outcomes."
Olho para isto e vejo a relação com:
Que uso quando desenvolvo mapas da estratégia.


Continua.

 Trechos retirados de "How strategy execution maps guided Cisco System’s Sales Incentive Compensation plan"

Cenários e estratégia (parte V)

Parte Iparte IIparte III e parte IV,

"First, making strategy is not about accurate forecasting. You must consider the multiple interpretations of present concerns and historical trajectories that help to constitute  those forecasts.
...
Second, achieving an innovative future is not about forgetting the past. Some people have suggested that new strategies require strategic “forgetting,” so that organizations are not anchored in old ways of doing things.
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Constructing new narratives is a way to achieve change while at the same time showing how the new strategy achieves some form of continuity with a (reimagined) past. In other words, history matters — but not in the way you might think. The past is not a singular guide to the future. In fact, it is the multiplicity and ambiguity of experiences of the past that enable the different interpretations that can generate innovative alternatives.
Third, strategy making is not about getting the “right” narrative. It’s about getting a narrative that is good enough for now, so that the organization can move forward and take action in uncertain times. This recognizes that strategy will in some ways always be evolving and “emergent.” Our view of strategy making suggests that the narratives that managers construct will shape the direction of future actions, just as those actions, in turn, will lead to further reconfiguring of the company’s strategic narratives over time.
Fourth, breakdowns in the strategy-making process are not failures but rather opportunities for learning and for reconfiguring the strategic narrative.
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A model of strategy making that focuses on strategic narratives provides insights into a long-standing puzzle about the sources of competitive advantage: Is company performance mainly derived from luck or managerial foresight? Evidence from our field study suggests that both past legacies and future projections shape future outcomes."

O tempo que agora vivemos

Recuar a Outubro de 2011 e a "Recordar Lawrence... nada está escrito (parte X)" onde se mencionava: "Made in America, Again - Why Manufacturing Will Return to the U.S.".

Nesse texto podia ler-se:
"The conditions are coalescing for another U.S. resurgence. Rising wages, shipping costs, and land prices—combined with a strengthening renminbi—are rapidly eroding China’s cost advantages. The U.S., meanwhile, is becoming a lower-cost country. Wages have declined or are rising only moderately. The dollar is weakening. The workforce is becoming increasingly flexible. Productivity growth continues.
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Our analysis concludes that, within five years, the total cost of production for many products will be only about 10 to 15 percent less in Chinese coastal cities than in some parts of the U.S. where factories are likely to be built. Factor in shipping, inventory costs, and other considerations, and—for many goods destined for the North American market—the cost gap between sourcing in China and manufacturing in the U.S. will be minimal. In some cases, companies will move work to inland China to find lower wages. But this will not be an attractive option in many indus- tries. Chinese cities in the interior provinces lack the abundance of skilled workers, supply networks, and efficient transportation infrastructure of those along the coast, offsetting much of the savings afforded by slightly lower labor costs."
É este o tempo que agora vivemos, o "within five years, the cost gap between sourcing in China and manufacturing in the U.S. will be minimal."

O fim da China como a fábrica do mundo, a re-industrialização vai acelerar.



Sandy vs MacGyver ou Espirais recessivas e outras patranhas

"It is often underappreciated just how quickly a country’s fortunes can change. In 2004, Germany was considered the sick man of Europe. Five years later, after some judicious reforms to its labor market, it was Europe’s economic powerhouse. Four years ago, Spain was widely dismissed as an economic basket case, one step away from national bankruptcy and euro exit. Yet since mid-2013, it has been growing at around 3% a year and created two million jobs.
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That points to a second aspect to economic turnarounds: They are rarely obvious at the time, even to the economists, policy makers and pundits paid to spot these things. Famously, 364 distinguished economists—among them Mervyn King, who later became governor of the Bank of England—wrote to the Times in 1981 to warn that Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher’s policies were doomed to fail. Yet history shows that Britain’s recovery began at almost exactly that moment, and five years later its economy was booming."(1)
Basta recordar o economista Cavaco Silva, então presidente da república a prever a tal "espiral recessiva". Este anónimo da província, ao mesmo tempo escrevia:

Ao longo dos anos escrevi aqui no blogue tantas e tantas vezes previsões ao arrepio das previsões dos economistas, dos académicos e comentadores, e quase sempre acertei: acerca do desemprego; acerca das exportações; acerca das estratégias; acerca do euro; acerca de ...

Entretanto encontro estes trechos:
"E]conomics and business are not the same subject, and mastery of one does not ensure comprehension, let alone mastery of the other. A successful business leader is no more likely to be an expert on economics than on military strategy:. As we have seen, companies do not appear very often in international trade theories, with one or two exceptions?' However, if anyone is to gain a clear perspective on what is happening in the real world, that has got to change.
...
William Milberg and Deborah Winkler comment that 'there are considerable limits to the economists' own models. In particular, the economists' views on offshoring are closely tied to an outmoded theory of comparative advantage'.. The main problem is that the economic models don't capture the broader institutional context, including company strategy or the actions of governments to regulate products and trade. We have to look at what companies are doing — they are the main actors in our drama — rather than being led by either the claims of countries or the outputs of models."

Economistas pensam em modelos...

Há meses CEO disse a propósito de um procedimento para validação de investimentos na sua empresa:
- Se perguntar ao meu pai porque optou há 8 anos por investir uma pipa de massa numa máquina fora da caixa, quando o mercado estava em crise, e que agora dá-nos o pão nosso de cada dia, ele diria que  "teve um feeling".

Economistas pensam em modelos, como a Sandy, empresários pensam como MacGyver:
"Well, I say we trust our instincts—go with our gut. You can't program that. That's our edge."

(2) - Trechos retirados de "From Global to Local" de Finbarr Livesey

quinta-feira, junho 15, 2017

Curiosidade do dia

Outro decoupling em vista?

De um lado a economia real:

E quanto melhor correr a economia real na Europa menos justificação tem o BCE para continuar a praticar o QE. Como irá correr? "Why Portugal has confounded the bond sceptics"

Cenários e estratégia (parte IV)

Parte Iparte II e parte III.


"The past, present and future were thus all interpreted and reinterpreted in the CommCorp strategy-making process, and these interpretations were multiple, interdependent — and sometimes conflicting.
...
New visions of the future also triggered reconsiderations of current concerns.
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The more the participants reconsidered present concerns, the greater the tensions that arose. However, it was through such interactions that new connections were built among the past, present and future.
...
A particular view of the future shaped and was shaped by certain understandings of history and present priorities. Envisioning new futures provoked reassessments of the past and present, just as new understandings of current concerns triggered new imaginings of the future and alternative versions of history. Negotiating these interpretive differences proved to be central to strategy making in practice"
Fundamental esta experiência repetida de sondar, criar uma narrativa e pôr a empresa em cheque, testar mentalmente como será viver no futuro hipotético e como será a preparação para esse futuro.

Continua.


"Beyond Forecasting: Creating New Strategic Narratives"

COAR-map e mapas da estratégia (parte IV)

Parte Iparte II e parte III.
"Step 3: Clarify competitive objectivesAfter identifying the customer and stakeholder outcomes, the next step is to identify the competitive objectives that need to be achieved to gain a sustained competitive advantage in the marketplace.
...
This graphic enabled managers to see why investments had to be matched with the desired outcomes. For example, time, money and effort spent on simply increasing the untargeted productivity of the sales force were unlikely to effectively produce the desired behavior."
Continua.

 Trechos retirados de "How strategy execution maps guided Cisco System’s Sales Incentive Compensation plan"