"there is no single way to be rational"

"For an individual, choosing the strategy most likely to succeed maximises expected winnings. But a group made up of such optimising individuals is eventually wiped out by infrequent calamities. As a result, the groups whose genes come to dominate are those who apply ‘mixed strategies’, varying their habitat. The American political scientist James Scott describes the reality of this in the history of ‘scientific’ forestry. Planting the ‘best’ trees led to monocultures which were in due course wiped out by previously unknown parasites. The Irish potato blight was able to devastate that country’s agriculture – leading to at least a million deaths from disease and starvation and to substantial and prolonged emigration from the island – because the potato had been identified as the optimal crop for that country’s conditions and so the country’s food production was poorly diversified. Humans are all better off because we are all different, and because there is no single way to be rational; we give thanks for our current state to St Francis and Oscar Wilde and Steve Jobs and to millions of people who became skilled at their own specialist but routine tasks.”

Recordar Valikangas e "Shit Happens!"

 

Trechos retirados de “Radical Uncertainty” de John Kay e Mervyn King 

Beyond product versus service

A few days ago I was asked if ISO had definitions for what a product is and what a service is.
I researched ISO 9000: 2015 and found:

• Product - output of an organization that can be produced without any transaction taking place between the organization and the customer
• Service - output of an organization with at least one activity necessarily performed between the organization and the customer

It is at these times that you can see how slow a giant organization that works on the basis of consensus is.

ISO 9001 was created in the 1980s when everyone believed there was only one way to compete, based on price, based on efficiency, betting on perfect competition. I remember this feeling of discomfort with a message that does not suit small and medium-sized companies in a small country open to the international market. In March 2008 I wrote "The danger of crystallization" to express this decoupling between the ISO quality movement and the real world.

Who, like me, was trained in the 1980s and saw Japanese industrial superiority, was educated to choose variability as the great enemy. That is why my company started to be called Redsigma (reduce sigma, reduce standard deviation, reduce variability). However, somewhere along the way, I had my moment on the Road to Damascus and realized that the biggest concern should not be with variability, but with increasing variety. Only through variety can the suckiness of sameness be beat.

In 2011 I read Dave Gray and kept his phrase "Everything is Service!" and also "In the same way, a product can be considered as a physical manifestation of a service or set of services: a service avatar."

Those who are still competing with the mental frame of the 1980s seek to automate everything, seek to standardize everything, seek to increase efficiency at all costs, seek to reduce variability. Therefore, they bet on products that can be produced without interaction with the customer. For them, interacting with customers is a friction to be removed.

Those who believe that there is an alternative to pure and hard competition based on efficiency, value variety, value interaction with customers that promote personalization, create tailor made products, bet on co-development, bet on co-production, value co-creation.

So, what is the point of those definitions above? I see big machines being developed and delivered as a service to a specific customers.

"Variety isn’t infinitely valuable"

"Seeing this ever-expanding variety and choice as advantageous to consumers is tempting. The economic theory that governs many Americans’ understanding of consumer choice posits that a free, competitive market should drive down prices on the best-quality stuff. But in the arms race to sell as many sandwich bags or beach towels as possible, a problem has become clear: Variety isn’t infinitely valuable.
...
Those infinite, meaningless options can result in something like a consumer fugue state.
...
For a relatively new class of consumer-products start-ups, there’s another method entirely. Instead of making sense of a sea of existing stuff, these companies claim to disrupt stuff as Americans know it. Casper (mattresses), Glossier (makeup), Away (suitcases), and many others have sprouted up to offer consumers freedom from choice: The companies have a few aesthetically pleasing and supposedly highly functional options, usually at mid-range prices. They’re selling nice things, but maybe more importantly, they’re selling a confidence in those things, and an ability to opt out of the stuff rat race."

Trechos retirados de "There Is Too Much Stuff"

Não basta inovar (parte II)

Parte I.

Recordar também "O Diógenes dentro de mim" (Maio de 2014). Não é uma questão que só aconteça às PME. Sempre que falha o alinhamento

temos desperdício:

"A new product line had failed, and the company believed the problem was either poor product delivery times or lack of effort by the sales force. After throwing millions at both problems, they finally realized what the real issue was: misaligned goals between marketing and sales. The product line was priced to grow market share, yet the sales force compensation was structured to incentivize salespeople based on profit margin maximization. As a result, the frustrated sales force focused efforts on selling other products in which the goals were more aligned.
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This company isn’t alone. Marketing and sales departments often set their strategies, and goals, separately from each other."

Trecho retirado de "When Sales and Marketing Aren’t Aligned, Both Suffer"

Não basta inovar

Leio texto atrás de texto em que os autores, às vezes até mesmo académicos, confundem variedade com variabilidade:

"Classic management science dictates that stable, repeatable processes keep companies in business. Innovation, by definition, disturbs equilibrium, threatening what has gone before, he said. “You are causing disruptions to a system that has an immune response to repair those disruptions.”"

Inovação está relacionada com variedade. Eficiência com variabilidade. Claro que quando se está numa competição pelo preço quem faz contas olha para as dicas de Terry Hill e pensa:

A posição vermelha é indefensável, tentar jogar em todos os tabuleiros não é bom conselho. Assim, opta pela posição azul e mergulha na competição pela eficiência e procura reduzir a variedade e a variabilidade.

Quem opta pela posição preta mergulha na competição pela inovação e não têm medo da variedade, mas continua a querer reduzir a variabilidade embora deixe de ter a eficiência como prioridade.

Os trechos que se segues fazem-me sorrir ao pensar nos laboratórios da academia que exasperam porque os seus resultados não despertam interesse comercial:

"once prototypes are deemed commercially viable, Mr. Sheldon and his team seek executive sponsors in business units that could make money or better serve customers with the invention.
...
Companies must make sure their labs aren’t a dream factory but a central part of how strategic advancement happens, said Steve Hill, vice chair of strategic investments and innovation at KPMG. “Companies have been disintermediated and taken out because they weren’t agile enough to respond to it,”"

Outro tema aqui abordado ao longo dos anos, PME para irem buscar apoios comunitários entram em parceria em projectos que têm como resultado o desenvolvimento de produtos inovadores. Depois, os produtos atém vêem a luz do dia, até são inovadores, mas as PME não os aproveitam porque não têm trabalhada a rede comercial, não têm modelo de negócio adaptado. A maior parte das vezes não se vendem os produtos inovadores aos mesmos clientes que se têm porque esses preferem o produtos de preço, os produtos mais clássicos ou maduros, são outros clientes que frequentam outras "prateleiras" que são atraídos por uma proposta de valor diferente.

Trechos retirados de "At Innovation Labs, Playing With Technology Is the Easy Part"

Um clássico

Um clássico deste blogue e deste anónimo da província.

De um lado o canto da sereia da eficiência. Afinal que mal é que a eficiência pode trazer?

Mintzberg também coloca a interrogação e também responde "What could possibly be wrong with “efficiency”? Plenty."

A eficiência é má? A minha resposta é: A eficiência não é boa intrinsecamente. Quando os governos constroem hospitais-cidade para aumentarem a eficiência, ou agrupamentos escolares-cidade para aumentarem a eficiência... estão a criar monstros que não vão ser capazes de cumprir a sua missão.

E quem é avaliado pela eficiência fica em rota de colisão com a direcção de Mongo para a flexibilidade e variedade.

Acerca da variabilidade dos clientes

Há dias sublinhei "Learn more about your most loyal customers". No entanto, ontem, Alan Klement fez-me voltar ao tema sob uma outra perspectiva, até porque sendo alguém que vem da área da Qualidade e que muito estudou Deming e as causas aleatórias e especiais:

"Customer motivation, on the other hand, is not a natural system. Nature puts no limits on how customer motivation can be measured, interpreted, or affected. Nothing limits the amount of variables we can test for or defines how those variables interact. Such a system contains vastly more useless data about your customers than useful data. This means that as you gather more and different types of data about your customers, the more likely you are to misunderstand them.[Moi ici: Big Data anyone?]
…
We want to change the system, not just study it as it is. Here is another reason that the “more data are better” approach does not suit innovation: innovation is about changing the system, not just studying it as it is. … The innovator wants to change the system of today to produce something different tomorrow.
…
Life is variation. [Moi ici: Recordar a génese da Redsigma (2006, 2013] Every investigation you do will discover variation. Understanding the basics of variation—as it relates to systems and innovation—will help you better understand the data you gather and help you know how you should react to them.
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Variations due to common causes versus special causes.
…
The system of progress has variation. You will find variation within every part of the system of progress. There will be variation among customers, their struggles, how customers find and choose a product, how they use it, and how they imagine their lives being better.
…
How does this concept help innovation? Poorly designed products happen when innovators respond to common variation as if it were special variation, and vice versa. In these cases, innovators keep piling on more and more features and changes to the product, making it bloated and fragile. This makes both the product and the business vulnerable to creative destruction.[Moi ici: Bem visto. Nunca me tinha passado pela cabeça fazer esta associação entre variabilidade aleatória e especial e as diferenças entre clientes]"

Existem diferentes variedades de clientes, diferentes segmentos. Cada variedade exibe variabilidade.

Trechos retirados de "When Coffee and Kale Compete"

Tendências

Tendências há muito pressentidas e divulgadas neste blogue:

"the Post Mass Production Paradigm (PMPP) as a system of economic activity, capable of encouraging and sustaining economic growth without depending on mass production and mass consumption of artefacts. PMPP may be seen as a way of decoupling economical growth from resource /energy consumption and waste creation thus pursuing global sustainability.
...
The markets changed from mass production to a higher variety and diversity towards customisation. Shorter life time, shorter time-to-market and higher functionalities are consequences of the technical development of products and market requirements. Mass production followed the migration to regions with lower costs of manufacturing. The structural change of manufacturing industries – driven by competition and technical innovations – is still going on.
...
The manufacturing industries in Europe are fighting for competition because of high wages and costs of resources. Companies learned to concentrate operations towards customisation and niches of higher profitability. Taking into account the high skill of workers and engineers customisation changes the structure of manufacturing:
• increasing variants and customer specific products,
• lower batches and resulting costs for transformation,
• increasing complexity of products,
• increasing costs of product development.
The transformation from mass production to customised production is the new challenge of manufacturing."

O que é que há de novo nos últimos dois anos?
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A par desta evolução que se mantém e acentua, cresce em paralelo o retorno de produções de preço da Ásia para a Europa.

Trechos retirados de "The ManuFuture Road Towards Competitive and Sustainable High-Adding-Value Manufacturing" de Francesco Jovane, Engelbert Westkämper e David Williams.

Querem ver um padrão?

Da produção em massa

para a variedade, rapidez, flexibilidade, personalização:

Da produção de grandes séries, baixo custo unitário, longos prazos de entrega, pouca variedade, para "Portuguese Shoemakers Get Fancy" (um filme por demais divulgado neste blogue desde... 2008)
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Da produção de vómito industrial para "Wheels with soul"

"Brompton is already the country’s largest bike manufacturer, yet the company did not make them on a large scale until the early 2000s. Its rise happened against a backdrop of the almost complete collapse of Britain’s bicycle industry, once a world leader. Raleigh, the most famous volume bike-maker, based in Nottingham, had moved all its production to low-cost Asia by 2002. Now the vast majority of the 3.25m bikes sold in Britain annually are made abroad.
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Brompton has bucked this trend by carving out a niche as a producer of high-end, handmade folding bikes with global appeal. The bikes are pricey, but every steel frame is fitted together using brazing rather than welding. The company makes much of its “Made in London tag”, as British craftsmanship is still valued overseas. About 80% of its bikes go abroad now, where Koreans, Japanese and others cherish them as fashion accessories as much as modes of transport.
...
Britain’s few other remaining bike-makers have survived using similar tactics. Pashley, based in Stratford-upon-Avon, has been making classic bikes, often seen in advertisements, since 1926.
...
The brand is all about old-world heritage. Adrian Williams, Pashley’s boss, describes his products as “beautiful and useful”. Like Brompton, the firm is export-focused, selling to over 50 countries, mainly in Asia. Moulton, another brand, also sells well in the Far East."

Variedade e variabilidade

Os anos passam, as modas vão e vêm.
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Coisas que eram verdade passam a mentira e vice-versa.
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Contudo, muita das ideias da origem deste blogue continuam a aguentar a corrosão do tempo.

Em Novembro de 2007 escrevemos "A Dream Society":

"Atenção variedade, não é o mesmo que variabilidade."

Em Julho de 2006 escrevemos "A variabilidade é inimiga da variedade"
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Ontem, Seth Godin escreveu "Variance or deviance?" na mesma onda, embora ele devesse ter escrito variety e não variance.

"if you accept differences as merely variations,[varieties] each acceptable, then you realize that there are many markets, many choices, many solutions."

Este é o truque das PME, é o truque que quem gizou o famigerado acordo ortográfico nunca percebeu.

PME devem fugir das estratégias do rolo compressor da padronização, da uniformização.

Acerca da diversidade de escolha

Dois artigos, lidos no mesmo dia e com conclusões opostas:

• "Variety, Not Quantity, Drives Car Sales"

"In their analysis, the authors found that an increase in a dealer’s inventory of a specific model actually lowered overall sales. But there’s a twist. If the boost in inventory also expanded the number of models available—in other words, if the dealership added a new type of Cadillac, not just more of the same model it already carried—then sales did increase.
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Expanded variety—from engine sizes to the number of doors—enables dealers to appeal to a wider set of consumer preferences, the authors write. "

• "Increase Sales by NOT Giving Customers Choices"

"As contrary as it might seem, you are not doing your customer any favor by offering thousands of choices, or even dozens. The act of choosing is an imposition. Fundamentally, you are asking your customers to do your work for you. Yes, the customer will want something just right, and yes, every customer may want something different. But the choosing of it is still an onerous activity."

Será que ambas as abordagens fazem sentido, cada uma na sua categoria, em função da importância da compra na vida dos clientes?

Mongo e a mudança de paradigma

"As long ago as 1934, Joseph Schumpeter, the Harvard economist, observed that organisations move in a natural cycle between exploring new opportunities and exploiting old certainties. Businesses in the explorative phase are designed to seek out opportunities, experiment, and learn fast. Exploitative businesses on the other hand tend to value efficiency and optimisation, placing a heavy hand on standardisation and a light one on experimentation. (Moi ici: O advento de Mongo obriga a mudar de paradigma. Há meses que ando a namorar com o inevitável... o nome Redsigma está esgotado!!! Redsigma foi uma marca que criei em 1991 ou 92. Reduzir o sigma, reduzir a variabilidade, apostar na standardização. Lentamente, comecei a mudar e hoje, sou quase um inimigo declarado da normalização... prefiro apoiar empresas a estarem à frente da onda, tão à frente que ainda não existem normas. Prefiro apostar na variedade do que estar preocupado com a variabilidade.)
...
Businesses today have to be both exploitative and explorative, at once.
...
But, it's not easy. The two phases demand hugely different approaches across all aspects of a business. Businesses in the exploitative phase find it incredibly difficult to value exploration; their people, processes and structure are often designed to eliminate all variance and unpredictability.
...
Disruptors centre themselves around consumer needs, they are optimised for exploration and have an incredible knack of turning the incumbents' perceived advantages into their Achilles' heals. (Moi ici: Recordar "O mundo de Golias a esboroar-se") Disruptors frequently reveal the direction in which industries are headed.
...
We are all trained to analyse a market's incumbents—after all, their demise attracts more attention than the rise of the disruptor and they're easier to find and benchmark. But in order to build a business's muscles to explore and simultaneously exploit, watching disruptors in action, regardless of their size or industry, is key to any business's long-term success."

Trechos retirados de "How to turn a competitor's advantage into a weakness"

Não posso estar mais em desacordo

Não posso estar mais em desacordo com Mark Pagel "Infinite Stupidity":
.
"Now, the reason this might be interesting is that, as the world becomes more and more connected, as the Internet connects us and wires us all up, we can see that the long-term consequences of this is that humanity is moving in a direction where we need fewer and fewer and fewer innovative people, because now an innovation that you have somewhere on one corner of the earth can instantly travel to another corner of the earth, in a way that it would have never been possible to do 10 years ago, 50 years ago, 500 years ago, and so on." (Moi ici: E a vontade de individualizar? E a customização para nichos cada vez mais pequenos? E Mongo? E a explosão de criatividade que um mundo sem patentes gera? E o World 3.0 de Ghemawat? E o fim da globalização com o triunfo do gosto particular de cada um, da rapidez, da flexibilidade? E a democratização da produção? E a explosão de diversidade que um mundo de produtores consumidores - prosumers - vai acarretar? O mundo do mercado de massas foi um acidente passageiro que está rapidamente a ser despachado para os livros de história. Falo por mim, a internet permite-me um contacto com um mundo intelectual, técnico e profissional incomparavelmente superior ao possível no passado por uma fracção do custo de outros tempos)
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Recordar "8: Most new ideas aren't"

Eficácia vs Eficiência

Há anos que defendo aqui no blogue a superioridade da eficácia sobre a eficiência, a superioridade do valor (no numerador da equação da produtividade) sobre os custos (no denominador da equação da produtividade).
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Assim, foi com um sorriso que encontrei este diapositivo na apresentação de Steve Vargo e Robert Lusch "Service-Dominant Logic: An Evolution or Revolution in Marketing Theory and Practice?"

Será que a "malta" da Qualidade consegue transitar do modelo mental da "NORMALIZAÇÃO" e do QCD para o mundo da variedade... para o mundo de Mongo?

É só imprimir!

"3D Printers Will Build Circuit Boards ‘In Two Years’"
.
A última empresa onde trabalhei como funcionário fabricava circuitos impressos de dupla camada. Por isso, imagino o que isto pode provocar...

• cnc's para furar as placas de fibra de vidro - fora (adeus negócio para os fabricantes de brocas)
• filmes para transferir circuitos de um programa para o cobre - fora
• tinas gigantes para deposição electroquímica de cobre nos furos - fora (o impacte ambiental desta redução é tremendo)
• máquinas para remover o cobre das áreas onde é desnecessário (Isto era feito por um químico qualquer à base de amoníaco) - fora (outro impacte ambiental tremendo)
• serigrafia para depositar camada de tinta isolante sobre os circuitos - fora (outro impacte ambiental tremendo)
• e talvez se arranje algo que substitua a liga de estanho, a solda, 

E talvez se abandone o job shop e se avance para a integração do "print just in time", nada de transporte, nada de armazéns...

.

"According to Autodesk CEO Carl Bass, the technology will reinvent more than just maintenance and supply chain practices. It will reinvent work-place collaboration. Nike, Bass said, could use 3D printing technology to send prototypes of new sneakers between offices. The west coast team could print the new design sent over the wires from the east coast team, mark up their changes, and then send back a modified file, complete with design feedback — all in an afternoon.

...

“Just think of the implications,” Bass said, not only about his company’s new release — but of the industry in general.
.
Many have. Everything from custom guitars to custom chocolates to custom bones can be printed today. Companies like MakerBot and Shapeways will do the printing for you — and host a virtual store for your printed goods. You carry no inventory because objects aren’t created until the moment a customer clicks “Buy”."
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E os estudantes de Design continuam a achar que não têm futuro em Mongo?
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Não querem pensar melhor?

O perigo da cristalização (parte II)

Este postal de Março de 2008 "O perigo da cristalização" casa perfeitamente com este trecho:
.
"One of the great experiments in selective innovation was Japan’s Ministry of International Trade and Industry (or MITI), which was created to guide industrial policy out of the rubble left by World War II. In addition to basic economic policy, it was also responsible for funding research and directing investment into the most promising areas.

Initially, MITI was an enormous success. It’s forward thinking management of Japanese industry created an economic miracle in the 1970’s and 1980’s. Companies like Toyota and Sony became global icons, while western nations viewed the Japanese economic juggernaut with a mix of fear and envy.

Then came Japan’s Lost Decade, and the tight network of elite banks and corporations proved to be too rigid to adapt to an enormous asset price bubble. Meanwhile, the loose network of garage start-ups and venture capital in America’s Silicon Valley created new information-based industries that no one saw coming.

While Japan had been, and to some extent continues to be, a leader in the old industrial economy that MITI designed for, it remains a laggard in information age industries even today, 20 years after the Lost Decade began.

You can’t plan for what you don’t see coming."
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Trecho retirado de "The Selective Innovation Trap"

Novidade versus massificação

"Quality is not only not necessary, for many itens, it is undesirable. If we define quality as regularly meeting the measured specifications for an item, then quality matters a lot for something like a pace-maker, it does not matter at all for a 3000 dolars haute-couture dress.

.

More fashion equals less need for quality, perfect is an ilusion."

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Trecho retirado de Tribes de Seth Godin.

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Muita gente na área da Qualidade ainda não percebeu isto. Continuam no campeonato da normalização.

Em busca de um novo paradigma de operação (parte II)

Neste blogue sou um apologista da subida na escala de valor, da adopção de propostas de valor associadas à diferenciação (flexibilidade ou inovação) em detrimento do preço mais baixo.

Como não podemos competir e alimentar aumentos de produtividade pelo preço mais baixo, devemos procurar abandonar o combate da eficiência e das economias de escala e apostar no numerador da equação da produtividade.

Compreendo pois, perfeitamente, o sentido destas palavras:

“In the industrial-era model, companies focus on efficiency above all else—on getting things done at the lowest cost possible. In the name of efficiency they boil their business operations into routinized practices that suppress the creative instincts of their workers, who become standardized parts of a predictable machine. They not only suppress the creative instincts of their workers, they ultimately suppress the individuals themselves. The push-driven programs of these institutions require standardization and predictability. But individuals, especially passionate ones, are ultimately unique and unpredictable.” neste artigo da revista BW.

Precisamos de fugir deste paradigma da eficiência, da produção em massa, do ritmo elevado e concentrarmo-nos na criação de valor.

No entanto, é difícil mudar! Há quem associe a essa dificuldade a designação de O Paradoxo de Ícaro:

“Over the years, companies begin to focus on the thing that made them successful (a particular product, service, production method, etc.). Initially that serves them well and they become even better at it. It will also come at the expense of other products, processes, and viewpoints that the company considers less important and off the mark, that are discarded or brushed aside.

As a result, firms are too late to adapt to fundamental changes in their business environments such as new competitors, different customer demand, radical new technologies, or business models… It also causes organizations to carry on activities too long and too far, despite the presence of some fundamental design or organizational flaws…“

Ao abandonarmos a concentração na eficiência e ao dedicarmo-nos à criação de valor temos de perceber que temos de optar por um novo paradigma de operação. O que era importante deixou de o ser, o que era crítico deixou de o ser:

“Canon is also looking to boost productivity. Already, the company has seen great gains from "cell assembly," where small teams build products from start to finish rather than each worker repeatedly performing a single task on a long assembly line. Canon now has no assembly lines; it ditched the last of its 20 kilometers of conveyor belts in 2002, when a line making ink-jet printers in Thailand was shut down.”

Quantas empresas já despertaram para esta realidade? Com encomendas cada vez mais pequenas, com prazos de entrega cada vez mais curtos, será que faz sentido manter linhas de montagem? Será que faz sentido continuar a planear a produção da mesma forma?

Continua.

BTW, a propósito do primeiro parágrafo do artigo da BW convém ver estes números “Four-in-Five Workers Looking to Small Businesses for Jobs”

Em busca de um novo paradigma de operação (parte I)

Tenho percebido, no último semestre, o acentuar de uma tendência no mundo industrial actual.

A diminuição do tempo disponível para produzir bens no ramo do “pronto moda”:

A data de entrega dos produtos para as prateleiras e montras no inicio de uma época mantém-se constante (?) (em Julho no Porto já vi lojas em centros comerciais com uma das montras dedicadas à nova época de Outono-Inverno), no entanto, a data de colocação das encomendas firmes vai deslizando cada vez mais para a frente diminuindo o tempo disponível para produção.

Esta compressão temporal acarreta uma mudança de paradigma que tem de ser encarada de frente.

Durante aqueles dois meses, de meados de Março a meados de Maio, as empresas têm de pagar salários e não produzem. Os operários têm de compensar dando horas-extra durante o tempo de produção. Contudo, por mais horas que dêem, como o tempo está comprimido e as máquinas estão ocupadas, as empresas acabam por ter de subcontratar produção para além do que seria necessário ou desejável.

Por isso, assistimos a um fenómeno deveras interessante e sintomático de algo não corre bem no modelo, os subcontratados negoceiam numa posição de força porque não são suficientes para as encomendas.

Esta compressão temporal é algo que já vem de há anos, por causa da progressiva aposta na flexibilidade e no serviço em detrimento do preço-baixo puro e simples, no entanto, agora, com a crise actual acentuou-se.

A incerteza, a quebra na procura, a baixa do poder de compra, tudo contribui para que as encomendas sejam postas cada vez mais tarde, cada vez mais em cima da hora, devido ao receio e ao risco envolvido.

A par desta compressão temporal acentuam-se tendências que já vêm em aceleração há alguns anos: encomendas cada vez mais pequenas; maior variedade de modelos e explosão do número de amostras na fase pré-produção.

Tudo isto contribui para a necessidade de repensar:

· O planeamento da produção (definitivamente optar pelo puxar em vez do empurrar, pull vs push);

· A subcontratação;

· O aprovisionamento;

· A organização das equipas de produção (células versus linhas);

· A modelação, ou a engenharia de processo, ou a engenharia de produto.

Precisamos de:

· Reduzir os tempos de ciclo;

· Aprender a trabalhar com muita variedade;

· Aprender a controlar os custos de outra forma;

· Aumentar a flexibilidade.

Só que o modelo mental que funcionava no passado é cada vez mais um entrave a este novo panorama.

Continua.