"the Age of Diverse Markets"

Longe vão os tempos do: qualquer cor desde que seja preto.

Ao longo dos anos tenho escrito sobre Mongo, ou o Estranhistão. A metáfora que uso para ilustrar o abandono do monolitismo do século XX e o advento da variedade e diversidade do século XXI.

"Today, business is transitioning from one major era, the Age of Mass Markets, to another, which we call the Age of Diverse Markets. [Moi ici: Aquilo a que chamo de Mongo, ou o Estranhistão]

...

The Age of Mass Markets, which extended through most of the prior century, was characterized by fast-growing homogeneous markets. [Moi ici: A visão monolítica que a Economia aplica à realidade para a poder matematizar. Depois, chega a modelos e a conclusões sem adesão à realidade e não percebe, e enterra a cabeça na areia]

...

[Moi ici: In the Age of Mass Markets] These companies were characterized by massive economies of scale in nearly every business function (production, distribution, advertising, and so on), which ensured that as they increased their sales, their unit costs dropped, giving them ample profits to invest in getting more sales and in further reducing their costs by increasing the efficiency of their production and distribution systems. Both prices and distribution costs were relatively uniform, so reporting tools based on averages—like aggregate revenues, costs, and gross margins—were sufficient.

The key management imperative was to get big fast. The rules of thumb were that all revenues were good and all costs were bad. [Moi ici: Como não recuar a 2012 e a "Como surgem os Golias e pistas para o aparecimento de Davids". Em Portugal, os mesmos da tríade ainda sonham com empresas grandes. Em Mongo, "Giants invariably descend into suckiness"] Companies segregated their functional departments to individually optimize their revenue-maximizing or cost-minimizing objectives, and they coordinated them at the top through periodic planning sessions and period-end financial reports.

Today’s Age of Diverse Markets, which began its widespread acceleration around 2000, is completely different. Today, there are very few mass markets, while there are more and more diverse markets where product offerings, pricing, and service packages are uniquely configured, if not by individual customer, than at least by highly segmented target markets.

Today, markets are heterogeneous and fragmenting down to the individual customer in many cases. Throughout our economy, pricing is becoming much more varied, both within market segments and even between one customer and the next. In parallel, the cost to serve each customer is becoming increasingly diverse, depending on the customer relationship, product-service mix, and other factors. This change has already overtaken the business-to-consumer (B2C) markets, and it is rapidly transforming the business-to-business (B2B) markets as well."

"In the Age of Mass Markets, products were “king.” To a large extent, companies succeeded by selling the same products to as many customers as possible. In the Age of Diverse Markets, in contrast, customers are “king.” Companies succeed by microtargeting particular customers and tightly specified market segments and providing them with tailored packages of products and related services."

Comecei a reler “Choose Your Customer: How to Compete Against the Digital Giants and Thrive” de Jonathan S. Byrnes. Primeiro, o título. Qual a primeira decisão estratégica? Escolher os clientes-alvo! Recuar ao Verão de 2008 e a Terry Hill e à sua frase "the most important orders are the ones to which a company says 'no'.". Julho de 2007, a primeira vez que usei o marcador "clientes-alvo" aqui no blogue. Apesar de já o fazer em textos anteriores. Segundo, Jonathan S. Byrnes. Um autor que aprecio há mais de 10 anos.

"duas economias, diferentes realidades, diferentes meios de competir ou não competir" (parte II)

Parte I. 

Comecei a parte I com a imagem dos "caretos" da região de Trás-os-Montes como símbolo de um tempo em que cada região tinha a sua roupa, a sua gastronomia, os seus dialectos e sotaques, sem a pressão de uma uniformização centralizadora. 

No final da semana passada, numa caminhada matinal junto à foz do rio Douro 

tive a oportunidade de ler um texto muito, muito interessante, "Competition on Rugged Landscapes: The Dynamics of Product Positioning" de Leon Zucchini.

Antes de mais recordemos esta evolução na economia, do século XX para o século XXI, representada pela alteração da paisagem competitiva de um pico único para múltiplos picos:

"Competition on Smooth Landscapes [Moi ici: O mundo do século XX, o mundo do mercado homogéneo]

First, we consider performance in a smooth consumer landscape. ... in this type of landscape all consumers have similar preferences so there is only one large niche with a single global peak. In Figure 2, Panel (A) shows how average firm performance develops in the smooth landscape over time for different levels of competition. The learning process is clearly visible: firms start from their randomly assigned positions and gradually increase their performance as they explore the landscape and locate the global peak. After approximately 40 periods average performance has stabilized. The influence of competition is also clear: for a rising number of firms (F) the average performance stabilizes at a lower level. Thus, competition is detrimental to performance, which is exactly what we would expect in a real world setting. [Moi ici: A imagem clássica da competição económica. Quanto mais concorrentes, pior o desempenho]

...

firms‟ performance increases over time because they gradually approach the global peak: the distance initially drops sharply and then stabilizes after about 40 periods. This is what we would expect in an NK model with low ruggedness . However, in standard NK models without competition all firms would locate exactly at the global peak, whereas in Panel (B) an increasing number of competitors causes firms to locate at an increasing distance from the global peak. This is due to the difference between competition in horizontal and vertical differentiation ... if a firm has already located at the peak it becomes less attractive for all others. A corollary of this result is that with increasing competition the product designs offered in the market display greater heterogeneity: on average firms produce product designs that are similar but not identical to the modal consumer preference.

...

This means that in competitive markets with homogeneous consumer preferences firms never settle down but instead continue to adjust their product designs. Because firms only move when they can increase their (expected) performance and we know from Panel (A) that average performance has stabilized, that must mean that they are engaged in a constant process of stealing each other‟s customers.

This raises yet another question: which firms are moving? Does one dominant firm settle down on the peak while the others move around collecting the scraps, or does competition continue to threaten all firms? Panel (D) in Figure 2 shows that the latter is the case. It shows the proportion of market leaders, i.e. the firms with the highest market share, which are overtaken („dethroned‟) in each period. With an increasing number of competitors it becomes increasingly likely that the most successful firm will be dethroned: defending a leading market share becomes increasingly difficult the more competitors there are in the market.

Taken together these results suggest that on smooth landscapes, increasing competition causes markets to become increasingly and persistently volatile. Firms do not settle down with stable product designs but rather dance around the peak, continuously jostling for the best positions and being thwarted by their competitors. In terms of products the result is a continuous stream of new but similar product designs which become more and more diverse as competition increases. The cutthroat competition of stealing market shares in these markets is detrimental to firm performance, not only on average, but even for the most successful firms who are in constant danger of losing their leading position."

Agora o outro modelo económico, aquele a que chamo de Mongo, ou o Estranhistão, o modelo em que o século XXI se está a transformar:

"Competition on Rugged Landscapes

We have established that in „smooth‟ markets, competition leads to persistently volatile processes of adaptation. We now investigate how these dynamics are influenced by different distributions of consumer preferences. Figure 3 shows average results for different levels of ruggedness along the horizontal axis (from a single niche to many niches) and competition for the different lines (one, two, four and eight firms). The results are taken from the final period in the simulation ( ). Note that as illustrated by Figure 2 this is more than enough time for the results to settle into a pattern, whether static or volatile.

Panel (A) in Figure 3 shows how average performance changes with changing ruggedness and competition. For landscapes with few peaks (low ) increasing competition is detrimental to performance. This is the same result we saw in Figure 2. Here however, we see that as the landscape becomes increasingly rugged, the detrimental effect of competition on performance decreases: [Moi ici: Aquilo a que há anos designo aqui por "Live and let live"] evidently, if there are several niches it matters less if there are lots of rivals.

...

We already know that on smooth landscapes more competition causes firms to locate further away from the nearest peak. In Panel (B) we see that as the landscape becomes more rugged, firms locate closer to the nearest peak, regardless of the number of competitors in the market. This result suggests that firms may be dispersing to serve different niches. However, this result must be interpreted with caution because in more rugged landscapes there are also simply more peaks around. Note that firms that are alone in the landscape locate slightly further away from the nearest peak as K increases from zero.

...

what is the dynamic driving competition? One possibility is that there is constant movement both on smooth and rugged landscapes alike, with firms jostling each other off the peaks. In that case the differences in results for high levels of ruggedness may be due to the fact that the alternatives are more attractive: displaced firms can find other attractive niches to serve. Another possibility is that there is simply less movement on rugged landscapes because firms disperse and „settle down‟ to stable situations where each serves a local niche.

Panel (C) suggests that the latter explanation is more likely. For markets with few consumer niches competition has a large influence on volatility: the more firms in the market, the more movement we observe. As ruggedness increases, the average number of moves per firm and period decreases, regardless of the number of competitors. In very rugged landscapes (K=9) it makes hardly any difference whether there are two or eight firms in the market: firms have reached an essentially stable distribution.

Panel (D) corroborates this finding. On smooth landscapes the probability that the market leader will be dethroned depends heavily on the number of competitors. Thus, if there is a single large consumer niche then it will be difficult for any one firm to defend a lead in the market. As the number of niches increases, the number of competitors matters less and less: in the extreme case (K=9) the market leader has more than a 95% chance of defending its position even if there are eight competitors in the market. In these cases firms have dispersed to serve individual niches (local peaks in the consumer landscape) and are unlikely to move. That means firms which have located favorable niches with high performance (relative to their competitors) are unlikely to be overtaken.

To summarize, the distribution of consumer preferences matters for the dynamics of competitive positioning: On smooth landscapes we observe firms constantly jostling for competitive advantage around a few peaks. Competition is detrimental to performance and even successful firms are constantly in danger having their customers stolen by rivals. As the landscape becomes increasingly rugged, firms disperse more and more. Instead of clustering at some distance around a single peak they spread out to serve individual consumer niches. This has the additional effect that in very rugged markets movement drops to a minimum, and it is very unlikely that successful firms will be overtaken. Note that this result does not happen suddenly when the number of peaks becomes greater than the number of firms (at approximately ), but occurs gradually as ruggedness increases."

"duas economias, diferentes realidades, diferentes meios de competir ou não competir" (parte I)

Sim, eu sei que houve muitas mistificações acerca dos trajes tradicionais portugueses. No entanto, podemos aceitar que num passado mais distante, cada região tinha os seus trajes, tinha a sua gastronomia, até os seus sotaques (quando conheci a minha mulher ainda cheguei a pensar em escrever um dicionário acerca das muitas palavras que eu nunca tinha ouvido, ou que tinham um significado diferente do habitual, e que eram corriqueiras na aldeia onde ela nasceu a apenas 30 km do Porto, perto de Penafiel).

Nassim Taleb explica a variedade religiosa libanesa à custa do seu relevo montanhoso, assim como o desaparecimento da maioria cristã copta no Egipto à conta da ausência de barreiras geográficas. Quando falamos nos Balcãs, falamos de uma panóplia de etnias que não se chegaram a misturar, apesar de tantas séculos de domínio otomano, por causa das barreiras geográficas.

Antes do século XX as barreiras geográficas proporcionavam a existência de muitos mercados regionais, mais ou menos independentes. Depois, com o comboio, com as estradas, com as linhas de montagem, os mercados nacionais começaram a tomar forma. (BTW, gosto sempre de recordar o curto-prazismo e cegueira dos autarcas do interior. De cada vez que reclamavam melhores estradas, matavam mais umas empresas que se tornavam presas fáceis das empresas do litoral que tinham crescido mais depressa - sim, Karma is a bitch!)

O século XX representa a Grande Normalização, a Grande Uniformização! (Recordar Potato Fields nos Estados Unidos e Magnitogorsk na União Soviética). A economia do século XX pode ser representada por uma paisagem com um único pico e em que todas as empresas procuram escalar esse mesmo e único pico.

A economia do século XX pressupõe um mercado homogéneo e uma competição violenta por um lugar na escalada ao pico único.

O que é que ando a pregar aqui no blogue e na vida profissional ao longo dos anos? O fim do modelo do século XX! 

O crescimento da oferta para lá da capacidade da procura a absorver desencadeou um bailado entre a oferta e a procura que criou e intensificou a Grande Diversificação, aquilo a que chamo de Mongo! Um universo económico com cada vez mais picos. Uma paisagem cada vez mais enrugada.

Duas paisagens competitivas, duas economias, diferentes realidades, diferentes meios de competir ou não competir.

Ainda ontem escrevia sobre os modelos mentais ultrapassados. Depois, durante o final da tarde ouvi:

"Humans think using mental models. These are representations of reality that make the world comprehensible. They allow us to see patterns, predict how things will unfold, and make sense of the circumstances we encounter. Reality would otherwise be a flood of information, a jumble of inchoate experiences and sensations. Mental models bring order. They let us focus on essential things and ignore others—just as, at a cocktail party, we can hear the conversation that we’re in while tuning out the chatter around us. We craft a simulation of reality in our minds to anticipate how situations will play out.

We use mental models all the time, even if we are not aware of them.

...

our decisions are not simply based on the reasoning we apply, but on something more foundational: the particular lens through which we look at the situation—our sense of how the world works. That underlying level of cognition consists of mental models.

The fact that we need to interpret the world in order to exist in it, that how we perceive reality colors how we act within it, is something that people have long known but take for granted.

...

The mental models that we choose and apply are frames: they determine how we understand and act in the world. Frames enable us to generalize and make abstractions that apply to other situations. With them, we can handle new situations, rather than having to relearn everything from scratch. Our frames are always operating in the background. ”

...

We now know that the right frame applied in the right way opens up a wider range of possibilities, which in turn leads to better choices. The frames we employ affect the options we see, the decisions we make, and the results we attain. By being better at framing, we get better outcomes.

...

Sometimes our frames don’t fit the reality to which we apply them. There is no such thing as a “bad” frame per se (save for one exception that we’ll raise later), but there are certainly cases of misframing, where a given frame doesn’t fit very well. In fact, the path of human progress is littered with the carcasses of misused frames."

Trechos retirados de "Framers: Human Advantage in an Age of Technology and Turmoil" 

Continua.

Modelos mentais ultrapassados

Do século XX, do Normalistão, até Mongo, o Estranhistão, em meia-dúzia de linhas:

"When distribution is scarce, the hits are powerful indeed.

AM Top 40 radio meant that if you made that list of 40 hits, you were going to sell a huge number, and if you didn’t, you were gone.

Giant movie screens meant a few movies could play for months and own the market.

Limited independent bookstores kept a hit on the bestseller list for up to a year.

And then, when the long tail arrives, there’s a riot of variety, with most of the available offerings selling few indeed (most videos on YouTube have fewer than 25 views) but the ones on the shoulders do far better than they ever would before. This happened to movies in the 1990s when the number of screens multiplied, and to cable TV when the premium networks were okay with 3 million viewers for Mad Men.

Excited creators start to imagine infinity. There will be room for an unlimited number of Kindle books or YouTube videos or Netflix shows…

And that’s when the pendulum starts to oscillate a bit.

Because the media business remains a business, and it’s largely built on attention, and attention is scarce and it’s hard to scale.

So instead of an infinite number of successful titles, the market begins to segment. Instead of one blockbuster movie like Jaws that owns the summer for an entire nation, there are multiple markets, multiple audiences. But within those segments, there are still hits. Short heads built on multiple long tails.

Yes, having the most popular podcast in the world is quite valuable. But having the most popular podcast for a particular audience is valuable as well.

And we continue to segment for as long as the attention can be lumped together in valuable ways.

But, at the same time, we live in community, and we have a thirst for the big hit, the one that ‘everyone’ is talking about.

The disconnect occurs when producers and creators try to average things out and dumb things down, hoping for the big hit that won’t come. Or overspend to get there. The opportunity lies in finding a viable audience and matching the project’s focus and budget to the people who truly want it.[Moi ici: É aqui que se impõe o conluio entre os governos e os incumbentes para os proteger, para tentar eliminar do mercado os mais pequenos, para facilitar a possibilidade de os comprar. A tal economia das carpetes e dos biombos. Por exemplo, no século XXI faz algum sentido que uma empresa precise de aguentar um calvário de 4 anos para ter licença para operar? Por isso, escrevo teets como o que se segue abaixo]

And the dance continues."

Sinto que muita gente, a maioria, continua fiel ao ditado de Napoleão, queres saber como é que pensa uma pessoa? Estuda como era o mundo quando ela tinha 20 anos. BTW, uso este ditado há vários anos, este ano, ao ler um livro percebi a sua origem. Em 1793 Napoleão chegou, com 24 anos, como capitão de artilharia à cidade de Toulon, tomada por uma força anglo-espanhola, e saiu de lá como brigadeiro-general. Como? Porque percebeu o quanto a artilharia tinha mudado e podia ajudá-lo a fazer algo que parecia muito difícil e moroso. Os outros, moldados num outro tempo, estavam noutra. Julgo que Napoleão fez o que fez para expulsar os anglo-espanhóis à revelia das chefias.

Sim, muitos professores, aqueles que moldam os futuros agentes, muitos analistas, muitos políticos, continuam com a mente no século XX e nos seus estímulos e modelos mentais.

Trechos retirados de "The dance between the long tail and the short head"

"é cada vez mais perigoso querer ser tudo para todos"

Às vezes, com o meu chapéu da qualidade, visito uma empresa, dou uma volta pela produção e vejo desalinhamento.

E fico com um problema de consciência... as pessoas da qualidade têm uma preocupação legítima em evitar erros no que se faz. Contudo, o desalinhamento que vejo é anterior à execução. Devemos fazer bem algo que não devemos fazer?

E quem define, e quem tem autoridade para definir o que é que se deve fazer?

Há mais de 11 anos escrevi aqui no blogue este postal, "Um desafio..." acerca do alinhamento das cadeias de fornecimento. Depois, em Abril de 2011 acrescentei este outro "Mais do que uma cadeia de fornecimento - um exemplo".

Uma pena ver tanta azáfama, tanta energia desperdiçada com o desalinhamento. Uma pena não ter uma ponte para iniciar um diálogo.

Imaginem estas combinações possíveis:

Oito combinações possíveis e só em duas (6 e 7) existe alinhamento.

• Combinação 1 - Dinheiro deixado em cima da mesa e cliente com grande probabilidade de ser mal servido
• Combinação 2 - Aposta em inovação no produto quando o resto da cadeia quer um produto maduro. Acontece tanto... apoios comunitários a projectos de inovação em parcerias com universidades que nunca dão fruto porque, mesmo que o produto desenvolvido seja 5 estrelas, não há cadeia para o produzir e vender
• Combinação 3 - Com uma cadeia assim, o cliente nunca vai pagar o preço que sustente a organização 
• Combinação 4 - Comercial habituado a vender preço nunca vai ser capaz de pôr a empresa a ganhar o retorno adequado da inovação
• Combinação 5 - Come on, onde é que este cliente vai pagar a estrutura e o retorno da inovação?
• Combinação 8 - Se é o cliente certo as operações e a comercial estão erradas. Se é o cliente errado, a comercial tem de mudar de clientes, e a inovação tem de se concentrar no processo, não no produto, assim, como as compras.  

Lembram-se do Estranhistão? Lembram-se do "We are all weird" Lembram-se de Mongo? Num mundo onde os clientes estão cada vez mais diferenciados em tribos e segmentos mais pequenos, num mundo de paixões assimétricas, é cada vez mais perigoso querer ser tudo para todos.

"The pandemic sharply accelerated market fragmentation"

Um texto que parece retirado deste blogue:

"Markets change, and business models have to change in parallel. Success depends on constant business model innovation. In order to succeed, you need to get two things right: You have to target a defensible market segment, and you have to create a business model that enables you to win against competitors who are going after your target segment. In developing a high-profit business model to engage your target customers, you have two basic choices: (1) increase your customer value, or (2) lower your cost to serve (or do both).

...

In order for your company to succeed in the post-pandemic era, you must do two things well: Select your strategy carefully to target a defensible market segment and tailor your business model to capture and dominate your target market.

The problem is, most companies aren’t ready to compete on these new terms. The pandemic sharply accelerated market fragmentation. This allowed the digital giants, fueled by their market micro-segmentation, to grow quickly, but most companies have not changed their business model to meet these new conditions. Many managers who rose through the ranks in the previous era simply assumed that their age-old, tried-and-true, broad-market business models were still effective. Financial analysts continued to evaluate companies based on sales growth and expense minimization, reinforcing the problem.

In developing a high-profit business model to engage your target customers, you have two basic choices: (1) increase your customer value, or (2) lower your cost to serve (or do both). This is complicated by the need to transition from the previous broad market targeting to the new segment-specific targeting."

Trechos retirados de "How to Create a Winning Post-Pandemic Business Model" 

A emoção como fundação da estratégia

Ao longo dos anos tenho escrito aqui no blogue sobre Mongo, a metáfora que uso para designar um mundo pleno de variedade e de tribos apaixonadas. Aliás, por aqui tem-se escrito sobre:

"hiperentusiastas tem tudo a ver com a assimetria das tribos apaixonadas e "tu não és meu irmão de sangue""

Assim, faz todo o sentido sublinhar:

"it’s perhaps time to reassess our approach to strategy. At the risk of being viewed as a heretic, let me suggest that the successful strategies going forward will be strongly rooted in addressing the emotions of participants, rather than simply relying on facts and figures. [Moi ici: Como não recordar esta imagem ...]

[Moi ici: ... como não recordar a diferença entre os outputs e os inputs que são processados para gerar outcomes]

...

The opportunity for strategy

The opportunity for strategy in the next decade and beyond is to unleash ways to deliver more and more value with fewer and fewer resources.

...

In the industrial age that brought us to where we are today, unmet needs were largely defined in material terms – what products and services could address our material needs, 

...

Certainly, there are still large segments of the population with significant material needs, especially in trying times like this pandemic. But the mounting performance pressure of the Big Shift is also generating unmet needs at the emotional level. More and more of us are becoming consumed with the emotion of fear

...

Focusing on unmet emotional needs

The successful strategies of the next decade will begin with cultivating a deep understanding of these unmet emotional needs and then developing unique approaches that are effective in addressing these emotional needs. 

...

The strategies that will succeed in the future are those that focus on the emotions of the participants and find ways to cultivate deep, long-term, and trust-based relationships among a growing array of participants by meeting their deepest emotional needs. "

Trechos retirados de "Emotion as the Foundation of Strategy" 

Calçado - Fazer a transição

Em "Rust never sleeps" (Agosto de 2020) usei esta figura:

Em "A fase "wonder"" (Dezembro de 2020) usei esta figura:

E escrevi:

"As empresas de calçado têm de fugir da fase "war" e avançar para a fase "wonder"... "wonder" é magia, é surpresa, é ... arte!!!

Ainda esta semana numa empresa alinhavam-se mentes em torno da relevância dos nichos para o futuro da organização."

Avançar, que neste contexto no mapa de Swardley quer dizer recuar para a esquerda, tal como na primeira figura acima.

Em "Longe do mainstream" (Setembro de 2020)  voltei a citar algo que escrevi em Fevereiro deste ano acerca do sector do calçado português:

"Vamos entrar numa Fase 4

O número de empresas vai voltar a diminuir

A quantidade de pares produzidos vai voltar a diminuir

O número de trabalhadores vai voltar a diminuir

O preço médio por par vai novamente dar um salto importante"

Tenho escrito aqui ao longo dos anos acerca da nichização. A nichização a longo prazo imporá a especialização das empresas que servem cada nicho. O meu velho "Tu não és meu irmão de sangue!"(Setembro de 2014), porque as tribos têm uma paixão assimétrica.

O caderno de Economia do semanário Expresso da passada semana trazia o artigo "Uma têxtil rendida ao colorau" com uma entrevista a Mário Jorge Silva CEO da empresa Tintex:

"colocou a inovação e a sustentabilidade no ADN da empresa para fintar a concorrência, certo de que este era “o grande trunfo e o passaporte para o futuro” da fileira.

“Apostámos na sustentabilidade logo em 1989, muito antes de esta ser uma palavra da moda”,

...

aceitou o desafio lançado por alguns clientes e deixou a têxtil onde trabalhava para lançar o novo projeto cheio de “grandes esperanças” na sua receita assente “na diferenciação e criação de valor, não na guerra de preços”.

...

A procura de uma oportunidade para se diferenciar num mundo onde o verde ainda não estava na moda

...

Hoje, desdobra-se em vários projetos de investigação e desenvolvimento (I&D), em parceria com empresas têxteis e de outros sectores de atividade, centros tecnológicos e universidades. [Moi ici: Trabalhar o ecossistema. Parceiros e fontes de know-how teórico]

...

Outra frente de trabalho prioritária é a área médica,

...

E noutra linha de ação no segmento dos têxteis técnicos e da alta performance promete mais uma solução inovadora para ajudar a recuperação do atleta depois do esforço, lendo indicadores e dando até 13 possibilidades de tratamento em simultâneo.

...

No currículo, apresenta incursões no tingimento da fibra de milho biodegradável e em métodos de tingimento mais sustentáveis e reutilização de materiais, a par de uma série de certificações que garantem reconhecimento mundial na área dos têxteis sustentáveis porque “as pessoas têm de acreditar no que oferecemos”. [Moi ici: Trabalhar o ecossistema. Influenciadores que trazem credibilidade]

“As novas gerações valorizam saber o que compram por isso faz sentido criar nos têxteis uma cultura idêntica à que existe à volta do vinho e dos terroirs"[Moi ici: Muito interessante este conceito. Poderá ser relacionado com Mongo?]

Este artigo pode ilustrar uma estratégia baseada na inovação e concretizada a servir um conjunto de nichos: sustentabilidade; área médica; desporto de alto rendimento. 

Uma crítica que muitos empresários me fazem é a de que os nichos são pequenos, não lhes sustentam a estrutura das empresas. 

1º - Recordar o que prevejo para a Fase 4 - Empresas mais pequenas.

2º - Quando um nicho ainda está na fase "wonder" ainda permite que seja servido por um especialista, não por um super-especialista. Assim, talvez trabalhar para 2 ou 3 nichos ajude a fazer a transição.

Automatização ...

Imagem retirada do semanário Expresso deste Sábado.

Como são as empresas portuguesas? Pequenas e médias empresas.

Como competem nos mercados internacionais? É porque têm o preço mais baixo? 

Não, é porque apostam na flexibilidade, rapidez e diferenciação.

Recordo a hipótese Mongo.

O que é que Mongo requer? Flexibilidade e rapidez!

O que é que a automatização mal feita prejudica? A flexibilidade e a rapidez!

Recordar:

• Especulação sobre mais um falhanço da automatização (Novembro de 2019)
• Mongo e automatização - tanta treta que se ouve (Março de 2019)
• Robôs e Mongo (Janeiro de 2019)
• Contrarian (Janeiro de 2019)

 

A defesa da suckiness

 Acompanhei com um sorriso irónico  a leitura deste artigo "Why the American Consumer Has Fewer Choices—Maybe for Good":

"Some IGA Inc. grocery stores now offer only four choices of toilet paper. A few months ago, before the coronavirus pandemic, IGA’s 1,100 U.S. stores typically carried about 40 varieties. Harley-Davidson Inc. has cut some models from its motorcycle lineup. Outback Steakhouse has stripped roughly 40% of its menu, is studying whether customers care, and may drop some items for good even after the pandemic.

Consumer-oriented companies spent the past decades trying to please just about everyone. The pandemic made that impossible, and now some no longer plan to try. Sellers of potato chips, cars, meals and more have been narrowing offerings since the coronavirus snarled supply chains and coaxed consumers back to familiar brands.

Some executives said they plan to stick with fewer choices when the pandemic fades, saying it forced them to reconsider whether American consumers need such vast choices that sometimes overburden factories and stores.

...

Executives at Kraft Heinz Co., Coca-Cola Co., Hershey Co. and other food giants have said they are trimming less-efficient and less-profitable products, while shelving some in development. [Moi ici: Eheheheh Kraft Heinz... a lutar contra Mongo, a defender a suckiness]

...

Steven Williams, CEO of PepsiCo Inc.’s North America foods business, said the company stopped producing a fifth of its products during the Covid-19 crisis, including lightly salted Lay’s potato chips. He said he and his colleagues spoke with grocery executives as the pandemic deepened, determining that PepsiCo should focus on its fastestselling products.

PepsiCo is starting to bring some items back, but Mr. Williams said he expects its Frito-Lay snacks business to emerge from the pandemic with 3% to 5% fewer products. The company is taking the opportunity to discontinue some items that have few fans or are complicated to produce, he said, making its factories and distribution network more efficient."

Bom para startups surgirem e fornecerem a variedade para as tribos cada vez mais exigentes. 

 

"Niching down"

Ainda esta semana chamávamos a atenção para a importância da nichização, um tema recorrente neste blogue:

• Nichos, co-criação e intimidade à escala
• Anichar!
• Mudar e anichar!

Para quem promove o advento de Mongo este artigo, "Why Niching Down Is an Entrepreneur's Best Chance of Standing Out" é relevante:

"Entrepreneurs are always trying to stand out, and understandably so -- after all, there is a lot of competition out there. The need to stand out becomes even more vital in light of the recent Covid-19 pandemic. [Moi ici: Recordar que a pandemia apenas veio acelerar o que já estava em curso]
...
So what's the best way to stand out, especially if your business operates in a particularly crowded niche? The solution isn't to try to go bigger. Instead, it's the opposite.
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Identifying with more passionate audiences.
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While it is true that many sub-niches have a smaller potential audience than the broader niche, these smaller segments tend to be more tightly connected. If your product or service is a hit, it is more likely to take off on a community-wide level.
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Underserved sub-niches tend to have less competition, because many brands deem the smaller market as not being worth targeting.[Moi ici: Recordar a VW e as carrinhas eléctricas]
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Targeting a smaller niche also gives you the opportunity to reevaluate and strengthen your brand.
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Mourreau explained that generalist photographers rarely become the best in their niche. Those who focus on a particular subcategory of photography are eventually seen as the go-to resource when those types of photos are needed. Because they have put in the time and effort to develop that particular skill, there is far greater demand for their services than if they had remained a generalist.
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Niching down gives you the ability to identify your brand's strengths and weaknesses.
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By shifting your focus to your area of strength, you can continue to develop that ability and be better able to deliver high-quality results for your clients. Satisfied clients will naturally lead to referrals, growth from repeat customers and the ability to charge a higher premium for your services.
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Finding the right sub-niche for your brand.
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Not all sub-niches are created equal. Finding the right sub-niche requires evaluating your own brand's strengths and weaknesses, identifying gaps in the market and ensuring that there is a sizable enough audience for you to reach.
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Shrinking your potential target audience may feel counterintuitive at first. But it ultimately gives you the chance to become a big fish in a much smaller pond. By strategically pursuing the sub-niches that will work best for your brand, you can increase your profitability and better define what makes your company unique."

A lição nabateia, sempre actual

"Brazilian private-equity firm 3G Capital is learning this the hard way with its Kraft Heinz investment. Flush with its apparent success in consolidating the global brewing industry with Anheuser-Busch InBev (ABI), 3G successively gained control of Heinz in 2013 and Kraft in 2015 and then engineered a merger of the two food companies. It saw the resulting food conglomerate as bloated and riddled with slack that could be taken out with 3G’s zero-based budgeting (ZBB) approach.
...
Between 2015 and 2018, ZBB was able to drive sales, general, and administrative (SG&A) costs at the merged company from 10 percent of sales to 8 percent of sales—an impressive 20 percent improvement in overhead-cost efficiency, consistent with an all-out attack on the enemy: slack.
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However, it appears in hindsight that some of those costs weren’t entirely wasteful slack. During that same period (2015–2018), the gross margin at Kraft Heinz—i.e., revenues less the cost of goods sold as a percentage of sales—fell by 3.5 percentage points, from 39.5 percent of sales to 36 percent of sales. The 2-percentage-point reduction in SG&A costs helped lead to a 3.5-percentage-point reduction in profit margin—a net detriment to the business of 1.5 percentage points. This substantial decay in its business prospects forced Kraft Heinz to announce a massive $15.4 billion write-down in its assets in February 2019, one of the ten largest corporate write-downs in the decade."

Recordar:

• Está aqui a ilustração do que Mongo traz aos gigantes
• Mongo é inevitável 
• "Warns of Margin Threat as Niche Brands Disrupt Industry"
• Credo na boca - acerca dos Nabateus

Trechos retirados de “When More Is Not Better” de Roger Martin.

Mongo na agricultura

"Qual é a relevância de ter esta fábrica, em vez de, como sucedia antes, importar os materiais de Espanha e França? “A primeira razão é uma otimização logística. Há sempre capacidade industrial disponível, mas nos momentos de consumo há grande dificuldade em responder às necessidades do terreno. E depois é poder encontrar soluções à medida do país, adaptadas à realidade local. Há uma série de especificidades em termos de culturas, do momento de o fazer ou do tipo de solos, por exemplo, que em Portugal são maioritariamente ácidos”, respondeu Rui Rosa."

Recordei-me logo do exemplo da Coloplast.

Trecho retirado do JdN de ontem em "Gigante da agropecuária expande logística em Setúbal"

Mais um sintoma de Mongo

Mais um sintoma de Mongo, "A Final Episode for the TV Listings", longe vão os tempos da Lucille Ball.

Variedade, variedade, variedade.

Não confundir com variabilidade.

Sem estar com as mãos na massa...

Há dias em "A caminho da Sildávia, portanto." escrevi:

"Acham que as universidades ensinam a gerir empresas no mundo complexo em que vivemos? Vejam a SONAE, mal foge do negócio do preço, perde dinheiro."

Na altura quando escrevi a frase "Acham que as universidades ensinam a gerir empresas no mundo complexo em que vivemos?" ainda pensei: "estarei a exagerar?"

Agora posso afirmá-lo: Não, não estava a exagerar!

Qual foi a grande mudança da microeconomia nos últimos 40/50 anos? O fim da supremacia da economia do século XX.

O avatar da economia do século XX é este pico único na paisagem competitiva:

Uma empresa para ter sucesso tinha de subir aquele pico único do lado esquerdo. Quanto mais subisse, mais sucesso tinha.

Num mundo em que os clientes/consumidores são na sua grande maioria metidos numa gande categoria de "Grande Centrão" ganha quem fornecer ao preço mais baixo.

Os professores nas universidades foram formatados nesta lógica. Por isso, a previsão falhada por Daniel Bessa.

Contudo, o século XXI é diferente. O século XXI é cada vez mais uma multidão de picos, como no lado direito da figura acima. As regras para ter sucesso na escalada ao longo de um pico são, em parte crescente, diferentes das regras para ter sucesso e trepar os outros picos. Quem está longe do terreno continua a repetir as velhas fórmulas aprendidas no século XX. Por isso, escrevi aqui tanto sobre a tríade: os académicos, os políticos e os comentadores que apenas conheciam as regras do século XX aí e ficaram encalhados.

Por esquecimento ou ignorância, quando se discute estratégia muitas vezes deixam-se de fora os pressupostos. E os pressupostos são fundamentais.

BTW, no mundo competitivo do lado direito não só há uma multidão de picos como cada vez mais há uns picos que afundam e outros que nascem, tudo com uma frequência crescente. Sem estar com as mãos na massa é difícil perceber o que é que é preciso fazer para ter sucesso... e mesmo assim, o que era verdade ontem amanhã já é mentira.

"It's time to think small" (parte II)

Mão amiga remeteu-me este artigo "Amazon Taking on Farfetch With New Luxury Brand Platform":

"Amazon (NASDAQ:AMZN) is developing a new platform for luxury brands that could bring it into direct competition with the existing luxury fashion marketplace Farfetch (NYSE:FTCH).

According to industry site WWD, a dozen luxury brands are reportedly ready to debut on the platform in September where they will not only have full control over their online stores, but will also be able to tap into Amazon's customer service operations and utilize its rapid delivery network."

Quem segue este blogue sabe que não gosto da abordagem da Farfetch como máquina de queimar dinheiro para ganhar quota de mercado.

O que fariam na posição da Farfetch? Como reagiriam a um movimento deste tipo? Como se diferenciariam? Remember, até mesmo no mundo das plataformas "não é winner-take-all"

Estórias que alegram a travessia do deserto

Um dos livros que herdei da biblioteca do meu pai foi “Small Is Beautiful” de E.F. Schumacher. Acho que nunca o li, o que é estranho para alguém que escreve sobre a democratização da produção e sobre Mongo.

Esta semana comecei a ler "When More Is Not Better" de Roger Martin (claro que irei escrever mais do que uma vez sobre um livro que ataca a paranóia do eficientismo). Ao ler a longa introdução dei comigo a discordar das razões do autor para a origem da deriva de desigualdade que afecta a economia americana a partir de 1972. O empobrecimento da classe trabalhadora americana e europeia se calhar tem muito mais a ver com o enriquecimento das classes trabalhadoras no chamado Terceiro Mundo. O capital existe para apoiar empreendedores e muitos deles sofrem da doença anglo-saxónica. Se existem trabalhadores mais baratos noutra parte do mundo... porque não deslocalizar a produção para essa outra parte do mundo e obter um maior retorno?

Por isso, sonho com Mongo, sonho com a democratização da produção, sonho com a salvação pela arte.
Por isso, sonho com uma economia que não aspira ao crescimento desmesurado, mas à paixão.
Por isso, sonho com uma economia de makers recheada de ateliês e cooperativas.

Por isso, aprecio estórias como esta "Want to Make It Big in Fashion? Think Small Like, Evan Kinori":

"Evan Kinori, 32, operates a one-man clothing label. Here — or rather in an adjacent garage — he creates garments that are manufactured mostly within a one-mile radius of his workshop in small hand-numbered batches, in patterns and fabrics that change by subtle degrees from one season to the next and that, as GQ recently noted, “sell fast and never reappear.”
...
Mr. Kinori does not call himself a tailor or even a designer. Rather, he is a craftsman, somewhat in the tradition of people like the great Bay Area architect Joseph Esherick, who throughout his career concerned himself less with creating branded monuments to himself than with making harmonious, humane spaces.
...
Mr. Kinori’s clothes bring to mind those houses — careful, deliberate, free of ostentation, handmade. They are cut from patterns he devises himself and sewn with French seams on single-needle machines. They are pieced together from cloth sourced from dead stock or traditional Irish tweed makers like Molloy & Sons in County Donegal or Belgian linen manufactories or kimono cotton mills in far-off Japanese prefectures. When he works, he thinks less about the demands of the industrial fashion machine than a desire to create durable objects."

Não sou ingénuo ao ponto de pensar que operários transformam-se em criadores-fazedores com um golpe de mágica.
Não sou ingénuo ao ponto de pensar que se fica rico, mas ganha-se a vida de cabeça erguida, é-se independente e livre.

Tenho de ter a paciência de viver os 47 dias incipentes, a travessia do deserto, antes da transformação.

BTW, a direita política não aprecia Mongo porque retira poder às so-called elites rentistas. A esquerda política também não aprecia Mongo porque lhe retira peões.

Acerca do modelo de produção do século XX

"In his forthcoming book, Craft: An American History, scholar Glenn Adamson traces the relentless erosion of craftsmanship that occurred as the U.S. transitioned from a nation of artisans to an industrialized economy. In it, he retells a familiar story about Henry Ford and his newfangled assembly line with an interesting twist, which is worth quoting at length:
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In the first year of the assembly line, so many workers walked out of the Ford plant in disgust that more than 52,000 had to be hired just to maintain a constant labor force of 14,000. Though the company had massively deskilled the process of assembly, each new employee still had to be trained. This was an inefficiency Ford had not counted on. Famously, he raised wages to five dollars per day, far above the industry norm, just to keep workers on the job. Later this was spun as a brilliant maneuver to help his own employees afford Model Ts, turning them into consumers. Actually, it was a means of coping with a self-inflicted management crisis. In any case, Ford did not have to pay these high wages for long. As the entire industry shifted to the assembly line—and then other sectors of the economy followed suit—workers had little choice but to submit to the new manufacturing techniques."

Os humanos gostam de variedade, gostam de se diferenciar, não apreciam a uniformidade da produção em massa. No entanto, no século XX, tiveram de se submeter a ela para ter acesso a bens baratos. Há muito que escrevo aqui que praticamente toda a gente acha que o modelo de produção do século XX é o modelo definitivo e que qualquer desvio face a esse modelo é um ataque aos trabalhadores.

Como não sorrir ao comparar essa crença a estes picos:

Daqui a 100 anos os humanos vão olhar para trás e horrorizar-se com o modelo de produção do século XX.

Venha Mongo!

Trecho retirado de "Restoring craft to work"

Desformatando (parte II)

Parte I.

"Much of the fragmentation is likely to occur in product design and commercialization activities.
This activity depends on creative talent, and creative talent tends to seek the autonomy available in smaller organizational settings. This creative talent can establish much closer connections to their customers and build deeper relationships over time that will help them to deliver more effective personalization and customization, opening up opportunities for customers to participate in the design and creation of the products. These more specialized players will acquire deeper insight into the needs of the highly focused niches they are serving—needs that the customers themselves have a hard time articulating or may not even recognize.
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[Moi ici: Niche operators] Over time, they should have a greater impact on their domains, competing with large companies by serving increasingly diversified consumer desires and providing personalized, even localized, products and services.
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As consumer demand for uniqueness or other specialized attributes causes product fragmentation, another type of fragmentation will occur in the retail space, as retailers cater to specific consumer preferences with a targeted set of niche products. A new type of retailer is emerging that uses both physical and virtual facilities to help customers more effectively navigate a vast range of products to find and use those that are most personally relevant. They will increasingly offer targeted experiences to niche customer segments—showcasing products, providing learning environments to help customers get more value from the products, and creating venues for customers to form communities around these niche offerings. This phenomenon is different from more narrowly defined curation services, which simply provide expertise or reviews in a product category.
Increasingly, we will see similar trends across other domains where the barriers to entry, commercialization, and learning are diminishing."

Trechos retirados de "The hero’s journey through the landscape of the future" do Deloitte Center for the Edge" de 2014.

Desformatando

"The erosion of barriers to forming and pursuing a business venture [Moi ici: A democratização da produção levará a um mundo muito diferente daquele que o século XX formatou] will lead to increasing fragmentation in certain parts of the economy.
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For individuals and small entities, the barriers to forming and pursuing a business venture are rapidly being dismantled. As barriers fall, many small yet viable players will emerge, with increasing influence on the economy, via three primary pathways:

• Freelancers, empowered by online staffing platforms, will begin as individual contractors, but will quickly transition to forming flexible teams—colloquially called “hives”—comprised of other freelancers with complementary skill sets. Gradually, these hives will move from just accepting work from other businesses to collectively creating their own products and services, and ultimately forming their own small companies.

• Hobbyists will transition from “moonlighting”— working full-time for someone else while pursuing their passion projects during off-hours—to being fully dedicated business owners.

...

• “Star” performers within big companies— confident of their value and frustrated by a lack of autonomy—will increasingly choose to leave employers in favor of building businesses that use their full range of talents.

...
Fragmentation (within a domain) is defined by the following characteristics:

• Each player within the domain has a small, addressable market and is focused on a specific niche

• Collectively, players address a diverse spectrum of customer and market needs

• Both players and niches are proliferating within the domain

• No single player has enough market share to influence the direction of the domain long term

• A relatively modest level of investment is sufficient to enter and sustain position

• “Diseconomies of scale” are in play—it is more challenging for large players to stay in business"

Trechos retirados de "The hero’s journey through the landscape of the future" do Deloitte Center for the Edge" de 2014.