"this feeling of being “ripped-off”"

"what airlines have forgotten over time is, that if you treat customers like rational customers then you will get rational customers and extremely price sensible customers in the end.  However, there is a good reason why economics is called a dismal science. So if you follow economists, you get a dismal industry.

...

The digital customer is a knowledgeable customer due to all the information he has. So if airlines treat him still like the stupid customer of the past when he had no access the information, customers will feel even more exploit by the airlines as profit maximizers. The bad joke is that the airlines short-term profit seeking behavior is exactly the reason why there is no profit in the airline industry.

...

Airlines have trained their customer to look for the best price and not for value, and now the customers look via comparison engines for the best price and not value.

Airlines have conditioned their customers in the past on price, now that backfires, since customers have to be retrained about value. And as we all know, unlearning is impossible. Airlines have trained customers for a long time on price to be the sole criteria so value strategies will have serious problems to even reach the customers.

...

the difference for the same flight from the same airline can be up to 50%. How can I trust the corporate site, if they want to rip me off? It is not the 50 CHF that annoys me but this feeling of being “ripped-off”."

Trechos retirados de "The strange business model of airlines" 

"It's the Benefits, Stupid!"

"It's the Benefits, Stupid! A project leader pointed out that project teams and owners focus too little on the benefits of their projects and too much on costs and schedule. It's not that cost and schedule are not important, emphasized this leader. But the ultimate reason for doing projects is their benefits. Cost and schedule are means to an end - - the end being benefits - not ends in themselves. We must therefore keep our eyes on the benefits, or we lose sight of why we do what we do, the leader concluded. - Again, the cohort was sympathetic. And again, our research supports the heuristic. First, we have found that most projects don't even measure benefits, making their study difficult. Second, project managers who do measure and manage benefits perform better than managers who do not. Not only do these managers perform better in delivering benefits, but also in delivering on budget and on time. It appears that once project managers know how to get benefits right, they know how to get everything right. They have graduated to the level of the mature and effective project leader. Therefore, if you don't already focus on benefits in your projects, now is a good time to start. You will not truly master project management until you do."

Trecho retirado de "Heuristics for Masterbuilders: Fast and Frugal Ways to Become a Better Project Leader" 

"the real impacts happen when they act like small ones"

Há anos fixei um tweet de Tom Peters neste postal Too Big To Care que voltei a referir neste outro postal Too big to care.

Ontem, recordei-me dele ao ler Seth Godin em "Is it possible to care at scale?":

"Caring at scale can’t be done by the CEO or a VP. But what these folks can do is create a culture that cares. They can hire people who are predisposed to care. They can pay attention to the people who care and measure things that matter instead of chasing the short term.

Large organizations have significant structural advantages. But the real impacts happen when they act like small ones."

Por que se pedem paletes de mão de obra estrangeira barata?

Volta e meia oiço, ou leio, líderes associativos a pedirem paletes de mão de obra estrangeira barata para resolverem o seu problema.

Qual o impacte da política de imigração de Trump nos salários dos americanos mais pobres?

Qual o impacte de um mercado laboral apertado nos salários dos trabalhadores?

"Given that inadequate employment plays such a powerful role in theories of poverty, it is surprising how little research has been done on whether, or to what extent, tight labor markets reverse these trajectories. Only recently have scholars turned their attention to the impact of tight labor markets on inequality, offering insight into how very tight labor markets have the potential to substantially close the Black-white wage, income, and unemployment gaps. If persistent unemployment or low earnings are indeed the root of most poverty problems, then truly tight labor markets that last long enough to reach those at the bottom of the economic ladder should change the equation in two ways. First, low unemployment should catalyze competition among employers to attract workers, driving them to improve job quality—including raising wages for workers on the bottom rungs. Second, low unemployment should draw jobless workers off the sidelines, transforming applicants with little formal education or employment experience into viable job candidates.

These benefits should flow into the other domains tied to poverty. As hiring managers are forced to look further afield for workers, the stigma attached to having a criminal record, especially a nonviolent one, should be less of a barrier. In theory, when men can claim steady salaries, young women have more choices in the partnership “market.” Tight labor markets provide women with more options as well, including raising children on their own in more economically secure households. As unemployment declines, neighborhood peace should be easier to secure since economic security begets residential stability, which increases social capital and peaceful streets.

...

we explore the gains that can accrue for people living in poverty when labor is scarce and jobs are going begging.

...

Poor workers are instead marked—by race, criminal records, or past unemployment—in ways that are often stigmatized by employers. Our research shows that these qualitative distinctions mean that these workers are categorically excluded from work opportunities until the labor market becomes especially tight, around 4 percent unemployment, at which point opportunities open up."

Interessante, sempre pensei isto e sempre considerei os pedidos de paletes de mão de obra estrangeira barata uma forma de manter os salários baixos. Uma forma de reduzir o imperativo desubir na escala de valor, para que a produtividade acrescida permita pagar os salários crescentes.

Trechos retirados de "Moving the Needle" de Katherine S. Newman.

Rumo ao fundo da tabela

Extraordinário, Roménia agora tem poder de compra superior a Portugal e "Portugal é o sétimo país com menor PIB per capita da UE. Foi ultrapassado pela Estónia e Letónia"

Recordar:

• A previsão mais fácil de todas. Socialismo = Sildávia!
• Para reflexão
• É sempre possível piorar!
• A caminho da Sildávia ao vivo e a cores, mais um pacotão

Sabem por que é que acabaram as PPPs? Para impedir comparações como estas entre portas, para não mostrar o estado do SNS.

Quem não os conhecer que os compre

"This article presents results from the first statistically significant study of traffic forecasts in transportation infrastructure projects. The sample used is the largest of its kind, covering 210 projects in 14 nations worth U.S.$9 billion. The study shows with very high statistical significance that forecasters generally do a poor job of estimating the demand for transportation infrastructure projects. For 9 out of 10 rail projects, passenger forecasts are overestimated; the average overestimation is 106%. For half of all road projects, the difference between actual and forecasted traffic is more than +20%. The result is substantial financial risks, which are typically ignored or downplayed by planners and decision-makers to the detriment of social and economic welfare. Our data also show that forecasts have not become more accurate over the 30-year period studied, despite claims to the contrary by forecasters. The causes of inaccuracy in forecasts are different for rail and road projects, with political causes playing a larger role for rail than for road."

Trecho retirado de "How (In)accurate Are Demand Forecasts in Public Works Projects? - The Case of Transportation" de Bent Flyvbjerg, Mette K. Skamris Holm, e Soren L. Buhl, publicado no Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 71, No. 2, Spring 2005. 

Iterar mais rapidamente

No início da década de 90 trabalhei com uma empresa japonesa do ramo automóvel no projecto CDW27, que mais tarde seria o Ford Mondeo. O japonês com quem trabalhava gabava-se do cliente Toyota ser muito mais dinâmico que a Ford. Julgo que ele dizia que enquanto a Ford demorava 5 anos a pôr um carro no mercado a Toyota demorava 3 anos, ou então era 7 anos versus 5 anos. Não interessam os números exactos, o que interessa é chamar à reflexão o pensamento de Boyd sobre a vantagem de quem consegue iterar mais depressa, o que tiver o ciclo OODA mais curto:

"The key is the combination — rigor in each step; and getting through more cycles of the OODA Loop faster than the enemy."

Nestes tempos de contexto a mudar a um ritmo alucinante, interrogo-me sobre a vantagem das empresas com um rolling budget versus a que têm um orçamento anual e uma disciplina férrea na sua execução. 

"awarding contracts to domestic companies is a good way to make influential friends and win public support" (parte II)

O ministro João Galamba. 

Este blogue percebe-o tão bem. Ontem ao fm da tarde li, ""Teremos uma fábrica de comboios em Portugal", garante João Galamba".

Como não recordar o recente postal "awarding contracts to domestic companies is a good way to make influential friends and win public support"

"isn’t a license to not worry about costs"

Uma, mais uma, excelente reflexão de Roger Martin, que por sua vez nos põe a pensar. Desta vez é "Cost-Effective Differentiation - Why it Really Matters for your Strategy" da qual sublinho a parte final:

"Real differentiators have the margin room to be aggressive with pricing when needed and, in addition, have the earnings from their high margins to invest in the next differentiation. And low-cost players can grab share by pricing below the level that any other player is game to match. Consequently, ineffective high-value players have difficulty growing. Customers who happen to really value their particular offering remain loyal customers at the price they need to charge. But as with all companies, ineffective high-value players face a downward-sloping demand curve in which higher prices mean lower demand.

Simply, the ability to grow any business is hampered by needing to charge a high enough price to earn a return on costs. If those costs are higher than they need to be, but you add value to a set of customers, you will have a decent business. But it won’t be a great business.

Seeking to be a differentiator isn’t a license to not worry about costs. It is all one singular value equation. The determinant of your competitiveness is the margin between the value you create and the costs you incur. And in that metric: a buck is a buck is a buck."

Recordo trading up versus trading down.

Uma regra de polegar

A propósito dos projectos públicos, um exemplo de uma boa prática que deve servir de alerta para as notícias que acompanham o anúncio de obras públicas:

"Subways would seem to be an even harder case for modularization, but when Madrid Metro carried out one of the world's largest subway expansions between 1995 and 2003, it leaned on modularity in two ways. First, the seventy-six stations required for the expansion were treated like Lego, with all sharing the same simple, clean, functional design. Costs plunged, and speed of delivery soared. To amplify those effects, Madrid Metro shunned new technologies. Only proven technologies - those with a high degree of "frozen experience" - were used."

Trecho retirado de "How Big Things Get Done" de Bent Flyvbjerg. 

Alteração de contexto

Hoje no JdN sublinhei:

"Há regras que são simples como: para haver retorno tem que haver risco e, quem promete o contrário, dizendo que não está a correr risco, está a enganar alguém e, no fim, alguém vai pagar a conta."

Recordei logo este esquema de 2008:

Entretanto, também hoje no Twitter fixei:

Isto num país endividado com empresas endividadas é um grande modificador do contexto (já não é o tempo desta política?).

Quantas empresas estão a rever a sua estratégia para equacionar esta alteração de contexto?

Evitar o blame game

Ouvi uma conversa em que o auditor interno corporativo dizia que não auditava as auditorias internas das unidades de negócio, para impedir que as unidades de negócio entrassem num esforço de esconder a realidade, com medo das auditorias corporativas.

Dias depois, recordei algo que li em "Caixa Negra" de Matthew Syed algures em 2018:

"if pilots anticipate being blamed unfairly, they will not make the reports on their own mistakes and near misses, thus suppressing the precious information that has driven aviation's remarkable safety record. This is why blame should never be apportioned for reasons of corporate or political expediency, but only ever after a proper investigation by experts with a ground-level understanding of the complexity in which professionals operate.

The jury did their best to make up their minds on the facts, but it is not easy while sitting in a staid courtroom to make a judgment about split-second decisions made in the cockpit of a 200-ton jumbo jet flying through thick fog at nearly 200 mph.

But if the Oscar November incident shows anything, it is just how easy it is to engage in the blame game. A tragedy very nearly happened, therefore someone had to be punished. Aviation is generally an industry with an empowering attitude toward error, and is rightly considered a leader when it comes to having a just culture. It rarely engages in blame and uses mistakes to drive learning.

...

But what the Oscar November incident reveals is that even a pioneering industry like aviation is not completely immune from the blame tendency. And perhaps it exposes, more than anything, just how far we need to travel to eradicate the blame instinct once and for all."

Uma estória sobre um banco

Ontem, durante as compras da manhã emergiu na minha mente, já não me recordo porquê, a palavra temperança.

Sempre que penso nessa palavra recordo uma estória que li em 2013:

"Sonny, we’ve been in business for 85 years. What makes you think we won’t be in business another 85?"

Usar a maximização, quando se trata de negócios, é demasiado perigoso, demasiado arriscado.

A estória de 2013 é sobre um banco...

Zombies, produtividade e subsídios

Em "How not to grow the economy" li uma espécie de resumo do que tenho escrito por aqui ao longo dos anos:

"But there is a deeper problem with Labour's and the Tories' approach to the productivity slump. While both parties have bought into the new economic consensus - that is, the belief that low business investment is at the root of lacklustre growth - they also share the belief that businesses need more state financial support. In today's circumstances, though, this would act to entrench the low-growth quagmire.

...

But there is a big problem here: state financial aid to business is self-defeating. [Moi ici: A lição de Spender] It hinders the innovation it is meant to promote. State handouts encourage corporate dependency and reduce the pressure on businesses to become more productive and commercially competitive. They often blunt the incentive for producers to experiment with and develop even better technologies. Businesses often end up concentrating on meeting various government criteria and conditions, rather than focussing on what might be best commercially.  [Moi ici: Recordo A economia das carpetes e biombos e O nefasto poder aditivo dos subsídios] 

...

Not all state-investment measures come with such onerous conditions. But state subsidies are never a free lunch. They are usually prescriptive and they often intrude on normal commercial practices. Whatever their intentions, state incentives often distort business-investment activities.

The contemporary problem for growth has not been too little but too much state support. Sustaining the business status quo with an abundance of subsidies doesn't just distort corporate focus and decision-making. It also helps sustain a zombie economy, by keeping inefficient and even unprofitable businesses afloat. [Moi ici: Recordar Para que servem os apoios e subsídios? e A morte lenta]

...

Zombie firms are those that, without extra support, such as cheap and easy debt facilities or state financial relief, would normally close down due to poor performance. Since the 1980s, this zombification trend has congested the wider economy. It blocks the creative-destructive process by which economies have moved ahead in the past, with lower-productivity, less-efficient businesses giving way to expanding, higher-productivity businesses.

Today, business investment is being held back by a surfeit of the old. Peter Drucker, one of the most influential 20th-century business thinkers, argued that the first step in innovation is to get rid of yesterday. 'If leaders are unable to slough off yesterday', he said, 'they simply will not be able to create tomorrow. [Moi ici: Recordar deixem as empresas evoluir ou morrer, ponto!!!] Drucker argued that dying products, services or processes - even if still profitable today shackle people and resources. This applies not just for individual businesses, but also for the economy in general. An excess of low-productivity firms gums up the whole economy, disincentivising even the healthiest businesses from investing in new advancements.

...

Instead of letting the old go, a profusion of state policies now sustains what already exists. These policies - monetary, fiscal and regulatory - tend to favour larger, incumbent companies at the expense of smaller, younger firms. And it is those smaller, younger firms that would usually be the ones innovating and driving productivity higher. [Moi ici: Recordar Maliranta em Deixar a produtividade aumentar]

...

But perhaps the biggest obstacle is the state's mummification of an already moribund economy. Fortunately, this is probably the easiest one for a government to overcome. It can turn off the corporate-welfare mechanisms that preserve and stultify. And it can start doing so right now."

Some Countries Do 'Ave 'Em

Na quarta-feira ao final do dia li "A economia, as políticas e os negócios" de onde sublinhei:

"Quem quer investir num país assim?

Bom dia, o Governo tem um discurso cada vez mais agressivo contra as empresas, especialmente as maiores e que têm lucros. É trágico. 

...

À medida que as condições económicas e sociais apertam, ou quando o Governo está sob pressão mediática por um qualquer caso, ao fim de sete anos de governação, já se pode identificar um padrão. Em Portugal, é preferível ter uma empresa pequena, e com prejuízos [Moi ici: Subsidize it]. As grandes empresas, com lucros, estão permanentemente em risco, mesmo quando esses lucros são 'vistosos' em termos absolutos mas limitados quando avaliados em função do capital investido (verdadeiramente, o critério que é relevante). 

...

António Costa até pode beneficiar no curto prazo deste discurso contra as empresas, contra os bancos, contra as companhias de energia, de telecomunicações ou da distribuição. Num momento em que os portugueses perdem rendimento disponível, e quando o desemprego começa a dar sinais de agravamento, são um alvo fácil. É a tal habilidade política que todos lhe reconhecem. Mas é ao mesmo tempo a nossa perdição. Quem quer investir num país assim?"

 Agora comparemos com Inglaterra em "How not to grow the economy":

"Despite the many legitimate criticisms of the short-lived Liz Truss administration, it did leave one exceptional legacy. It put the question of economic growth, and the importance of raising productivity, back on the mainstream political agenda.

...

It took an extraordinary triple whammy - the pandemic lockdowns, the postlockdown disruptions to global supply chains, and the war in Ukraine - to finally force the British political class, in the shape of the Truss administration, to acknowledge the dire state of the economy. It put the need for growth back on the agenda."

Este último artigo merece um comentário mais longo. 

Um organismo unido, focado e determinado

Na segunda-feira de manhã cedo ouvi o zunzum sobre o que se passou com o navio de patrulha Mondego.

Ontem de manhã, durante a minha caminhada matinal continuei a leitura de "How Big Things Get Done" de Bent Flyvbjerg. Comecei e acabei a leitura do capítulo 8 - “A SINGLE, DETERMINED ORGANISM”.

O capítulo fala sobre a importância de ter uma equipa coesa na implementação de um projecto e sobre como criar essa coesão. O livro usa o exemplo da construção do Terminal 5 (T5) de Heathrow sob a responsabilidade da British Airports Authority (BAA).

Os subtítulos apresentados no caso são:

• A DEADLINE SET IN STONE
• HOW TO BUILD A TEAM
• MAKING HISTORY
• 4:00 A. M.

Em Making History pode ler-se:

"Identity was the first step. Purpose was the second. It had to matter that you worked for T5. To that end, the worksite was plastered with posters and other promotions comparing T5 with great projects of the past: the partially completed Eiffel Tower in Paris; Grand Central Terminal under construction in New York; the massive Thames Barrier flood controls in London. Each appeared on posters with the caption "We're making history, too."

...

I grew up in construction and know from firsthand experience that construction workers are sharp as knives at understanding what's happening on their worksites. Moreover, they have a well-founded skepticism of management. They know corporate propaganda when they see it, and they distrust it. "Most guys turn up with cynicism on any site we go to," Richard Harper said. They are usually right to be cynical "because it's all bollocks what the people [management] are saying." Promises aren't kept. Work conditions are poor. Workers aren't listened to. When reality doesn't match the words, corporate PR about teamwork and making history is worse than useless on the shop floor.

The workers brought their usual cynicism to T5, Harper said. "But with that site, within, if not fortyeight hours, a week maximum, everybody had bought into the philosophy of T5. Because they could see T5 was implementing what they said they would do." It started with the on-site facilities. "It was just something mind-boggling," Harper told me, sounding amazed even now. "The guys had never seen this. The toilets, the showers, the canteens were the best I've ever seen on any site I've worked on in the world They were fantastic."

...

Harper said. "If guys had wet gloves, they only had to take them back to the store and they got a fresh pair of gloves. If they had a scratch on the glasses and couldn't see properly, they'd take the glasses back, and they were changed. Guys weren't used to this. This was totally new to them. On other jobs, they told you, 'If you're not happy with the glasses or whatever, buy your own.' " These may sound like small things to outsiders, but as Harper pointed out, for workers they are "massive, just massive. You set a man to work in the morning and you've put the things there that he wants, then you get a good day's work. You start them off in a bad way, and you know the next eight to ten hours, it's going to be very difficult." Multiply that by thousands of workers and thousands of days, and you do indeed get something massive.

T5's managers not only listened to workers, they consulted them, asking some to sit down with designers to explore how designs and workflows could be improved."

Cheguei ao fim do capítulo, desliguei o tablet e voltei ao Mondego ...

"Os militares denunciam "a entrada de água em dois momentos diferentes, falta de manutenção do único dos dois motores que equipam a embarcação, um dos três geradores de energia inoperacionais e diversas fugas de óleo", entre outros problemas."

E pensei, que excelente forma de criar um “A SINGLE, DETERMINED ORGANISM”. 

BTW, nunca esqueço:

Foi você que falou em certificação dos clientes?

Nestes tempos em que se fala tanto de qualidade, de satisfação dos clientes, de certificação, de clientes mistério, de ... 

"Americans are encountering more problems with companies' products and services than ever before, and a higher proportion of them are actively seeking "revenge" for their troubles, a new study has found.

Some 74% of the 1,000 consumers surveyed said they had experienced a product or service problem in the past year. That is up from 66% in 2020, when the study last was conducted, and 56% in 2017. Only 32% told researchers they had experienced a problem in 1976, when a similar version of the study was first conducted.

The percentage of consumers who have taken action to settle a score against a company through measures such as pestering or public shaming in person or online, has tripled to 9% from 3% in 2020, according to the study. That reversed a downward trend with regards to revenge-seeking behavior: The average percentage of customers seeking revenge between 2003 and 2017 was 17%."(1)

"Effective support for years has been looked upon as a consumer right, however, and some customer experience executives say stratifying it into tiers runs the risk of eroding trust among those who can't or don't want to pay." (2)

(1) - As Customer Problems Hit a Record High, More People Seek 'Revenge 

(2) - Want Better Customer Service? Join the (Membership) Club

Espirais

"Perhaps most important, management started celebrating progress against inchstones and milestones. The spiral of negativity was replaced by an updraft of accomplishment that everyone could feel. The whole turnaround process took ninety very intense days and nights."

Ter um plano detalhado, querer cumpri-lo a sério.

Trecho retirado de  "How Big Things Get Done" de Bent Flyvbjerg. 

Falta de trabalhadores, baixos salários, mas as empresas não podem fechar

Uma pergunta, uma dúvida que me assalta várias vezes: qual o papel do líder de uma associação empresarial?

Deve o líder de uma associação pensar no futuro do sector, ou no futuro dos membros do sector? Não é a mesma coisa. O futuro não se constrói sem destruição criativa. Daí a opção pela defesa do passado em detrimento do abraço ao futuro.

Já por várias vezes li, ou ouvi, a secretária-geral da AHRESP a queixar-se da falta de trabalhadores para o sector. Ainda em Dezembro passado li:

"Antes da pandemia falávamos numa necessidade de 40 mil, mas com a pandemia esse número agravou-se. O próprio Governo falou na necessidade de cerca de 50 mil postos de trabalho e não foi resolvido. Não foi feito nada para resolver este problema."

Entretanto, no Expresso do passado Sábado li "Por dia, 14 restaurantes estão a fechar portas":

""São números que nos preocupam e que nos levam a reforçar a necessidade de serem criados mecanismos de apoio às empresas que não passem só pelas linhas de crédito. Insistimos na aplicação temporária da taxa reduzida de IVA nos serviços de alimentação e bebidas", defende Ana Jacinto, secretária-geral da AHRESP."

Às segundas, terças e quartas protestamos contra os baixos salários e horrorizamos-nos com a baixa produtividade portuguesa. Às quintas, sextas e Sábados pedimos apoios ao governo de turno para salvar as empresas que praticam baixos salários e empurram a produtividade do país para baixo.

Entretanto, no ECO leio, "Há cada vez mais restaurantes a pedirem gorjeta aos clientes. "E um 'forcing' para que continue esse incentivo"":

"A medida começou a ser implementada em agosto do ano passado, tendo como objetivo "melhoria das condições" dos colaboradores, já que as gorjetas "sempre tiveram um grande peso na composição do rendimento total dos colaboradores", e de modo a permitir uma distribuição 'mais justa e transparente" das mesmas, justifica o responsável.

...

os comerciantes fazem isto no sentido de dar um forcing para que continue esse incentivo de gorjetas. No fundo, para colmatar os baixos salários que pagam na restauração"

Recordo o meu velho grito: Deixem as empresas morrer! 

Estratégia e noção

Há artigos de jornal que me deixam abananado.

Quinta-feira passada recomendaram-me "Temos um nível de poder baixíssimo sobre os clientes da indústria automóvel" que começa assim:

"Nos últimos cinco anos houve um "pequeno movimento de concentração" na indústria dos moldes, aproveitando uma altura em que várias empresas estão em transição geracional, mas Nuno Silva sublinha que essa consolidação tem ainda de ser acelerada para o setor conseguir equilibrar os argumentos negociais com os grandes clientes, sobretudo no ramo automóvel que assegura 80% das encomendas."

Trabalhar um produto de baixo valor acrescentado, feito por encomenda num mercado com muita oferta e querer ter poder negocial? Come on!

O que aprendi sobre moldes em 2017 - Temos ainda muito trabalho por fazer.

O que recomendo às empresas há muito tempo:

• Cuidado com a pedofilia (Junho de 2011)
• Fornecer a Autoeuropa não é necessariamente uma boa decisão para uma PME portuguesa-tipo (Outubro de 2012)
• Mais um exemplo de subida na escala do preço (Fevereiro de 2014)
• Cuidado com a pedofilia empresarial (Outubro de 2014)
• Um exemplo - Dezembro de 2015 - A prova do tempo... tudo por causa de um Pingo Doce

Ainda no mesmo artigo, quer-se subir na escala de valor, mas quer-se dinheiro barato emprestado para adiantar as encomendas, não para investir, ou seja o clássico de Spender que citei em 2015 em Apesar das boas intenções:

"The funds flowed selectively into the least viable part of the industry, preventing change, and subsidized competition".

Arrisco dizer que muitos apoios não são para criar o futuro, mas para baixar custos de produção... recordar Uma espécie de esquema Ponzi