quarta-feira, janeiro 13, 2010
Estímulos, lareiras e pinhas
Mais um estádio do Euro a caminho da implosão, agora é o do Algarve.
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Quando os investimentos públicos são anunciados fala-se nos postos de trabalho criados "É hoje lançada, com a presença do primeiro-ministro, a obra de reforço de potência da Barragem Venda Nova III, na zona de Vieira do Minho, que deverá criar 2 mil postos de trabalho, dos quais 500 directos. "
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Esses postos de trabalho são criados para o período da construção, uma vez terminada a construção desaparecem.
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Esta estória dos estímulos faz-me lembrar o uso de uma pinha para acender uma lareira, se não houver madeira suficiente para alimentar a chama, a pinha arde, consome-se e a chama apaga-se com ela.
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Originação de valor e melhorias incrementais
Li este postal do meu amigo Aranha sobre o filme Avatar.
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Depois, cheguei a esta opinião de Roger no seu blog na HBS "Why Good Spreadsheets Make Bad Strategies" onde se pode ler:
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"We live in a world obsessed with science, preoccupied with predictability and control, and enraptured with quantitative analysis.
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In this oh-so-modern life, we have deep-seated desire to quantify the world around us so that we can understand it and control it. But the world isn't behaving. Instead, it is showing its modern, scientific inhabitants that quantity doesn't tell us as much as we would wish.
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Why are qualities so important? We need to understand the role of qualities in dealing with the complex, ambiguous and uncertain world in which we live because understanding, measuring, modeling and manipulating the quantities just won't cut it. Adding up the quantity of credit outstanding won't tell us nearly enough about what role it will play in our economy. Adding up sales won't tell us what kind of a company we really have. We need to have a much deeper understanding of their qualities — the ambiguous, hard-to-measure aspects of all of these features."
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In this oh-so-modern life, we have deep-seated desire to quantify the world around us so that we can understand it and control it. But the world isn't behaving. Instead, it is showing its modern, scientific inhabitants that quantity doesn't tell us as much as we would wish.
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Why are qualities so important? We need to understand the role of qualities in dealing with the complex, ambiguous and uncertain world in which we live because understanding, measuring, modeling and manipulating the quantities just won't cut it. Adding up the quantity of credit outstanding won't tell us nearly enough about what role it will play in our economy. Adding up sales won't tell us what kind of a company we really have. We need to have a much deeper understanding of their qualities — the ambiguous, hard-to-measure aspects of all of these features."
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Interessante como no passado Sábado, terminei a tarde de uma sessão de formação a tentar dar a minha resposta a uma pergunta que no fundo era sobre os limites da melhoria contínua do que existe, sobre as melhorias incrementais e, como todo esse esforço pode ser rapidamente ultrapassado pelo rasgo de génio, pelo UAUUUU do artista para criar valor.
terça-feira, janeiro 12, 2010
Identificação das partes interessadas
Ao preparar uma formação-acção sobre o BSC para uma organização sem fins lucrativos, revi alguns artigos para refrescar o tema da identificação e caracterização das partes interessadas.
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Quando facilito o desenho de um mapa da estratégia começo sempre pela perspectiva dos clientes. Quando se trata de uma organização com fins lucrativos o caminho é directo - quem são os clientes-alvo? Para quem é que a organização trabalha? Para quem se projecta no cumprimento da sua missão?
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Quando se trata de uma organização sem fins lucrativos o caminho não é tão directo - para quem é que a organização trabalha? Quem são os seus clientes? Para quem se projecta no cumprimento da sua missão? Falar em clientes-alvo já pode ser, em si mesmo, traiçoeiro... mas chega considerar os clientes? Não!!!
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É preciso considerar e jogar com as prioridades de diferentes entidades, de diferentes partes, as partes interessadas. Cada uma com os seus interesses próprios, com diferentes capacidades de influenciar a actuação dos gestores.
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Destaco dois artigos sobre o tema, o primeiro é:
- "Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Counts", de Ronald Mitchell, Bradley Agle e Donna Wood, publicado por Academy of Management Review, 1997, Vol.22, No. 4, 853-886.
Do primeiro artigo destaquei:
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"The idea of comprehensively identifying stakeholder types, then, is to equip managers with the ability to recognize and respond effectively to a disparate, yet systematically comprehensible, set of entities who may or may not have legitimate claims, but who may be able to affect or are affected by the firm nonetheless, and thus affect the interests of those who do have legitimate claims.
The ultimate aim of stakeholder management practices, according to this view, could be firm centered or system centered: that is, managers might want to know about all of their stakeholders for firm-centered purposes of survival, economic well-being, damage control, taking advantage of opportunities, "doing in" the competition, winning friends and influencing public policy, coalition building, and so forth.
The ultimate aim of stakeholder management practices, according to this view, could be firm centered or system centered: that is, managers might want to know about all of their stakeholders for firm-centered purposes of survival, economic well-being, damage control, taking advantage of opportunities, "doing in" the competition, winning friends and influencing public policy, coalition building, and so forth.
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Pfeffer & Salancik (1978) picked up the idea of organizations as coalitions of varying interests and contributed the notion that organizations are "other-directed", being influenced by actors that control critical resources and have the attention of managers. In developing their stakeholder-agency model. Hill and Jones (1992) employed the agency theory view of the firm as a nexus of contracts between stakeholders and managers at a central node, where managers have the responsibility to reconcile divergent interests by making strategic
decisions and allocating strategic resources in a manner that is most consistent with the claims of the other stakeholder groups.
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We propose that, although groups can be identified reliably as stakeholders based on their possession of power, legitimacy, and urgency in relationship to the firm, it is the firm's managers
who determine which stakeholders are salient and therefore will receive management attention. In short, one can identify a firm's stakeholders based on attributes, but managers may or may not perceive the stakeholder field correctly. The stakeholders winning management's attention will be only those the managers perceive to be highly salient."
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Continua.
segunda-feira, janeiro 11, 2010
O pior já passou... pois, fiem-se na Virgem e não corram!
"America slides deeper into depression as Wall Street revels"
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O que chama a atenção é logo o subtítulo:
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"December was the worst month for US unemployment since the Great Recession began."
Os tempos agora são outros!
Há dias numa empresa, tentei transmitir a ideia de que com a internet é possível desenvolver uma marca sem grandes investimentos monetários. Hoje em dia, já não precisamos do mass-media, podemos recorrer às tribos, como refere Seth Godin neste vídeo.
Abençoada Grécia
"“If Portugal wants to avoid a downgrade, it is going to have to take meaningful, credible steps to get the deficit under control,” said Anthony Thomas, a senior sovereign risk analyst with Moody’s credit rating agency."
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Trecho retirado de "Portugal warned of threat to rating"
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Trecho retirado de "Portugal warned of threat to rating"
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domingo, janeiro 10, 2010
Inovação através do design
Costumo apelidar de manobras lanchesterianas, as cogitações limitadas dos macro-economistas, ou dos burocratas de Bruxelas, que têm uma coisa em comum: a linearidade do raciocínio.
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Costumo chamar a atenção para a vantagem da micro-economia, para a vantagem de pessoas concretas, que sentem, que têm relações amorosas com clientes, fornecedores e produtos e conseguem ver o que mais ninguém consegue ver.
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Há pouco tempo descobri na revista Fast Company uma referência que me chamou a atenção para o pensamento de Roger Martin:
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"Martin believes that the North American economy is radically transforming. As the production of goods and services increasingly becomes routinized, the cost advantages across a growing array of industries accrue to China and India. Scale alone is not enough to thrive in a world where markets are rapidly globalizing; incremental improvement won't deliver a decent ROI. Our companies will continue to prosper only if they push to the higher ground of innovating and creating "elegant, refined products and services" -- which might well be produced elsewhere.
The upshot, says Martin, is nothing less than the emergence of the design economy -- the successor to the information economy, and, before it, the service and manufacturing economies. And that shift, he argues, has profound implications for every business leader and manager among us: "Businesspeople don't just need to understand designers better -- they need to become designers."
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In a global economy, elegant design is becoming a critical competitive advantage. Trouble is, most business folks don't think like designers. (Moi ici: E os políticos? E os burocratas? E os macro-economistas? E os contabilistas? E os consultores?)
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In a recent interview in Toronto, Martin asserted that real value creation now comes from using the designer's foremost competitive weapon, his imagination, to peer into a mystery -- a problem that we recognize but don't understand -- and to devise a rough solution that explains it. "For any company that chooses to innovate, the foremost challenge is this," Martin says. "Are you willing to step back and ask, 'What's the problem we're trying to solve?' Well, that's what designers do: They take on a mystery, some abstract challenge, and they try to create a solution.
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The trouble is, when confronted with a mystery, most linear business (Moi ici: lanchesterianos) types resort to what they know best: They crunch the numbers, analyze, and ultimately redefine the problem "so it isn't a mystery anymore; it's something they've done 12 times before," Martin says. Most don't avail themselves of the designer's tools -- they don't think like designers -- and so they are ill-prepared for an economy where the winners are determined by design.
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And that, Martin claims, means traditional organizations must reinvent themselves to perform more like design shops. In this new world, there are fewer fixed, permanent assignments. Instead, work flows from project to project, and people organize their lives around their projects, just as in a design shop. (Moi ici: Tabu!!! Vida de artista saltimbanco!!! Precariedade!!! Portfolio de projectos! Trabalhar sem rede! Em suma, um resumo da vida que levo e que não quero trocar por nada!!!!!!)"
The upshot, says Martin, is nothing less than the emergence of the design economy -- the successor to the information economy, and, before it, the service and manufacturing economies. And that shift, he argues, has profound implications for every business leader and manager among us: "Businesspeople don't just need to understand designers better -- they need to become designers."
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In a global economy, elegant design is becoming a critical competitive advantage. Trouble is, most business folks don't think like designers. (Moi ici: E os políticos? E os burocratas? E os macro-economistas? E os contabilistas? E os consultores?)
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In a recent interview in Toronto, Martin asserted that real value creation now comes from using the designer's foremost competitive weapon, his imagination, to peer into a mystery -- a problem that we recognize but don't understand -- and to devise a rough solution that explains it. "For any company that chooses to innovate, the foremost challenge is this," Martin says. "Are you willing to step back and ask, 'What's the problem we're trying to solve?' Well, that's what designers do: They take on a mystery, some abstract challenge, and they try to create a solution.
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The trouble is, when confronted with a mystery, most linear business (Moi ici: lanchesterianos) types resort to what they know best: They crunch the numbers, analyze, and ultimately redefine the problem "so it isn't a mystery anymore; it's something they've done 12 times before," Martin says. Most don't avail themselves of the designer's tools -- they don't think like designers -- and so they are ill-prepared for an economy where the winners are determined by design.
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And that, Martin claims, means traditional organizations must reinvent themselves to perform more like design shops. In this new world, there are fewer fixed, permanent assignments. Instead, work flows from project to project, and people organize their lives around their projects, just as in a design shop. (Moi ici: Tabu!!! Vida de artista saltimbanco!!! Precariedade!!! Portfolio de projectos! Trabalhar sem rede! Em suma, um resumo da vida que levo e que não quero trocar por nada!!!!!!)"
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Depois de apreciar esta exposição "Why Design Thinking Is the Next Competitive Advantage", já não hesito, vou encomendar o livro. É disto que precisamos para subir na escala de valor e, aumentar a produtividade através da criação de valor, a única forma de também os trabalhadores beneficiarem.
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Já agora, a partir do minuto 20, na fase das perguntas, os consultores que apoiam a certificação de empresas deviam escutar e reflectir.
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Na passada sexta-feira, talvez no RCP, ouvi a justificação de Assis Ferreira para o despedimento de 113 trabalhadores do Casino do Estoril. Só falou de cortes e mais cortes que foram feitos para salvar os postos de trabalho. Não fez uma única referência a acções para atrair mais gente ao casino... como se os cortes atraíssem mais clientes.
O canário inglês
"When it comes to dealing with the deficit, both main parties are running scared. They are prepared to discuss spending reductions, but only in the way that 1950s Britain talked about sex: not in front of the children. Grown-ups know what's going on in private, but admit nothing in public, lest the little ones are shocked. As a result, there's a gaping hole where honesty should be. Neither side, it seems, has the courage to spell out what must be done to restore credibility. Fearing rejection by voters, they merely hint at it."
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"A shortage of taxes is not the problem. Spending has run out of control. Bear this in mind when you next hear the Prime Minister trying to bluff his way through awkward questions on budget cuts with waffle about additional levies on top-end earners."
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Trechos retirados de "Why is no one telling us the truth about spending cuts?"
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"A shortage of taxes is not the problem. Spending has run out of control. Bear this in mind when you next hear the Prime Minister trying to bluff his way through awkward questions on budget cuts with waffle about additional levies on top-end earners."
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Trechos retirados de "Why is no one telling us the truth about spending cuts?"
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E como escreve Edward Hugh no Facebook:
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"the “snow-ball” effect on debt, i.e. the self-reinforcing effect of debt accumulation (or decumulation) arising from the spread between the interest rate paid on public debt and the nominal growth rate of the national economy. I the average interest rate paid on existing public debt ...is higher than the nominal GDP growth rate then government debt ratios will trend upwards even if both the primary fiscal balance and stock-flow debt adjustment is zero.
This is how financial crises become self fulfilling, and self perpetuating."
This is how financial crises become self fulfilling, and self perpetuating."
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BTW, repararam que Chavez desvalorizou a moeda nacional em 50%?!!!
sexta-feira, janeiro 08, 2010
Não há coincidências, todos os acasos são significativos
Há dias, neste postal "A mensagem de José para o Faraó é eterna!!!" escrevi:
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"As estratégias bem sucedidas também são situacionais e o que resulta num dado ecossistema competitivo, deixa de funcionar quando este ultrapassa certos limites de mudança. Por isso, o conceito de business landscape que se move (introduzido por Ghemawaht), independentemente da vontade ou da actuação do actor. Aos actores resta-lhes ficarem atentos e preverem as mudanças, para se anteciparem e aproveitarem as oportunidades que elas trazem, ou anularem as ameaças que se desenham no horizonte... não há direitos adquiridos!"
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Há dois anos, neste postal "O nosso Eu em construção, em função do futuro que desenhamos e visualizamos" escrevi:
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"Aquele “building the future they aspire” é algo que eu desejava que em 2008 mais empresas descobrissem. O poder de criar o seu próprio futuro, em vez de esperarem por ele. Em vez de depositarem as suas esperanças num D. Sebastião, agarrarem o touro pelos cornos."
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Pois bem, esta semana descobri um livro que desenvolve esta perspectiva: "Strategy as Practice - An Activity-Based Approach" de Paula Jarzabkowski.
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A primeira frase do livro é:
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"Strategy is not just something a firm has – a position. It is also something that a firm and its multiple actors do."
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"STRATEGY IS SITUATED ACTIVITY
Situated refers to the way that activity both shapes and is shaped by the society within which it occurs. Since all activity is situated activity, actors cannot be considered separately from the context or situation in which they act. (Moi ici: Daí que não existam estratégias vencedoras absolutas, ter sucesso é estar vivo, e permanecer vivo implica alterar a estratégia para fazer face ás mudanças da realidade exterior. E mais, é perigoso ter razão antes do tempo!)
Situated refers to the way that activity both shapes and is shaped by the society within which it occurs. Since all activity is situated activity, actors cannot be considered separately from the context or situation in which they act. (Moi ici: Daí que não existam estratégias vencedoras absolutas, ter sucesso é estar vivo, e permanecer vivo implica alterar a estratégia para fazer face ás mudanças da realidade exterior. E mais, é perigoso ter razão antes do tempo!)
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Practice must, therefore, take into account both the broad social situation that provides institutionally embedded codes of conduct and the micro interpretations of that situation in constructing activity within an organization. This embedded construction of situated activity is termed ‘praxis’. Praxis is a chain of social events ‘where operation and action meet, a dialectic synthesis of what is going on in a society and what people are doing’.
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Situated activity does not, therefore, assume an objective, stable state with a durable set of meanings, but is an ongoing process that remains under construction. An activity-based view of strategy is concerned with the dynamic and mutable construction of activity, in which ‘Mutual intelligibility is achieved on each occasion of interaction with reference to situation particulars rather than being discharged once and for all by a stable body of shared meanings’.
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then strategy is never a reified state but is continuously constructed through activity. This continuous construction is known as ‘becoming’. Becoming encompasses three important themes about activity – inertial, stabilizing and changing activity – that are at the heart of practice based theorizing.
Strategy is typically a teleological activity, meaning that it is future oriented. (Moi ici: Algo de muito difícil quando se é jogador amador de bilhar)
Hence it is imbued with terms such as vision, mission, goals, objectives, directions; all words that conjure a future anticipated state. To this extent, strategic activity is goal-directed activity. However, this does not naively assume that goals are achieved. Rather, strategizing oscillates, ... between some desired future and current activity, in which current activity helps to create the future, while anticipations of the future shape current activity (Moi ici: Daí esta deliciosa lição de Ortega Y Gasset e, daí as limitações que as acções passadas estabelecem sobre as hipóteses de escolha actuais relativamente ao futuro - espaço de Minkowsky). Oscillation between these states involves an ongoing feedback process of becoming in which ‘the heavy hand of the past is present in the future’"
Strategy is typically a teleological activity, meaning that it is future oriented. (Moi ici: Algo de muito difícil quando se é jogador amador de bilhar)
Hence it is imbued with terms such as vision, mission, goals, objectives, directions; all words that conjure a future anticipated state. To this extent, strategic activity is goal-directed activity. However, this does not naively assume that goals are achieved. Rather, strategizing oscillates, ... between some desired future and current activity, in which current activity helps to create the future, while anticipations of the future shape current activity (Moi ici: Daí esta deliciosa lição de Ortega Y Gasset e, daí as limitações que as acções passadas estabelecem sobre as hipóteses de escolha actuais relativamente ao futuro - espaço de Minkowsky). Oscillation between these states involves an ongoing feedback process of becoming in which ‘the heavy hand of the past is present in the future’"
quinta-feira, janeiro 07, 2010
Modelos de negócio (parte VII)
Voltando à figura da parte VI:
E olhando para o estágio das tácticas, das consequências operacionais que decorrem das escolhas estratégicas feitas a montante, tenho de aproveitar para fazer a ponte para o artigo "An Essential Step for Corporate Strategy" de Tim Laseter na revista strategy+business issue 57.
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"“The success of a strategy depends on doing many things well — not just a few — and integrating among them.” (Moi ici: integração - palavra-chave - criar sinergias que se reforçam em loops dinâmicos auto-catalíticos)
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Effective overall strategy, by Porter’s own definition, reinforces the critical need for an operations strategy.
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Porter should have explained the critical need for an operations strategy in enabling the overall corporate strategy to succeed.
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Wickham Skinner (Moi ici: uma referência habitual neste blogue), attempted to make business practitioners aware that the manufacturing function warranted more executive attention in a 1969 Harvard Business Review article. Titled “Manufacturing — The Missing Link in Corporate Strategy,” the article anticipated Porter’s argument by more than 25 years, noting that “a production system inevitably involves trade-offs and compromises.” But rather than focusing on strategic positioning, Skinner highlighted a number of “decision areas” where the operations arena needed to resolve important trade-offs.
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To be sure, the operations strategy at most companies has been determined on an ad hoc basis by the accumulated effect of many small and large operational decisions. Rarely does a company formally design and document its operations strategy in a deliberate fashion. (Moi ici: tão verdade nas PMEs, daí que quando se concentram no que é essencial, dão um salto na sua competitividade)
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Structural decisions define the what, when, where, and how of investing in operations bricks and mortar.
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Porter properly dismissed the pursuit of operational effectiveness without a clear linkage to the company’s competitive differentiation, but he underestimated the importance of building these capabilities. (Moi ici: O perigo do benchmarking, o perigo de aplicar o que resulta bem na indústria automóvel numa empresa que compete pela inovação. Por exemplo, basta procurar 3M e 6 sigma.)
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In Porter’s defense, many operations executives also do not think about building unique capabilities, but instead mindlessly pursue “best practices.” In other words, they try to develop the capabilities that their fiercest competitors have already mastered. The concept of “best practices,” in fact, reinforces the flawed mind-set that triggered Porter’s attack on operational effectiveness. There are no universally superior methods that should be applied by all industry participants. Such a model yields competitive convergence and the often destructive model of pure cost-based competition. Instead, capabilities should be nurtured with a clear focus on the company’s desired, differentiated position in the marketplace." (Moi ici: Please, rewind a read again this last underlined text. Read again and again until your epiphanic moment.).
To be sure, the operations strategy at most companies has been determined on an ad hoc basis by the accumulated effect of many small and large operational decisions. Rarely does a company formally design and document its operations strategy in a deliberate fashion. (Moi ici: tão verdade nas PMEs, daí que quando se concentram no que é essencial, dão um salto na sua competitividade)
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Structural decisions define the what, when, where, and how of investing in operations bricks and mortar.
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Porter properly dismissed the pursuit of operational effectiveness without a clear linkage to the company’s competitive differentiation, but he underestimated the importance of building these capabilities. (Moi ici: O perigo do benchmarking, o perigo de aplicar o que resulta bem na indústria automóvel numa empresa que compete pela inovação. Por exemplo, basta procurar 3M e 6 sigma.)
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In Porter’s defense, many operations executives also do not think about building unique capabilities, but instead mindlessly pursue “best practices.” In other words, they try to develop the capabilities that their fiercest competitors have already mastered. The concept of “best practices,” in fact, reinforces the flawed mind-set that triggered Porter’s attack on operational effectiveness. There are no universally superior methods that should be applied by all industry participants. Such a model yields competitive convergence and the often destructive model of pure cost-based competition. Instead, capabilities should be nurtured with a clear focus on the company’s desired, differentiated position in the marketplace." (Moi ici: Please, rewind a read again this last underlined text. Read again and again until your epiphanic moment.).
Subam na escala de valor e os modelos mentais
Há episódios que nos desconcertam, que nos desmancham e que quase fazem perder a esperança no futuro da nossa comunidade.
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Em praticamente todas as formações que dou uso um exemplo da última campanha eleitoral para a presidência da republica.
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A certa altura, num debate na TV, ou seria numa entrevista, o candidato Cavaco diz:
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"Dois adultos, perante os mesmos factos chegam às mesmas conclusões!"
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Depois, mostro esta imagem:
E depois, corrijo a frase completando-a:
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"Dois adultos, de boa-fé, perante os mesmos factos não chegam às mesmas conclusões. Porque cada um deles carrega o seu modelo mental. Diferentes histórias pessoais, diferentes experiências, geram diferentes formas de perceber o mundo, ou seja, diferentes modelos mentais.
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O problema é que nós não vemos o mundo tal como ele é na realidade, nós vemos uma interpretação pessoal do mundo que nos é facultada pela nossa experiência de vida, pelos nossos modelos mentais. E tentar que pessoas com diferentes modelos mentais dialoguem construtivamente é um desafio digno de Hércules. (BTW, depois deste artigo de JMF "Salvar o país deste Estado, e o Estado deste governo" dá que pensar nos modelos mentais de quem governa este país e de quem está na oposição).
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Se tivéssemos de resumir tudo o que escrevemos neste blogue desde 2004 numa frase com três palavras escolheríamos:
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"Subam na escala de valor!!!"
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Por isso escrevemos "Been there, done that bought the t-shirt" porque só a subida na escala de valor permite aumentar as margens ao mesmo tempo que se aumentam os salários. Porque só a subida na escala de valor permite aumentar a produtividade, a competitividade e, em simultâneo, o nível de vida dos trabalhadores.
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Por tudo isto ... o que dizer do que encontrei ontem no sítio do DN neste artigo "Liberalização provocou fuga de encomendas para a Ásia"
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"Passados cinco anos, o director-geral da ATP considera que a única mais-valia da liberalização do comércio foi obrigar a indústria nacional a subir na cadeia de valor, produzindo artigos de maior valor acrescentado, com recurso a novos materiais e tecnologias." (Moi ici: a única mais-valia? Como se fosse coisa de pouca monta.)
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"Passados cinco anos, o director-geral da ATP considera que a única mais-valia da liberalização do comércio foi obrigar a indústria nacional a subir na cadeia de valor, produzindo artigos de maior valor acrescentado, com recurso a novos materiais e tecnologias." (Moi ici: a única mais-valia? Como se fosse coisa de pouca monta.)
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Faz-me lembrar esta cena de "A vida de Brian":
Além da subida na escala de valor o que nos deram os romanos?
quarta-feira, janeiro 06, 2010
Modelos de negócio (parte VI)
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Na página 3 os autores escrevem:
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"the object of strategy is the choice of business model, and the business model employed determines the tactics available to the firm to compete against, or cooperate with, other firms in the marketplace."
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Esta linguagem é enganadora e prolonga-se até à página 19 onde é muito melhor explicada. A frase parece querer dizer-nos que a estratégia é o acto de escolher um de entre vários modelos de negócio, como se um modelo de negócio fosse algo à nossa espera na prateleira.
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Um modelo de negócio é uma criação única de uma organização face a um dado contexto que a rodeia e influencia. Um modelo resulta de um conjunto de escolhas deliberadas e das consequências que essas escolhas concretas acarretam. A relação entre as escolhas estratégicas e as consequências tácticas que delas decorrem são uma manifestação do nosso conhecido espaço de Minkowsky, que determina que as escolhas futuras não são livres, estão condicionadas pelas escolhas anteriores, pelo trajecto histórico.
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A figura que se segue
retirado do referido working paper ilustra a relação entre um modelo de negócio e as opções tácticas em aberto que dele decorrem. No entanto, podemos aplicar o mesmo tipo de raciocínio a montante e ver cada hipótese de modelo de negócio, como uma consequência da tradição, da experiência, da história da organização.
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"The figure shows that the notion of business model is related to but different than strategy. A strategy is a contingent plan of action as to what business model to use. The available actions for strategy are choices (policies, assets, or governance structures) that constitute the raw material of business models. Thus, strategy entails designing business models (and redesigning them as contingencies occur) to allow the organization to reach its goals. Business models are reflections of the realized strategy. (Moi ici: Cá está o esclarecimento a começar. Estratégia não é a escolha de um modelo de negócio de entre um conjunto disponível presente numa prateleira. Um modelo de negócio é o reflexo da implementação de uma estratégia formulada) Similar to strategy, tactics are also plans of action. Tactics are courses of action that take place within the bounds drawn by the firm’s business model."
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"An organization’s business model is the reflection of its realized strategy. Strategy is much more than the mere selection of a business model; it is a contingent plan as to how the business model should be configured, depending on contingencies that might occur."
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Quando penso em modelo de negócio faço logo a ponte com a ferramenta mapa da estratégia e as perspectivas de um balanced scorecard. O paper, ao apresentar as figuras 2, 3 e 4, leva-me a recordar este postal "Balanced Scorecard (mapa da estratégia) e dinâmica de sistemas" e as opiniões sobre as diferenças entre um mapa da estratégia e os ciclos de feedback da dinâmica de sistemas.
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terça-feira, janeiro 05, 2010
O ponto-limite
... conseguiram trepar ao alto da serra para me vir fazer companhia, para apreciar o panorama.
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Ao chegarem, e ao vê-los cansados, esgotados, suados e surpreendidos por me
verem lá em cima fresco como uma alface, só me apetece perguntar "Por que raio não vieram pelas escadas? Por que tiveram de vir pela escarpa?"
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Estas discussões sobre a despesa estão a tornar-se irrelevantes e diletantes.
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Há muitos anos li um livro chamado "O Ponto-Limite", e nós já passámos o ponto-limite, já passámos o ponto de não-retorno. Agora é assim:
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"Economists are split over whether the fiscal screw should be tightened with more immediate effect, as demanded by the Tories, or whether, as the Government insists, this would damage the recovery and therefore be counter productive.
Unfortunately for Mr Brown, the idea that this is a matter of political choice is sadly deluded. In the end, it will be the markets, not the politicians, that decide how much debt is too much. Rising gilt yields suggest that point may not be far off. If Mr Brown had longer to serve, he would find himself facing the same fiscal crisis that sunk so many of his Labour predecessors. Plus ca change."
Unfortunately for Mr Brown, the idea that this is a matter of political choice is sadly deluded. In the end, it will be the markets, not the politicians, that decide how much debt is too much. Rising gilt yields suggest that point may not be far off. If Mr Brown had longer to serve, he would find himself facing the same fiscal crisis that sunk so many of his Labour predecessors. Plus ca change."
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Já agora há quer o artigo todo "Cutting Britain's deficit is not a matter of political choice, Mr Brown"
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Impressiona a similitude:
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"We end this year and indeed this decade with the worst deficit in our history, the worst in Europe, simply as a result of the measures taken by this Government".
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In fact it is Gordon Brown, talking at the turn of a past decade when he was just a humble opposition trade and industry spokesman. Twenty years ago, our PM found it politically expedient to accuse the then Conservative Government of presiding over a calamitous deterioration in the public finances.
In fact it is Gordon Brown, talking at the turn of a past decade when he was just a humble opposition trade and industry spokesman. Twenty years ago, our PM found it politically expedient to accuse the then Conservative Government of presiding over a calamitous deterioration in the public finances.
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Now the boot is on the other foot, and he defends his deficit spending as the only economically literate way of preventing a collapse into full-blown Depression. Profligacy has become the new prudence, so much so that Labour now accuses the Tories in a Herculian 150-page analysis published yesterday of belying their own rhetoric with uncosted tax and spending proposals which would leave the public finances £34bn a year worse off than Labour plans. Who's claiming the austerity mantle now?"
Ciclos de vida
Conjugar a imagens deste postal "COTEC lança magna carta da inovação" com este texto de Seth Godin:
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"Evolution of every medium
1. Technicians who invented it, run it
2. Technicians with taste, leverage it
3. Artists take over from the technicians
4. MBAs take over from the artists
5. Bureaucrats drive the medium to banality"
1. Technicians who invented it, run it
2. Technicians with taste, leverage it
3. Artists take over from the technicians
4. MBAs take over from the artists
5. Bureaucrats drive the medium to banality"
Modelos de negócio (parte V)
Um "working paper" a não perder "From Strategy to Business Models and to Tactics" de Ramon Casadesus-Masanell e Joan Enric Ricart.
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"Although it is uncontroversial that for organizations to thrive managers must have a good understanding of how business models work, the academic community has, so far, only offered early insights on the issue. In truth, there is not yet agreement on what are the distinctive features of superior business models. We believe that the dispute has arisen, in part, because of a lack of a clear distinction between the notions of strategy, business model, and tactics. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to this literature by presenting an integrative framework to distinguish and relate the concepts of business model, strategy, and tactics.
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Put succinctly, business model refers to the logic of the firm, the way it operates and how it creates value for its stakeholders. Strategy refers to the choice of business model through which the firm will compete in the marketplace. Tactics refers to the residual choices open to a firm by virtue of the business model that it employs."
Put succinctly, business model refers to the logic of the firm, the way it operates and how it creates value for its stakeholders. Strategy refers to the choice of business model through which the firm will compete in the marketplace. Tactics refers to the residual choices open to a firm by virtue of the business model that it employs."
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Continua.
Para reflexão
Não sei se o tom armagedónico do final do artigo de Evans-Pritchard é possível:
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"More hedge funds will join the EMU divergence play, betting that the North-South split has gone beyond the point of no return for a currency union. This will enrage the Eurogroup. Brussels will dust down its paper exploring the legal basis for capital controls. Italy's Giulio Tremonti will suggest using EU terror legislation against "speculators".
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"More hedge funds will join the EMU divergence play, betting that the North-South split has gone beyond the point of no return for a currency union. This will enrage the Eurogroup. Brussels will dust down its paper exploring the legal basis for capital controls. Italy's Giulio Tremonti will suggest using EU terror legislation against "speculators".
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Wage cuts will prove a self-defeating policy for Club Med, trapping them in textbook debt-deflation. The victims will start to notice this. Articles will appear in the Greek, Spanish, and Portuguese press airing doubts about EMU. Eurosceptic professors will be ungagged. Heresy will spread into mainstream parties.
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Wage cuts will prove a self-defeating policy for Club Med, trapping them in textbook debt-deflation. The victims will start to notice this. Articles will appear in the Greek, Spanish, and Portuguese press airing doubts about EMU. Eurosceptic professors will be ungagged. Heresy will spread into mainstream parties.
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Greece's Prime Minister Papandréou will balk at EMU immolation . The Hellenic Socialists will call Europe's bluff, extracting loans that gain time but solve nothing. Berlin will climb down and pay, but only once: thereafter, Zum Teufel.
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In the end, the Euro's fate will be decided by strikes, street protest, and car bombs as the primacy of politics returns. I doubt that 2010 will see the denouement, but the mood music will be bad enough to knock the euro off its stilts."
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No entanto, não posso estar mais de acordo com o início do artigo:
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"As the great bear rally of 2009 runs into the greater Chinese Wall of excess global capacity (Moi ici: Basta voltar aos esquemas deste postal), it will become clear that we are in the grip of a 21st Century Depression – more akin to Japan's Lost Decade than the 1840s or 1930s, but nothing like the normal cycles of the post-War era. The surplus regions (China, Japan, Germania, Gulf ) have not increased demand (Moi ici: Reparem na demografia da China, Japão e Alemanha. Quem é que consome mais, a juventude ou a terceira idade?) enough to compensate for belt-tightening in the deficit bloc (Anglo-sphere, Club Med, East Europe), and fiscal adrenalin is already fading in Europe. The vast East-West imbalances that caused the credit crisis are no better a year later, and perhaps worse (Moi ici: Ontem, no twitter, Tom Peters escreveu "I am a credentialed, fire-breathing, anti-protectionist. But, and there is a but, current exchange rate imbalance with China not sutainable." E o que Martin Wolf escreveu recentemente). Household debt as a share of GDP sits near record levels in two-fifths of the world economy. Our long purge has barely begun. That is the elephant in the global tent."
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segunda-feira, janeiro 04, 2010
Publicidade descarada!!!
Finalmente!!!
Este livro nasce do propósito de transmitir uma série de ideias, e uma metodologia, sobre como se podem desenvolver sistemas de gestão ambiental de forma rápida, enxuta e alinhada com a estratégia para o negócio..
Tenho na minha mão o último livro que escrevemos: "Gestão Ambiental - Sintonizar Ambiente e Estratégia para o Negócio"
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Por demasiadas vezes, deparamo-nos com sistemas de gestão ambiental decalcados da norma internacional ISO 14001, sem um modelo, sem uma lógica, sem uma alma por detrás. Os rituais são cumpridos, asseguram a certificação, é certo. Contudo, ao fim de dois ou três anos, os sistemas param, emperram e não são capazes de evidenciar um retorno aceitável.
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Por demasiadas vezes, deparamo-nos com organizações que ao fim de seis ou setes meses de implementação de um sistema de gestão ambiental, ainda não sabem como interagem com o ambiente que as rodeia, no entanto, já sabem que têm de impor exigências aos fornecedores e de criar uns cartazes para comunicar com os colaboradores internos.
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Por demasiadas vezes, deparamo-nos com sistemas de gestão ambiental que estão a leste do negócio das organizações, que evidenciam as famosas políticas ambientais TT, “políticas todo o terreno”. Experimente fazer o teste, encontre uma política ambiental de uma organização certificada ISO 14001, com uma caneta-corrector, esconda a sua designação. Agora, leia o texto da política várias vezes, testando, em cada uma delas, um nome diferente para a organização, verifique como a política contínua aplicável, independentemente do nome escolhido ser o de uma multinacional de serviços, ou de uma PME industrial. Acontece quase sempre, apesar da alínea a) da cláusula 4.2 da ISO 14001:2004.
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Acreditamos que os sistemas de gestão ambiental podem ser diferentes, podem ter uma sinergia evidente com o negócio, com a estratégia para o negócio.
Acreditamos que os sistemas de gestão ambiental podem, e devem, ser máquinas, para atingir objectivos, para promover a mudança onde ela é necessária.
Acreditamos que os sistemas de gestão não são papéis e mais papeis, são portfolios de projectos que geram a mudança onde ela é necessária, mudança alinhada com a estratégia do negócio.
Esperamos, neste livro, conseguir demonstrar que é possível conceber e desenvolver sistemas de gestão ambiental que apoiam o negócio, para que deixemos de ver sistemas, que, à semelhança da Figura 0.1, atrapalham, dificultam o quotidiano das organizações. O dia a dia já é tão difícil, para quê acrescentar um sistema de gestão ambiental que só atrapalha, que só dificulta.
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