Quais são as partes interessadas

Assim que olhei para esta imagem:

Sorri e pensei nos exercícios pueris que vejo em algumas empresas sobre quais são as suas partes interessadas.

Context, interested parties and risks

I have a commitment to publish a video about context, interested parties and risks, according to ISO 9001:2015, during this month. So, I'm starting to gather raw material to that video.

Let us start with ISO 9000:2015 risk definition.

risk = effect of uncertainty

It's important to higlight the word "uncertainty". Something that we cannot control, something that it is outside of our level of control.

And an effect is a deviation from the expected — positive or negative.

So, one can say that risk is a deviation from the expected (positive or negative) resulting from a trigger event that we cannot control. BTW, the ability to control the trigger event is what separates a positive risk from an improvement opportunity.

What are we talking about when we talk about "the expected"?
Let us keep the conversation here at a strategic level.

Expected results are the results we want the organization as a whole to achieve.

Who expects these results?

The capital owners. 

So, the capital owners are an interested party of this organization. 

We started with expected results and connected those expected results to an interested party. Normally, things go in the opposite direction. Because we have an interested party with should work for some expected results.

Let us consider another example. 

Making money in a sustainable way has a funny particularity, we cannot elect that objective as a first order objective, we should consider that kind of objectives as an indirect consequence of other objectives (something that I learned to call obliquity)

To get a profit an organization must be able to sell a service to a set of target customers at a price above the cost. Why would a set of target customers decide to buy the service to a particular supplier?

Let us consider those target customers as another interested party for this organization.

So, we have here another set of expected results.

A risk would be a consequence, an impact that could afect negatively the ability of an organization to meet an expected result.

An opportunity would be a consequence, an impact that could afect positively the ability of an organization to meet an expected result.

When we think about expected results we can immediately realize that although we work for expected results, because the outside world and the organization are complex entities we can get undesired results that affect our ability to serve interested parties.

We started this text with the risk definition and keep coming to interested parties. Why are interested parties so relevant for managing risks and opportunities?

Interest parties are relevant at two levels.

Level 1 - relevant needs and expectations of relevant interested parties determine expected and undesired results.

Events that we can't control can act together to make our organization get an undesired result (no-compliance with legal requirements)

Level 2 - relevant needs and expectations of relevant interested parties can be used as a basis for determining the importance of each risk and opportunity.

This figure has the three topics that I want to include in the video:

Clause 4.1 (context) gives us a potential trigger event (internal ou external) that reacts with another Clause 4.1 (context) issue, an internal strength or vulnerability. The consequence of that reaction (risk - Clause 6.1) is evaluated against the requirements of interested parties (Clause 4.2).

 If the consequences are significant an action plan should be developed in order to minimize the risk or take advantage of the opportunity.

What is becoming more and more clear to me is the relevance of the expectations and needs of the interested parties in determining the risks and opportunities and their relevance.

Next topic will be focused on the events (Clause 4.1)

III - Interested Parties: Any Connection to your QMS?

The third video on our series about doing more than just complying with ISO 9001:2015.


Now, about interested parties and what can be their use in developing an aligned quality management system.


I do not say that organizations that want to be certified need to act like in this video. What I say is that organizations that look for business results should consider following an approach around what I propose.

In a world that is running away from the XXth century paradigm, based on just Quality-Cost-Delivery, and into what I metaphorically call Mongo, the planet Mongo from Flash Gordon's adventures, the number of segment of customers is exploding and the need to chose whom to serve and align the business in doing it is becoming more and more critical.

Organizations cannot expect to serve everyone, organizations cannot expect that a simple dyadic relation between customer and supplier will be enough. We are entering in a world of ecosystems.

Brainstorming

Resultado de um brainstorming sobre que material considerar para desenvolver um plano de acção comercial, tendo em conta o ecossistema de partes interessadas.

Matéria-prima para agora o director comercial definir prioridades, olhar para o orçamento que pode vir a ter e, tendo em conta que precisa de vender hoje e criar procura valiosa para o futuro, escrever o seu plano para validação pela gerência:

• o que fazer, por quem, até quando, porquê e por quanto.

Passos para construir um plano estratégico

Um texto em linha com o que escrevemos aqui há milhares de anos, "6 Steps to Make Your Strategic Plan Really Strategic":

"Step one is to recognize your dependencies, i.e. your key stakeholders. [Moi ici: Qual é o ecossistema?]
...
The trick is to identify stakeholder roles. The same group of stakeholders can occupy more than one role.
...
An essential second step, and one that I’ve been guilty of not stressing enough with clients, comes with the word “target.” It’s vitally important to identify your “target customer” before moving forward. [Moi ici: Não é miudagem, são os clientes-alvo, é olhar olhos nos olhos]
...
Isolating the target customer has massive implications, including in other stakeholder groups. ... Your strategic plan can’t be all things to all customers. So, take your time here to clearly define your target customer.
...
The third step requires you to work out what your organization wants from each key stakeholder group for your organization to prosper. [Moi ici: O que procuramos e valorizamos e o que temos de dar aos outros, porque procuram e valorizam - win-win]
...

The fourth step is to identify what these stakeholder groups want from you. These are the key decision-making criteria that stakeholders use when interacting with your business. For example, these might include the factors influencing the decision to purchase from you (customers), work for you (employees), supply to you (suppliers) or invest in you (shareholders).
.
It’s essential that you know how each stakeholder group thinks about these — that you focus on their point of view, not your own.
...
Strategy design, your fifth step, involves deciding what your organization’s positions will be on the identified strategic factors for each key stakeholder group. This is shaped by the objectives you’ve set for your organization and the knowledge you’ve gleaned about your stakeholders’ current and future needs on strategic factors. This is where “focus” again delivers in spades.
...
The sixth step is continuous improvement. Recognize that no matter what you decide, there is no certainty in the result once you embark on implementation via an action plan and scorecard."

Trabalhar o ecossistema

Ando a ler um excelente livro que vou ter de comentar aqui no blogue, “The Art of Action: Leadership that Closes the Gaps between Plans, Actions and Results” de Stephen Bungay.

Para já, fico-me por uma citação relacionada com o tema da estratégia e da sua relação com as partes interessadas. Fez-me lembrar a minha experiência de trabalhar com empresas que elegem o influenciador ou o prescritor como o verdadeiro motor do modelo de negócio. Recordar:

• A mensagem de quem sabe quem são os seus alvos (Setembro de 2016)
• Arquitecto de paisagens competitivas (parte I) e (parte II) (Junho de 2012)
• Dores de crescimento (Junho de 2011)
• Sem uma estratégia clara, come on... BSC? (parte I) e (parte II) (Julho de 2014)
• Balanced Scorecard (parte V) (Agosto de 2016)

“A few years ago, I visited a manufacturer of domestic boilers. At the time, the company was number three in the market and was not only making good returns but gaining share, closing the gap with the number two player. I asked all the top executives why the company was so successful. One said it was the quality of the product – but he admitted that the differences with competitors’ products were small. One said it was the brand – but had to admit that the market leader’s brand was also very strong. So it went on: R&D, technology, production efficiency, delivery times, customer service – all had their advocates, but none in itself felt compelling.
.
My last interview was with the managing director. I asked him once again why the business was so successful. “Let me tell you how our business works,” he said. “Almost all of our domestic business is for replacement of existing boilers. People replace boilers when their existing ones break down. What do you do when your boiler breaks down? You call the installer,” he continued, answering his own question. “When he tells you the boiler is too old to repair because he can’t get the parts, what do you do?” He paused. “I’ll tell you. You do what he suggests. And when you ask him which new boiler to install, he tells you that too. So 90 percent of all purchasing decisions are made by the installer.” He paused to let this sink in. “Our business,” he said deliberately, “is about service to the installer. But I am the only person around here who gets that. They all think I’m an old man with a bee in his bonnet.” He looked me in the eye. “We are being successful because we offer our installers better service than any of our competitors.
...
This informed all his operational decisions. He wanted to increase the number of visits installers paid to the company’s site – which was already more than any of their rivals – and build a new training center. He was obsessed with the quality of  “its installation literature. He was ready to invest whatever it took to increase spare parts availability at the distributors so that installers did not waste time waiting for a part. He wanted the new range of boilers the company was just developing to be energy efficient, quiet, and reliable, but above all he wanted them to be easy to install. And so on. And it was working.
.
He wanted to run some strategy workshops to focus all his top team on optimizing service to the installer. They were already making their implicit strategy happen, but as it became explicit and the top team grew more aligned, so decision making and execution became more focused. At the time of writing the company has overtaken the number two player, and is closing the gap with the market leader.
.
In this example, service to the installer is the source of competitive advantage my friends are seeking to exploit. Their aim is to achieve leadership of their chosen segments. They have identified becoming the supplier of choice to the installer as an opportunity across the market, and by excelling at that they are unhinging the position of their major competitors. They already have the capabilities to do so, but they are investing further in those capabilities and creating others. They are doing what all successful strategists do, which is to build further on their existing strengths. They therefore have a coherent strategy”

E na sua empresa, como aborda o ecossistema da procura? Está a ver onde a estória das partes interessadas na ISO 9001 nos pode levar?

"se há compromisso há que ser consequente" (ISO 9001)

Ontem recebi um e-mail do Director Comercial de uma empresa que trazia em anexo o Código de Conduta que um cliente novo "impõe" para que a relação se inicie. De entre as nove páginas do documento seleccionei aleatoriamente o trecho que se segue

"Dossiers et mise à disposition d’information
Le fournisseur du Groupe XX doit établir et maintenir une liste de tous les produits chimiques utilisés dans sa production et sa maintenance, incluant le nom du produit chimique, son objet/lieu d’utilisation et une référence à une Fiche de Données de Sécurité des Matériaux.
Le fournisseur du groupe XX doit avoir en sa possession des Fiches de Données de Sécurité des Matériaux (MSDS) valides pour tous les produits chimiques utilisés dans la production et la maintenance.
.
Procédure de gestion des produits chimiques
Le fournisseur du Groupe XX doit avoir une procédure écrite pour le stockage, la manutention et l’utilisation de produits chimiques. La procédure doit spécifier qui est responsable de garantir que les procédures appropriées sont toujours suivies dans la manutention de produits chimiques au niveau de l’usine.
.
Information des employés et formation
Le fournisseur doit garantir que ses employés qui se procurent, stockent et utilisent des produits chimiques ont les compétences appropriées et sont formés adéquatement. Les dossiers des formations doivent être conservés par le fournisseur.
L’information concernant les risques et la manutention sécurisée des composés et substances chimiques doit être diffusée dans les zones de stockage et dans les zones de production où les produits chimiques sont utilisés. Cette information peut être soit la Fiche de Données de Sécurité des Matériaux (MSDS) soit des instructions spécifiques pour une manutention et utilisation sécurisée (Suivant la MSDS). Les informations doivent être dans un langage compréhensible par les travailleurs.
.
Etiquetage des produits chimiques
Le fournisseur du Groupe XX doit garantir que tous les conteneurs de produits chimiques – y compris les conteneurs temporaires – sont étiquetés avec les symboles de dangers appropriés et les noms des produits chimiques afin d’assurer que le contenu est connu et le risque potentiel minimisé.
.
Stockage et manutention des produits chimiques
Le fournisseur du Groupe XX doit prendre les précautions nécessaires pour empêcher les produits chimiques de fuir dans l’air, l’eau et le sol.
.
Elimination des produits chimiques
Eliminez les produits chimiques conformément aux règlementations légales faisant référence à leur classification."

Imaginem que eu ia auditar o sistema de gestão da qualidade desta empresa. Sem conhecimento deste Código de Conduta o trecho acima estaria fora do âmbito da auditoria porque tem a ver com questões ambientais e de segurança. Tendo conhecimento do Código de Conduta, e considerando as cláusulas 4.2 b) e 8.2.2 a)1) da ISO 9001 esta temática entra directamente para o âmbito da auditoria da qualidade. Sem o compromisso com o Código não há negócio, se há compromisso há que ser consequente.

Contexto e valor (parte II)

Parte I.

"Toward service in context...
Context also influences value co-creation through its influence on service.
...
One of the seminal works that addresses resources and service together within a context is Theory of the Growth of the Firm, in which Penrose (1959) describes how resources yield services.
...
To summarize, the Penrosian perspective articulates that successful firms are those that own and control the resources that yield more service outputs in the context and ‘grow’ to dominate the context. [Moi ici: Como não recordar outra vez Napoleão]
...
Penrose did however advance the notion that resources are distinguishable from context because they are bundles of potential service.
...
Rethinking context.
Given the discussion above, it is necessary to deepen our understanding of context. We begin by acknowledging the heterogeneous and distinctive nature of context, and define a particular context as a set of unique actors with unique reciprocal links among them. The ability to define context uniquely is important because context heterogeneity affects how resources can be drawn upon for service.
...
Social network analysis, in particular, can assist in making salient the heterogeneous nature of context  when it is viewed as a set of unique actors and unique reciprocal links among them.
...
Visualization is also a key aspect of social networks analysis because it enables researchers to ‘see’ context and the scaleable influence of context within market structures.
By defining context as a unique set of actors and the unique reciprocal links among them, it is possible to see how hundreds of actors and links may constitute one specific context, while two actors and links may constitute another context."

Continua.

Contexto e valor (parte I)

Não percebo como é que "Contextualization and value-in-context: How context frames exchange" de Chandler e Vargo escapou ao meu radar.

Malta que acordou agora para uns itens a dar como respondidos com umas tretas, numa checklist de coisas a fazer por causa da ISO 9001:2015, sobre o contexto e as partes interessadas, pode mergulhar neste mundo de ecossistemas e propostas de valor:

"The purpose of the proposed framework is to extend this literature by making salient and explicit how context, markets, and value co-creation are theoretically related.
...
We propose three levels of context – micro, meso, and macro – that coincide with fundamental processes of value co-creation.
...
How actors draw upon one another as resources is critically dependent on the contexts in which they are embedded. For this reason, actors can be said to be partially defined by their contexts while’their contexts can be said to be partially defined by them (the actors). In other words, actors and’their contexts are mutually constitutive, or partially defined by one another. Each actor brings a unique quality to the context that affects other actors in the context, as well as the’context as a whole. Because each actor in the context is always integrating and exchanging resources with other actors and thereby serving other actors, there is continuous change in the context.
This continuous change highlights a market fluidity that has been understudied in the management and marketing literature. The dynamic and living fluidity of markets is framed, or formed, because of context. Contexts frame markets as interactions or exchanges that we can ‘‘see’’ and ‘‘understand’’. But essentially markets have no beginning or end; they are continuous. Contexts give markets form and function in time and space, whereas markets themselves transcend time and space because market exchanges simultaneously represent past and future service-for-service exchanges among different actors.
...
This points to a fundamental need to differentiate among contexts. This is especially important because actors may be drawn upon as resources in particular contexts, but act as deterrents in other contexts. Simultaneously, a particular context may act as a resource for an individual actor but act as a deterrent for a different actor [Moi ici: Importante para perceber a relevância dos clientes-alvo, ou dos influenciadores, ou dos prescritores]. In this way, resources ‘become’ resources largely as a function of the contexts in which they are embedded; that is, the potential of resources to be drawn upon for service depends on the context in which they are embedded. And, as a result, resources can be more valuable in one context, but less valuable in other contexts. How context influences the value of a resource is one way through which contexts frame exchange and the co-creation of markets."

Continua.

Acerca de valor para o cliente (parte IV)

Parte I, parte II e parte III.

"Experience-based facet.
Contrary to the experiential and phenomenological nature, the facet of CV that we term ‘experience-based’ refers to the past experiences of customers. ... the starting point is the customer’s reality and life”. Value is therefore regarded as part of the dynamically-constructed and multi-framed reality of each customer. Although earlier contributions also recognized similar aspects, the focus on the customer’s history, and thus, the experience- based nature of CV was especially emphasized by the C- D logic. In this light, value is termed ‘value-in-life’, which better explains the holistic view of the customer’s life than value-in-context. With this focus on the internal context, it is emphasized that value formation is extended beyond the interactive processes and the visibility of companies and includes the customer’s mental processes, resulting in an increase in complexity as now the customer’s history is also considered.
.
A facet of the experience-based nature of value is its dynamic aspect, which expresses the constantly changing and adapting evaluations of what customer’s value."

Trechos retirados de "Reframing customer value from a dominant logics perspective" de Tobias Schlager e Peter Maas e publicado por International Journal of Marketing (2012) 51:101–113

Acerca de valor para o cliente (parte III)

Parte I e parte II.

"Context-specific facet.
Following the notion of multiple relationships, the literature acknowledges the important role of the customer’s external and social context in the assessment of CV [Customer Value]. In doing so, the idea of the customer, just like the company, being embedded in a system of other actors is expressed. In this complex system, the customer acts as a resource integrator, simultaneously combining various resources for value creation. This implies that the customer uses his/her own resources (i.e., knowledge and skills) and the resources of other actors. Hence, CV is dependent on a network of competences and resources.
...
“Value has a collective and intersubjective dimension and should be understood as value-in-social- context” and “[...] the way in which resources are assessed depends on the social context”. It can be concluded that research efforts begin to adapt a more differentiated point of view, which includes the social context as an important variable for the determination of value.
.
The C-D logic argues in a similar manner, stating that the dyadic approach that was historically used is not enough to display the complex construct of CV. Hence, this logic also highlights that the customer is socially-embedded, interacting with other groups, such as other customers. Compared to the S-D logic, the C-D logic more strongly emphasizes the customer’s point of view. An even higher focus is laid on the customer, and thus, on his/ her speci c context."

Trechos retirados de "Reframing customer value from a dominant logics perspective" de Tobias Schlager e Peter Maas e publicado por International Journal of Marketing (2012) 51:101–113

Acerca de valor para o cliente (parte II)

Parte I.

Quem quiser abordar a temática do pricing a sério tem de obrigatoriamente começar pelos clientes e pelo que é valor para eles

"Phenomenological and experiential facet...
Both terms, ‘experiential’ and ‘phenomenological’, emphasize the co-creation role of the customer. From this understanding, ‘experience’ does not refer to the customer’s past experiences, it rather describes the perishability inherent to CV. This underscores that value cannot be inventoried and is not created solely by the company which is, however, not new to the literature.
...
Although both terms are still discussed, ‘phenomenological’ has recently been preferred, as ‘experiential’ implies several other meanings, such as a focus on the past. In contrast, phenomenological emphasizes the idiosyncratic determination of value without implying a focus on the past.
...
the phenomenological nature of CV as context-specific, interactive, and attached with meanings. The C-D logic accepts that interactions facilitate the creation of value, however, contrary to the S-D logic’s supplier-oriented approach, it emphasizes that it is the customer who ultimately determines the value created. In doing so, the C-D logic stresses that other processes not directly related to interactions also need to be considered.
...
Seeing the customer in a constant and interactive process with other actors, such as companies and other customers, bolds the increasing focus on relational aspects, which is therefore underpinned in the S-D and C-D logic. Hence, an increasing focus on relationships, rather than on transactions, is suggested. According to both logics, the customer is engaged in multiple relations- hips, also to actors other than the company. The old-fashioned view on relational aspects as being dyadic does not seem to be supportable anymore. Intuitively, the customer now appears as being embedded within a context of other value determining resources and actors.[Moi ici: Outra vez algo que ajuda a perceber o valor que pode ter uma utilização criteriosa da cláusula 4.2 da ISO 9001:2015]"

Trechos retirados de "Reframing customer value from a dominant logics perspective" de Tobias Schlager e Peter Maas e publicado por International Journal of Marketing (2012) 51:101–113

Acerca de valor para o cliente (parte I)

"Within the past few decades, there has been a broad shift from searching for sources of competitive advantage within a company, to investigating external sources of competitive advantage.
...
Arguing so, the C-D logic even goes further in positioning the customer in the center by shifting the focus from the company’s processes to the customer’s reality and history.
...
Broadly discussed and commonly accepted is the shift from value-in-exchange to value-in-use.
...
Value-in-use expresses the idea that value is created by using a product or service, rather than by producing the product or service, which constitutes one key assumption of the S-D logic.
...
This idea is advanced by value-in-context, which lays an emphasis on the role of “[...] other market-facing, public, and private resources [...]”. In line with this, a notable article emphasizes the customers’ embeddedness into a social context by applying social construction theories [Moi ici: Malta da ISO 9001:2015 estão a ver aqui alguma relação com a cláusula 4.2?]
...
The C-D logic recognizes this by emphasizing the highly dynamic and multi-contextual reality and life of the customer, implying a significant emphasis on the customer’s experiences and history, especially in service settings. As a result, the notion of value-in-life is proposed. Whether value-in-context or value-in-life is more appropriate is not yet commonly agreed upon."

Trechos retirados de "Reframing customer value from a dominant logics perspective" de Tobias Schlager e Peter Maas e publicado por International Journal of Marketing (2012) 51:101–113

Provocação para PME certificadas

Há dias, nesta minha outra vida, colocaram-me uma questão sobre a actualização dos riscos e oportunidades. Entretanto, numa auditoria recente, extra-auditoria pediram-me uma opinião sobre o mesmo tema.

A verdade é que há uns tempos que ando a repensar seriamente no tema. A norma ISO 9001:2015 é muito vaga sobre o tema e, portanto, temos toda a liberdade para testar diferentes formatos e ver o que funciona com cada empresa.

Assim, pode ser interessante fazer um levantamento inicial dos riscos e oportunidades que sirva de ponto de partida. E depois?

Uma abordagem possível pode passar pelo que se segue, até para evitar o by-pass da gestão ao sistema de gestão da qualidade:

Há luz do contexto externo (cláusula 4.1 da ISO 9001:2015) e da percepção de quem são as partes interessadas relevantes e de quais os seus requisitos relevantes (cláusula 4.2 da ISO 9001:2015), gerência e responsável comercial formalizam um orçamento de vendas para o ano seguinte.

Um orçamento de vendas define:

• Objectivos de facturação para o ano seguinte; 
• Objectivos de facturação por segmentos, margens, 
• Requisitos e exigências que o orçamento vai impor, testar, exigir, colocar sobre stress (custos, prazos, capacidades, perfis, ...)

Segue-se a revisão anual extraordinária do sistema. Um momento Janus: um balanço do ano que finda e uma discussão sobre as exigências para o ano seguinte. É a resposta à cláusula 9.3 da ISO 9001:2015, mas pode também servir de actualização da cláusula 4.1 relativa aos factores internos

A equipa de gestão fica ciente dos desafios que ajudarão a vencer no próximo ano e do stress a que irão estar submetidos se o orçamento de vendas se concretizar.

Depois da revisão anual extraordinária do sistema, no recato do seu sector, com a sua equipa, cada chefia deve mergulhar nos desafios do próximo ano e determinar riscos e oportunidades. O que os pode levar a contribuir ou não para o que orçamento de vendas requer?

Por fim, uma kick-off meeting para o ano seguinte, onde o compromisso formal de cada sector sobre como vai contribuir para o cumprimento do orçamento de vendas, e tendo em conta a orientação estratégica, os requisitos das partes interessadas relevantes, e os riscos e oportunidades, é validado e divulgado.

A ideia de fazer de cada ano um espécie de projecto, algo único e irrepetível, em vez de uma continuação da rotina de sempre, é capaz de ser útil para mudar mentalidades em muitas empresas.

Acerca da importância de estudar o ecossistema das partes interessadas

"Druker: We relied largely on discussions that we’d had with customers, with people in the industry that we worked in, the dairy industry in particular. We’d talk to nutritionists and to dairy producers, asking, “What are some of your biggest issues?” We mainly focused on the nutritionists, who are the people the dairy producer hires to help put together the ration to feed the cows. Our products go into those rations, so even though the dairy producers are buying the products, most of our efforts were focused on the nutritionists.
...
Druker: We’ve always known the end customer is the dairy producer, and ultimately the dairy cow, but yeah, we were basically getting our innovation information from a consultant that was being hired by the dairy producer. So yeah, I think absolutely part of our issue was we weren’t identifying the right people to speak to."

Mais um exemplo sobre a importância de estudar o ecossistema das partes interessadas e perceber quais são as relevantes e quais são os seus requisitos relevantes.

Isto faz-me lembrar uma conversa numa empresa há dias. Grande orgulho numa narrativa que o pessoal do marketing inventou para relacionar com uma inovação estética. Enquanto os ouvia pensava:

- O negócio é B2B. Será que os compradores vão ligar a essa narrativa?

Trechos retirados de "Jobs-to-be-Done Case Study: Arm & Hammer"

Exemplo para partes interessadas relevantes

Quando as pessoas me dizem que não sabem como aplicar a cláusula 4.2 da ISO 9001:2015 procuro ter à mão exemplos como este, "TMG Automotive: tecnologia e qualidade de mãos dadas".

Primeiro, a proposta de valor:

“Os nossos concorrentes são todos fora de Portugal. O nosso maior concorrente é um grupo alemão, muito, muito grande com uma quota de mercado de 40%”, afirma Isabel Furtado.
.
Para a gestora não há dúvida: “A nossa vantagem face a eles é que somos mais flexíveis, talvez mais inovadores em muitos aspetos, mas temos o problema de sermos periféricos, não só face ao centro de decisão que está na Alemanha, mas também em termos de distância, uma vez que as matérias-primas vêm do centro da Europa”

Sublinhados do artigo e que podem ser relacionados com a cláusula 4.2:

"A falta de engenheiros a saírem das Universidades
...
o nosso maior problema são algumas engenharias como polímeros de materiais e têxtil.
...
confirma essa ligação a que acrescenta ainda a Universidade do Porto. “Ministramos os estágios dessas faculdades aos alunos dos mestrados”. A gestora fala ainda na proximidade, a mesma que invoca para justificar a grande proximidade que têm com os centros tecnológicos. “Temos que pensar que os detentores de conhecimento são os centros tecnológicos"

Partes interessadas relevantes:

• Internas - engenheiros;
• Externas - Universidade do Porto; Centros Tecnológicos 

Como trabalhei nesta empresa há muitos anos ouso acrescentar às partes interessantes externas relevantes alguns fornecedores: os de PVC; os de estabilizantes térmicos, os de plastificantes e agentes expansores.

Que actividades, que processos a empresa desenvolve de forma planeada, sistemática, para obter que resultados, em troca de que recursos e resultados para essas partes interessadas?

ISO 9001 e ecossistemas

O @pauloperes remeteu-me para esta apresentação onde entre outras coisas fixei este ecossistema:

Quem trabalha com a ISO 9001:2015 pode facilmente identificar um, ecossistema da procura, conjunto de partes interessadas relevantes e dos seus requisitos relevantes.

Olhar para o ecossistema

E volto a "Strategy for a Networked World" de Ramírez & Mannervik para olhar para esta figura.

Várias unidades de negócio da mesma entidade (Scania, a azul).

Compradores do serviço realizado pelos veículos da Scania.

Operadores do serviço realizado pelos veículos da Scania.

Fornecedores e concorrentes de peças para veículos da Scania.

Oficinas que intervêm nos veículos da Scania.

Distribuidores de veículos da Scania e de concorrentes.

Fabricantes de carroçarias.

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Tal como Normann escreveu...

"take stock of what (one has), yet distance (oneself) from it and explore new territory"

Olhar para o ecossistema actual ou desenhar um ecossistema potencial para subir na escala do valor.

Não são o nosso alvo

Há dias ao fazer uma apresentação, tentava sublinhar aos presentes que estratégia é, mais do que escolher, sobretudo, renunciar.
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Quando pensamos nos clientes-alvo, ou nas partes interessadas de um sistema de gestão da qualidade, concentramos-nos no que eles procuram e valorizam. No entanto, numa relação económica saudável, a relação é ganhar-ganhar. Assim, porque não equacionar também o que a nossa organização procura e valoriza na relação com o outro?

Ao fazê-lo, talvez se saliente que alguns elementos de uma dada parte interessada não nos podem dar o que queremos e, assim, percebermos que não são o nosso alvo.

CP e operadoras de passeios de barco no Rio Douro

A propósito de "Operadores turísticos do Douro criticam “mau serviço” da CP" o pior que pode acontecer é politizar a coisa "PSD quer esclarecimento sobre "mau serviço" da CP no Douro".
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Leio:

"Três empresas operadoras de passeios de barco no Rio Douro responsabilizam a CP por prejuízos relacionados com desmarcações e pedidos de reembolso de turistas nacionais e estrangeiros devido ao que dizem ser o “mau serviço” da transportadora ferroviária.
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Em causa estão as ligações ferroviárias que complementam os passeios fluviais entre o Porto e Peso da Régua.
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Em reacção, e citada pela Lusa, a CP reconhece que está a ter dificuldades em responder aos “crescimentos brutais” da procura na Linha do Douro mas justifica que a sua “capacidade não é ilimitada”. Segundo os dados da transportadora ferroviária, o transporte de Grupos na Linha do Douro (entre os quais se incluem os clientes dos cruzeiros) cresceu 40% no primeiro semestre de 2016 em relação ao ano anterior."

E recordo a caixa da extrema esquerda do canvas de Osterwalder:

Até que ponto as operadoras de passeios de barco no Douro trabalham com a CP como um parceiro do modelo de negócio?
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É fácil criticar a CP, e talvez haja motivos para a criticar. No entanto, uma coisa é certa, há um limite para a capacidade da CP. As operadoras de passeios de barco no Douro não podem fazer crescer a sua oferta até ao infinito se existe um elemento limitante.
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Até que ponto as operadoras de passeio de barcos no Douro e a CP trabalham juntos como parceiros? O arquétipo da dinâmica de sistemas que pode explicar isto é o do Limites ao Crescimento:

Ou será a Tragédia dos Comuns?

Se a CP não for ouvida nem achada pelas operadoras de passeios de barco no Douro, elas estão a crescer sem ter em conta um recurso com limites. Quando ele começa a escassear queixam-se da CP.
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O meu conselho para os intervenientes neste caso?
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Acordarem num limite para a quantidade de passageiros que a CP possa transportar sem pôr em causa a qualidade do serviço para a Linha do Douro e outras.
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Acordarem numa remuneração adequada para a CP.
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E, sobretudo, trabalharem juntos como parceiros numa relação ganhar-ganhar.
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Quando olharem para a cláusula 4.2 da ISO 9001 é sobre isto que estamos a falar, o ecossistema da procura.
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BTW, caras operadoras de passeios de barco no Douro, o sucesso do serviço não significa que podem praticar preços mais altos, servindo menos gente, ganhando o mesmo ou mais e mantendo melhor nível do serviço?

Este "No mês de junho de 2016, na Linha do Douro, o transporte de Grupos aumentou 73%" faz-me pensar no Free Rider Problem.