"The difference between WTP and price is value for the customer....In value-based thinking, price is not a determining factor of WTP. We often use WTP and price interchangeably. But it is useful to keep them separate....If we want to understand why some companies are much more profitable than others, a useful starting point is to identify the reasons why the middle section of the value stick—the firm’s margins—is slim for some companies and fat for others....Value sticks illustrate that there are only two avenues for companies to create value: increase WTP or decrease WTS. Every strategic initiative needs to be evaluated against these two metrics. Unless an activity increases WTP or decreases WTS, it will not contribute to the firm’s competitive standing....Unless an initiative promises to increase WTP or decrease WTS, it is not worth pursuing....Companies compete for customers by creating superior customer delight. Many companies strive to be best in class. But having better quality and higher WTP is no guarantee for success. What matters is the difference between WTP and price—in other words, customer delight....In competition, more generous margins (and greater profitability) reflect an ability to create superior customer delight, greater employee satisfaction, and more generous supplier surplus....Strategists think in differences. Exceptional product quality and outstanding working conditions do not confer a lasting advantage if they can be matched easily by rival firms."
quinta-feira, maio 27, 2021
"increase WTP or decrease WTS"
quarta-feira, maio 26, 2021
A economia das carpetes e dos biombos no Observador a vivo e a cores
A propósito deste tweet:
Lembrei-me da relação estranha que o nome Espírito Santo tem com a concorrência. Por isso, a minha mente recuou a 2007 e a este postal "Big Man economy em todo o seus esplendor"."Esta argumentação é tão ridícula, tão ridícula... escolhem os negócios protegidos da concorrência internacional, apostam nas indústrias de bens não transaccionáveis, e depois quando a maré muda, não sabem o que é competir num mundo de excesso de oferta, virando-se logo para o papá estado!!!Bem vindos ao mundo quotidiano do senhor Manel merceeiro, da dona Elvira operária, do senhor Andrade pescador, dos agricultores, dos industriais que não jantam com o poder, dos empresários sem contactos telefónicos nos governos."
Este último sublinhado tem presença assídua no blogue quando refiro a economia das carpetes e dos biombos (2021), ou em 2009.
Esta manhã no programa "Explicador" da rádio Observador oiço Correia de Campos ao minuto 13:27 descrever como é fácil a um grande empresário (quem segue este blogue que para mim grande empresário, ou grande empresa, não é a mesma coisa que empresário grande, ou empresa grande. Por exemplo, para mim um verdadeiro grande empresário - adjectivo não substantivo - não telefona a ministros ponto) telefonar a um ministro da Economia, ou da Segurança Social para resolver os seus assuntos. E Correia de Campos disse isto com a maior naturalidade...
"The difference between leading and lagging companies in the same industry"
"I know it is probably poor storytelling, but I am tempted to share the good news right up front. I am incredibly optimistic about the potential of most companies to create more value and substantially improve their financial performance. And no, this is not just wishful thinking. My optimism is grounded in careful analysis of the data. Select any segment of the economy, and you will see that the very best companies in that segment dramatically outperform other firms. If the average company made even modest advances, value created and profits would soar....When I meet with executives whose companies achieve less-than-stellar performance, the typical conversation quickly turns to industry dynamics. They explain that their industry is disrupted by digital technology, how they face tough import competition, and why talent is difficult to hire and retain. The executives are right. Profitability can indeed change substantially from one industry to the next. Some industries are blessed with high average returns, others decidedly less so....The difference between leading and lagging companies in the same industry is typically far greater than the variation across industries....there is more than twice as much room to grow profitability inside an industry as opposed to across industries. From the standpoint of profitability, industries are fairly similar. Companies inside an industry, however, tend to be very different."
terça-feira, maio 25, 2021
Iniciativas, a operacionalização da transformação
"Value creation takes place in an uncertain world. We cannot predict the future, and in order to survive, firms need to be able to respond to unfolding circumstances. As we have stressed, we need to work with the complexities of the real world, and not assume these away, or pretend to ignore them.An initiative may have a positive impact in one part of the system, but result in negative impacts elsewhere.
...
significant change in an organisation typically occurs in two circumstances: a crisis, or a change of leadership, which is often preceded by a crisis. This is not surprising as to change an organisation that is ticking along in an acceptable way is a daunting prospect. “If it ain’t broke don’t fix it’ would be the way most people would think. The idea that managers will enact ‘transformational change’ outside of a crisis is frankly unlikely.
...
Firstly, we need to have a clear description of the initiative: what is involved in the change being proposed. The expected or hoped for outcomes of the initiative should also be set out which can help us figure out what feedback is required to monitor the impact of the changes on the wider value system. Some thoughts as to the time frame of the change process will help, that is, is it weeks, or months before we would expect to see some effects?
It will be necessary to identify, at least initially, the resources required to kick-start the change process, and who owns the initiative. If there are expected synergies with other initiatives, these could be set out and monitored and it would be essential to highlight potential risks associated with the changes.
The first initiative will require a significant amount of change energy. The idea is new, it will need management support, and those involved will need to move out of some familiar routine ways of behaving. But once the initiative gets established, it requires a lot less energy to sustain it as the new practices become embedded into routine ways of working....Value is created by combining inputs with existing assets to create products and services. Operations activities are those where the firm has most influence. Relationships with suppliers and customers can be influenced by what happens in the value creation process, but the firm has no direct control over what suppliers or customers choose to do. [Moi ici: Este sublinhado é incompreensível para quem vive fora do sector privado. "Como é possível estabelecer objectivos para as vendas quando não é possível obrigar os clientes a comprar]The value activities ‘inside’ the firm generate outcomes with respect to customers, costs and prices."
segunda-feira, maio 24, 2021
"Value created"
"Willingness-to-pay (WTP) sits at the top end of the value stick. It represents the customer’s point of view. More specifically, it is the most a customer would ever pay for a product or service. If companies find ways to improve their product, WTP will increase.Willingness-to-sell (WTS), at the bottom end of the value stick, refers to employees and suppliers. For employees, WTS is the minimum compensation they require to accept a job offer....The difference between WTP and WTS, the length of the stick, is the value that a firm creates....Companies that excel at creating value focus squarely on WTP and WTS. Every significant initiative is designed to either enhance the customer experience—that is, increase consumers’ WTP—or make it more attractive for vendors and employees to work with the company, in other words, decrease their WTS....Companies that outperform their peers increase WTP or decrease WTS in ways that are difficult to imitate....It is surprising, perhaps, but true nevertheless: the companies that perform best do not think about themselves first and foremost. They dream up ever better ways to create value for others. Think value, not profit, and profit will follow."
domingo, maio 23, 2021
Média versus discrepantes
Um excelente conselho de Roger Martin, mais um, acerca de pensar estratégia.
"I am utterly tired of the modern strategy focus on averages, whether means, medians, or modes.
...
In world of strategy, all analytical guns have long been trained on means, medians, and modes.
...
The flip side of obsession with averages is aversion to the outliers. They are largely ignored if not entirely suppressed.
...
There is a cost to this aversion. While the mean tells you about what is operating today, outliers give you hints about the future.
...
The problem is that our analytical mindset and toolbox has migrated away from paying attention to the outliers.
...
The single most important thing to do is to think consciously and carefully about when you pay attention to averages and when to outliers. When you want to hone and refine what is, focus on the averages and ignore the outliers. Outliers will distract you when creating improvement for the middle of the distribution is your goal.
...
If you want to figure out what could be, you have to pay attention to the outliers."
Trechos retirados de "Strategists: Stop Obsessing about Averages"
sábado, maio 22, 2021
Preservação versus destruição
"As causas comuns que nos unem são claras:- O primado da iniciativa privada e da economia de mercado;- A defesa das empresas e a promoção do empreendedorismo;- A dignificação dos empresários e a valorização dos seus colaboradores;- O crescimento da economia e a partilha da riqueza criada.Os desafios transversais que as empresas têm pela frente estão, também, identificados:- Recuperar clientes e mercados;- Aumentar a competitividade à escala internacional;- Captar e reter recursos humanos com as competências adequadas;- Alcançar estruturas financeiras mais sólidas;- Adequar os novos investimentos aos novos desafios, acelerando a introdução de novas tecnologias."
sexta-feira, maio 21, 2021
O ponto âncora
Já em tempos publiquei esta imagem:
Agora acrescentei-lhe o foco nas estruturas, sistemas e cultura."só depois de existirmos é que tomamos consciência que existimos.O que quero dizer com isto?Quero dizer que muitas empresas simplesmente existem. A vida a algumas até lhes corre bem, outras vivem aquilo que Thoreau descreveu como "lives of quiet desperation". Muito trabalho e pouca margem, muito esforço e pouco retorno.A dor do fracasso faz com que uma minoria, páre, reflicta sobre o que lhe está a acontecer, e procure subir na escala de abstracção para arranjar uma alternativa que melhore os resultados, que aumente o retorno do esforço. Outros, têm empresas que estão a resultar, que até estão a ter bons resultados, mas conseguem que dentro deles emirja a questão: Por estamos a ter sucesso? A estes chamo de 'batoteiros'. Os 'batoteiros' são os que reconhecem que até têm uma receita que está a resultar mas não percebem porquê. E, porque querem sentir o controlo sobre a coisa, porque querem fazer aumentar o rendimento do que fazem, procuram tomar consciência do que é que está a resultar.Acredito que muitas empresas não tem consciência de qual é, ou qual deve ser a sua 'receita' para o sucesso. Não há que ter vergonha dessa tomada de consciência. Afinal não é o que acontece connosco como seres humanos? Primeiro existimos e só depois tomamos consciência que existimos."
quinta-feira, maio 20, 2021
Coerência e ambiente
"There are many reasons to focus on circularity, but there are a few astounding stats that urge the need for change. First, the fashion industry is recycling less than 1% of all products into new items, all while using 98 million metric tons of nonrenewable resources (such as oil and plastic) each year, according to a report published by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation. Those numbers are staggering. The second fact illustrates the opportunity with circularity: If you extend the life of a product by just 9 months, you can reduce its waste, carbon, and water footprint by a combined 20 to 30%. [Moi ici: E qual o impacte disto no número de empregos? É como querer a transição energérica, mas não querer despedimentos na refinaria de Leça] But to realize the potential of circularity and reduce the footprint of footwear, we’ll need to take some big steps....shoe production accounts for one-fifth of the fashion industry’s environmental impact and generates 1.4% of global carbon emissions. While a handful of other shoe brands have announced the development of a circular product or their efforts working toward circularity, there really aren’t circular solutions for the footwear industry at large. That’s mainly because circularity in footwear has proven to be elusive and complex.Unlike apparel, shoes are typically made from a variety of different materials engineered to stick together, making them near impossible to disassemble. To put it into perspective, a cotton T-shirt is made of one type of fiber, which can easily be recycled. On average, a sneaker can be made of 30 individual materials, and a hiking boot may require 100 materials. The more complex the shoe construction is, the more difficult it is to disassemble and recycle its components. Because of this, the unfortunate reality is that the vast majority of footwear ends up in landfills. So the first step in tackling all of this waste is producing shoes with fewer materials and designing for disassembly, making them more viable for end-of-wear recycling."
Que modelos de negócio vão emergir desta combinação com o ambiente sem o fast-fashion?
quarta-feira, maio 19, 2021
A Resistência
"Frames not only guide us to our goals, they shape our broader worldview. Seeing the world through a particular cognitive lens may gradually turn into a more general dimension of one’s reasoning. In a 2010 experiment in Ethiopia, researchers changed people’s perspectives so that they could see they had control over their future. The result was that those people saved more and invested in their children’s education, suggesting tangible benefits from altering the way one frames things. It also highlights how mental models can have a powerful impact on economic development."
- portugueses não poupam...
- cultura portuguesa é adepta do estúpido "só se pode fazer o que está na lei. Se não está na lei, não se pode fazer
- ter visto num programa no canal História, na noite anterior, como é que a maioria dos judeus reagia nos anos 30 na Alemanha nazi à progressiva publicação de leis contra eles - resignação e apatia
terça-feira, maio 18, 2021
Esse é o busílis!
- O quadrante 1 não se recomenda por motivos óbvios.
- O quadrante 3 é irrealista, uma PME não pode competir no campeonato da comoditização ponto!
- O quadrante 4 decorre da construção de uma relação de cooperação ao longo dos anos. A dependência mútua decorre da confiança depositada nas capacidades e promessas de cada parte. Por exemplo, entregas rápidas, entregas de pequenas séries, capacidade de desenvolvimento rápido
- O quadrante 3 é talvez o mais desejável, mas também o mais difícil para uma PME. a) Quem são os clientes-alvo? b) O que é que eles procuram e valorizam mesmo? c) O que é que a PME lhes pode oferecer com vantagem sobre a concorrência?
segunda-feira, maio 17, 2021
"duas economias, diferentes realidades, diferentes meios de competir ou não competir" (parte II)
Comecei a parte I com a imagem dos "caretos" da região de Trás-os-Montes como símbolo de um tempo em que cada região tinha a sua roupa, a sua gastronomia, os seus dialectos e sotaques, sem a pressão de uma uniformização centralizadora.
No final da semana passada, numa caminhada matinal junto à foz do rio Douro
"Competition on Smooth Landscapes [Moi ici: O mundo do século XX, o mundo do mercado homogéneo]First, we consider performance in a smooth consumer landscape. ... in this type of landscape all consumers have similar preferences so there is only one large niche with a single global peak. In Figure 2, Panel (A) shows how average firm performance develops in the smooth landscape over time for different levels of competition. The learning process is clearly visible: firms start from their randomly assigned positions and gradually increase their performance as they explore the landscape and locate the global peak. After approximately 40 periods average performance has stabilized. The influence of competition is also clear: for a rising number of firms (F) the average performance stabilizes at a lower level. Thus, competition is detrimental to performance, which is exactly what we would expect in a real world setting. [Moi ici: A imagem clássica da competição económica. Quanto mais concorrentes, pior o desempenho]...firms‟ performance increases over time because they gradually approach the global peak: the distance initially drops sharply and then stabilizes after about 40 periods. This is what we would expect in an NK model with low ruggedness . However, in standard NK models without competition all firms would locate exactly at the global peak, whereas in Panel (B) an increasing number of competitors causes firms to locate at an increasing distance from the global peak. This is due to the difference between competition in horizontal and vertical differentiation ... if a firm has already located at the peak it becomes less attractive for all others. A corollary of this result is that with increasing competition the product designs offered in the market display greater heterogeneity: on average firms produce product designs that are similar but not identical to the modal consumer preference....This means that in competitive markets with homogeneous consumer preferences firms never settle down but instead continue to adjust their product designs. Because firms only move when they can increase their (expected) performance and we know from Panel (A) that average performance has stabilized, that must mean that they are engaged in a constant process of stealing each other‟s customers.This raises yet another question: which firms are moving? Does one dominant firm settle down on the peak while the others move around collecting the scraps, or does competition continue to threaten all firms? Panel (D) in Figure 2 shows that the latter is the case. It shows the proportion of market leaders, i.e. the firms with the highest market share, which are overtaken („dethroned‟) in each period. With an increasing number of competitors it becomes increasingly likely that the most successful firm will be dethroned: defending a leading market share becomes increasingly difficult the more competitors there are in the market.Taken together these results suggest that on smooth landscapes, increasing competition causes markets to become increasingly and persistently volatile. Firms do not settle down with stable product designs but rather dance around the peak, continuously jostling for the best positions and being thwarted by their competitors. In terms of products the result is a continuous stream of new but similar product designs which become more and more diverse as competition increases. The cutthroat competition of stealing market shares in these markets is detrimental to firm performance, not only on average, but even for the most successful firms who are in constant danger of losing their leading position."
"Competition on Rugged LandscapesWe have established that in „smooth‟ markets, competition leads to persistently volatile processes of adaptation. We now investigate how these dynamics are influenced by different distributions of consumer preferences. Figure 3 shows average results for different levels of ruggedness along the horizontal axis (from a single niche to many niches) and competition for the different lines (one, two, four and eight firms). The results are taken from the final period in the simulation ( ). Note that as illustrated by Figure 2 this is more than enough time for the results to settle into a pattern, whether static or volatile.Panel (A) in Figure 3 shows how average performance changes with changing ruggedness and competition. For landscapes with few peaks (low ) increasing competition is detrimental to performance. This is the same result we saw in Figure 2. Here however, we see that as the landscape becomes increasingly rugged, the detrimental effect of competition on performance decreases: [Moi ici: Aquilo a que há anos designo aqui por "Live and let live"] evidently, if there are several niches it matters less if there are lots of rivals....We already know that on smooth landscapes more competition causes firms to locate further away from the nearest peak. In Panel (B) we see that as the landscape becomes more rugged, firms locate closer to the nearest peak, regardless of the number of competitors in the market. This result suggests that firms may be dispersing to serve different niches. However, this result must be interpreted with caution because in more rugged landscapes there are also simply more peaks around. Note that firms that are alone in the landscape locate slightly further away from the nearest peak as K increases from zero....what is the dynamic driving competition? One possibility is that there is constant movement both on smooth and rugged landscapes alike, with firms jostling each other off the peaks. In that case the differences in results for high levels of ruggedness may be due to the fact that the alternatives are more attractive: displaced firms can find other attractive niches to serve. Another possibility is that there is simply less movement on rugged landscapes because firms disperse and „settle down‟ to stable situations where each serves a local niche.Panel (C) suggests that the latter explanation is more likely. For markets with few consumer niches competition has a large influence on volatility: the more firms in the market, the more movement we observe. As ruggedness increases, the average number of moves per firm and period decreases, regardless of the number of competitors. In very rugged landscapes (K=9) it makes hardly any difference whether there are two or eight firms in the market: firms have reached an essentially stable distribution.Panel (D) corroborates this finding. On smooth landscapes the probability that the market leader will be dethroned depends heavily on the number of competitors. Thus, if there is a single large consumer niche then it will be difficult for any one firm to defend a lead in the market. As the number of niches increases, the number of competitors matters less and less: in the extreme case (K=9) the market leader has more than a 95% chance of defending its position even if there are eight competitors in the market. In these cases firms have dispersed to serve individual niches (local peaks in the consumer landscape) and are unlikely to move. That means firms which have located favorable niches with high performance (relative to their competitors) are unlikely to be overtaken.To summarize, the distribution of consumer preferences matters for the dynamics of competitive positioning: On smooth landscapes we observe firms constantly jostling for competitive advantage around a few peaks. Competition is detrimental to performance and even successful firms are constantly in danger having their customers stolen by rivals. As the landscape becomes increasingly rugged, firms disperse more and more. Instead of clustering at some distance around a single peak they spread out to serve individual consumer niches. This has the additional effect that in very rugged markets movement drops to a minimum, and it is very unlikely that successful firms will be overtaken. Note that this result does not happen suddenly when the number of peaks becomes greater than the number of firms (at approximately ), but occurs gradually as ruggedness increases."
domingo, maio 16, 2021
"duas economias, diferentes realidades, diferentes meios de competir ou não competir" (parte I)
"Humans think using mental models. These are representations of reality that make the world comprehensible. They allow us to see patterns, predict how things will unfold, and make sense of the circumstances we encounter. Reality would otherwise be a flood of information, a jumble of inchoate experiences and sensations. Mental models bring order. They let us focus on essential things and ignore others—just as, at a cocktail party, we can hear the conversation that we’re in while tuning out the chatter around us. We craft a simulation of reality in our minds to anticipate how situations will play out.We use mental models all the time, even if we are not aware of them....our decisions are not simply based on the reasoning we apply, but on something more foundational: the particular lens through which we look at the situation—our sense of how the world works. That underlying level of cognition consists of mental models.The fact that we need to interpret the world in order to exist in it, that how we perceive reality colors how we act within it, is something that people have long known but take for granted....The mental models that we choose and apply are frames: they determine how we understand and act in the world. Frames enable us to generalize and make abstractions that apply to other situations. With them, we can handle new situations, rather than having to relearn everything from scratch. Our frames are always operating in the background. ”...We now know that the right frame applied in the right way opens up a wider range of possibilities, which in turn leads to better choices. The frames we employ affect the options we see, the decisions we make, and the results we attain. By being better at framing, we get better outcomes....Sometimes our frames don’t fit the reality to which we apply them. There is no such thing as a “bad” frame per se (save for one exception that we’ll raise later), but there are certainly cases of misframing, where a given frame doesn’t fit very well. In fact, the path of human progress is littered with the carcasses of misused frames."
sábado, maio 15, 2021
Modelos mentais ultrapassados
Do século XX, do Normalistão, até Mongo, o Estranhistão, em meia-dúzia de linhas:
"When distribution is scarce, the hits are powerful indeed.
AM Top 40 radio meant that if you made that list of 40 hits, you were going to sell a huge number, and if you didn’t, you were gone.
Giant movie screens meant a few movies could play for months and own the market.
Limited independent bookstores kept a hit on the bestseller list for up to a year.
And then, when the long tail arrives, there’s a riot of variety, with most of the available offerings selling few indeed (most videos on YouTube have fewer than 25 views) but the ones on the shoulders do far better than they ever would before. This happened to movies in the 1990s when the number of screens multiplied, and to cable TV when the premium networks were okay with 3 million viewers for Mad Men.
Excited creators start to imagine infinity. There will be room for an unlimited number of Kindle books or YouTube videos or Netflix shows…
And that’s when the pendulum starts to oscillate a bit.
Because the media business remains a business, and it’s largely built on attention, and attention is scarce and it’s hard to scale.
So instead of an infinite number of successful titles, the market begins to segment. Instead of one blockbuster movie like Jaws that owns the summer for an entire nation, there are multiple markets, multiple audiences. But within those segments, there are still hits. Short heads built on multiple long tails.
Yes, having the most popular podcast in the world is quite valuable. But having the most popular podcast for a particular audience is valuable as well.
And we continue to segment for as long as the attention can be lumped together in valuable ways.
But, at the same time, we live in community, and we have a thirst for the big hit, the one that ‘everyone’ is talking about.
The disconnect occurs when producers and creators try to average things out and dumb things down, hoping for the big hit that won’t come. Or overspend to get there. The opportunity lies in finding a viable audience and matching the project’s focus and budget to the people who truly want it.[Moi ici: É aqui que se impõe o conluio entre os governos e os incumbentes para os proteger, para tentar eliminar do mercado os mais pequenos, para facilitar a possibilidade de os comprar. A tal economia das carpetes e dos biombos. Por exemplo, no século XXI faz algum sentido que uma empresa precise de aguentar um calvário de 4 anos para ter licença para operar? Por isso, escrevo teets como o que se segue abaixo]
And the dance continues."
Trechos retirados de "The dance between the long tail and the short head"
quinta-feira, maio 13, 2021
"é cada vez mais perigoso querer ser tudo para todos"
- Combinação 1 - Dinheiro deixado em cima da mesa e cliente com grande probabilidade de ser mal servido
- Combinação 2 - Aposta em inovação no produto quando o resto da cadeia quer um produto maduro. Acontece tanto... apoios comunitários a projectos de inovação em parcerias com universidades que nunca dão fruto porque, mesmo que o produto desenvolvido seja 5 estrelas, não há cadeia para o produzir e vender
- Combinação 3 - Com uma cadeia assim, o cliente nunca vai pagar o preço que sustente a organização
- Combinação 4 - Comercial habituado a vender preço nunca vai ser capaz de pôr a empresa a ganhar o retorno adequado da inovação
- Combinação 5 - Come on, onde é que este cliente vai pagar a estrutura e o retorno da inovação?
- Combinação 8 - Se é o cliente certo as operações e a comercial estão erradas. Se é o cliente errado, a comercial tem de mudar de clientes, e a inovação tem de se concentrar no processo, não no produto, assim, como as compras.
quarta-feira, maio 12, 2021
"customer profitability analysis" (parte II)
"Unlike measures that gloss over differences among customers or omit cost-to-serve elements, pocket margin gives a company a clear view of how much revenue each transaction generates, how much it costs the company to generate that revenue, and — crucially — when and why those costs are incurred. And because pocket margin is measured for every transaction, metrics based on pocket margin can provide insight into costs and revenues at any desired level of detail, from individual clients all the way up to broad marketplace segments."
Gosto destes títulos e das mensagens que ilustram: What your customers won’t tell you (but pocket margin can):
- You're losing money on me
- “You’re spending too much to serve me”
- “I’m in the wrong segment”
- “You should be charging me more for …”
- “Sell me _____ now, and I’ll keep coming back for more”
Trechos retirados de "How profitable are your customers … really?"
terça-feira, maio 11, 2021
O que mudar para que o que se tem se transforme numa vantagem competitiva?
"Rather than thinking of Best Buy’s more than 1,000 stores as a liability that made it difficult to compete, the company reimagined their role and turned them into assets. Going forward, the stores would serve four functions: points of sale (the traditional role), showrooms for brands that built stores-within-a-store, pickup locations, and mini-warehouses."
Ontem ao ler este trecho parei... parei e recuei a Outubro de 2015 e a "Do concreto para o abstracto e não o contrário":
"Uma PME-tipo em Portugal não tem condições para começar com uma folha em branco e partir do zero num exercício racional de desenvolvimento de uma estratégia.
Uma PME-tipo em Portugal ao desenvolver uma estratégia:
para aproveitar uma oportunidade com que chocou inadvertidamente; ou
para estancar uma hemorragia competitiva que a está a enfraquecer.
Tem, quase sempre, de partir daquilo que tem. Não tem a liberdade de ir à procura do próximo hit, porque isso exige recursos e uma cultura que normalmente não tem."
segunda-feira, maio 10, 2021
Caderno de apontamentos - I
domingo, maio 09, 2021
"Better decisions"
"Catastrophic decisions live on in the business lore as testament to the perennial difficulty of making good decisions.
...
1. Make sure you truly understand the problem. There is often an unavoidable tendency to fall into what I call ‘the conclusion trap’. In a fast-changing environment, executives often feel pressured to make decisions quickly. Combine that with years of training and reinforcement with the kind of System 1 (automatic, intuitive) thinking that Daniel Kahneman describes, and you have a perfect recipe for jumping to incorrect conclusions or solutions that can sink an organization.
Perhaps the most important step you can take in this regard is to go and see. Like a good detective, go to the ‘scene of the crime’ and directly observe the situation.
...
2. Define a process. We tend to think of decision-making as a fine art that comprises intuition, experience and myriad other unquantifiable factors — rather than as a process that can be improved. Humans are afflicted with far too many cognitive biases to rely on the alchemy of ‘gut feel’.
...
To mitigate the pernicious effects of cognitive biases, organizations need to view decision-making as a process that can be monitored and improved with appropriate systems and structures. Here are five ideas that will help:
- Send materials in advance. To avoid peer conformity, allow people to think through the issues in advance, individually. Share the relevant information before every meeting and ask people to develop recommendations. Collect these ahead of time and discuss them at the meeting. The different perspectives will lead to more productive and thoughtful discussions.
- Clarify the assumptions. It is essential that everyone starts out with the same assumptions. The materials provided must specify what those critical assumptions are and what the goals are for the decision. Are you striving to maximize market share? Are you anticipating a flat, declining or growing market? People must have the same starting point for their analysis.
- Conduct a pre-mortem. Pretend that the decision agreed to turns out badly. Assess ‘what went wrong’ and why. This discussion will identify weaknesses in the plan.
- Assign a devil’s advocate. A devil’s advocate arguing against your recommended course of action will point out any holes in the ‘solution’. Because the role is assigned, there will be less of a temptation to succumb to peer pressure to conform.
- Define the rules of engagement. Tribal knowledge in organizations teaches people how to behave in meetings.
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3. Solve at the right level. Decisions should be made, and problems solved, as close to the issue as possible.
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4. Run experiments. The amount of data available to organizations today enables them to run experiments quickly and inexpensively, enabling them to easily validate new pricing strategies, marketing campaigns or product features. Before committing to a decision, run an experiment with a small group of customers, or with just one factory or geographic region.
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5. Train and institutionalize these behaviours. Commit to teaching employees this decision-making approach. Make sure they know how to use the tools and structures listed here. Companies provide training for their employees on all kinds of skills, and decision-making should be treated in the same way. "
Trechos retirados de "The path to better decisions" de Daniel Markovitz, publicado em Rotman Management Spring 2021.