Dois economistas, três opiniões

"Economists at the Bank of International Settlements looked at data from more than 25,000 companies and found supply chains lengthening as other countries, especially in Asia, became additional stops in trade between China and the US. Companies shifting supply chains away from China are often moving production to countries whose economies are already highly integrated with China, such as Vietnam. Mexico, where investment by Chinese manufacturers has ticked up noticeably in recent years, is also becoming an important link in US-China trade. So it's not so much that the US and Chinese economies are decoupling-they're just coupling in different places.

...

Still, the connectors are proof that talk of the end of globalization is overwrought. Goods and capital still move across borders - even more of them, in fact."

Estes trechos foram retirados de "These Five Countries Are Key Economic; 'Connectors' in a Fragmenting World" publicado pela revista Bloomberg Business Week.

Interessante o que encontramos no WSJ de ontem:

"China passed a significant milestone last fall: For the first time since its economic opening more than four decades ago, it traded more with developing countries than the U.S., Europe and Japan combined. It was one of the clearest signs yet that China and the West are going in different directions as tensions increase over trade, technology, security and other thorny issues.

...

Benefits for the U.S. and Europe include less reliance on Chinese supply chains and more jobs for Americans and Europeans that otherwise might go to China. But there are major risks, such as slower global growth - and many economists worry the costs will outweigh the advantages."

Trechos retirados de "Global Economy Splits Into U.S. vs. China"

"This is a column about two numbers that seem to tell contradictory stories about globalization.

Over the past 15 years, a consensus has developed that globalization has run its course and gone into decline. One popular number supporting this argument: Trade as a share of global output peaked in 2008 at the cusp of the global financial crisis and has never recovered.

But a new metric from a pair of economists, Sharat Ganapati of Georgetown University and Woan Foong Wong at the University of Oregon, tells the opposite story: More goods are traveling greater distances than ever before.

That seems impossible if globalization has truly swung into reverse. So which is right?"

Trechos retirados de "Is Globalization Over? A New Metrie Says No"

É impressionante a diferença de ritmo entre os dois lados do Atlântico.

Uma série de postais nos últimos 30 dias aqui no blogue sobre o tema do reshoring:

• Outros sintomas de que o mundo está a mudar 
• Mais sintomas de como o mundo está a mudar
• Sonho ... deliro.

No Domingo passado publiquei o tweet:

"76.3% - Increase in U.S. construction spending, mostly on factories, in May from a year earlier."

Consequências da I.R.S.?

— Carlos P da Cruz 🇺🇦🚜🇳🇱🇬🇪 (@ccz1) July 9, 2023

Ontem apanhei este vídeo de Peter Zeihan:

Além do tema do tweet acima, o vídeo acaba com a referência a dois temas interessantes: 

• a relação entre inflação e reshoring (É transitória ...); e
• Mongo

"doubled construction stuff spending again. So, we were already at record levels three years ago, we've now doubled the record and this is going on from there. Now this does mean we're going to have some more inflation in the short in the midterm because there's no way you double the size of the industrial plant without that, but once we get to the back side of this a few years from now, we will have a supply chain system that is local, that is employed by locals, that serves local customers and uses less energy and less water and has fewer steps and it's largely immune to International shocks"

Algo que me faz pensar no regresso da indústria às cidades. 

Outros sintomas de que o mundo está a mudar

Na última página do WSJ de ontem encontrei "U.S. Sees Boom in Factory Building":

"Congress passed two measures last year that aimed, in part, to build America's manufacturing capacity back up.

...

On Monday, the Commerce Department reported May construction spending figures, with overall spending rising a seasonally adjusted 0.9% from a month earlier. Once again, an important piece of that was spending on construction of manufacturing facilities."

 Entretanto, ontem durante a minha caminhada matinal, li dois artigos sobre um mesmo tema, que poderá vir a ter repercussões na forma como os governos como o português estão habituados a receber dinheiro da UE:

• "Alemania se desindustrializa y sufre un desplome de la inversión extranjera"(1)
• "Germany Needs a New Growth Model" (2)

Da fonte 1:

"una tendencia de cierres que afecta especialmente a las plantas de producción que requieren un alto gasto energético.

...

Los sectores que más economía consumen, como el químico o el metalúrgico, optan por llevarse al extranjero plantas de producción, ante el encarecimiento de la cesta energética y la incertidumbre sobre los suministros.

...

«A la industria alemana le esperan tiempos difíciles», dice el economista de Commerzbank Ralph Solveen, que añade que «en la segunda mitad del año existe la amenaza de una disminución significativa de los pedidos que probablemente contribuya a que la economía se siga contrayendo»."

Da fonte 2:

"the German economic engine is facing structural headwinds, weakening the country in the long term as geopolitical tensions mount.

The exports that powered growth in the 2010s—propelled by Asian demand for German cars, machinery, and chemicals—ran out of steam in 2018

...

Now, while globalization has not gone into reverse, it is changing form, and not in Germany’s favor. China’s car exports are exploding, supplanting Germany as the second biggest exporter  and threatening Japan’s spot at the top of the global auto market. Beijing is also upgrading its machinery sector. Ironically, Berlin has exacerbated the competitive threat that is now emerging with little regard for a level playing field with China. 

...

Germany also made little progress in cutting red tape or reducing unwarranted protections for professional service like tax or legal services, which both stifle competition and keep prices unnecessarily high. This makes it harder to start or scale-up a business."

Mais sintomas de como o mundo está a mudar

Mais sintomas de como o mundo está a mudar. 

"When Bayard Winthrop, the chief executive of the retailer American Giant, ordered the batch of shirts that his company would advertise for the Fourth of July, he didn't think much of it. The retailer, which has been producing its apparel solely in factories around the United States for more than a decade, perennially leans into its "Made in America" pitch for Independence Day.

This year's crew-neck T-shirts are fittingly available in red, white or blue with very little embellishment other than getting straight to the point: Letters that read "American Made." They cost $60 each. And they sold out in the first day. Then he ordered another set, which also sold out quickly as well. The company is scrambling to secure its fourth order.

For American Giant, this is shaping up to be its most lucrative Fourth of July yet. The company has been using its "Made in America" status to advertise to consumers since its founding in 2012. But, Mr. Winthrop said, it is now reaching customers at a time when chatter about the global supply chain, re-shoring, trade deal loopholes and sustainability in fashion has moved beyond boardrooms and policy circles. 

Sixty-five percent of U.S. adults said they intentionally bought "Made in America" products over the past year, according to a Morning Consult survey released last month. That's about the same rate of U.S. adults who said they had those same intentions last year.

...

The reality is much of that apparel is made overseas and imported. 

... 

Since the 1990s, production of apparel sold by major American retailers has largely moved overseas, especially to China, which brings heightened tensions between the United States and China into the equation for those companies.

The pandemic also strained the global supply chain, disrupting the reliability of imports. In some cases, retailers are moving production closer to the United States or sourcing a wider share of the goods they sell domestically.

In the past month, lawmakers in Washington have introduced a series of bills seeking to close off a shipping channel that allows companies like the fast-fashion retailers Shein and Temu - both founded in China - from benefiting from a trade rule, which allows them to forgo paying fees at U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Lawmakers argue this would level the playing field for American-based retailers."

Recordar o recente Sonho ... deliro. O paralelismo para Portugal tem de ser ao nível do Made in Europe.

Entretanto, ontem encontrei esta frase:

"The more immersed we become in a changing culture, the more we need to be reminded of what is timeless and fundamental." 

Trechos retirados de "Shirt Maker Has Patriotism Down to a U.S.A. -Made ' Tee" publicado no NYT de 2 de Julho último.

Sonho ... deliro.

Está quase a fazer dois anos que o primeiro ministro foi descrito assim:

"Ao dr. Costa interessa tanto o que se vai passar daqui a três anos, como a mim o que se vai passar daqui a 300. O dr. Costa quer saber da semana que vem. O que é desesperante é que a direita nem a semana que vem percebe."

 Dali só podemos esperar competência(?) no jogo do imediato. Por isso, seria interessante que um bloco central qualquer, para remover reacções epidérmicas, se reunisse para pensar o futuro, e preparar um conjunto de propostas sobre como criar condições para tirar partido da re-industriialização da Europa. Não seria para escolher campeões, não seria para distribuir dinheiro pelos amigos, mas para, na linguagem de Bloomberg como mayor de New York, pôr a mesa.

A revolução está aí:

"A global arms race to reindustrialise is under way, reversing long-established trends in many advanced economies. The forces driving this race - decarbonisation, deglobalisation, remilitarisation - are likely to have lasting implications for the global macroeconomy and may even help it break free from secular stagnation.

...

Underpinning this shift has been a relocation of manufacturing production from west to east and an accompanying reconfiguration of global supply chains. [Moi ici: Recordar "já não precisamos da vossa ajuda" ] This was made possible by successive waves of trade liberalisation, culminating in China's accession into the World Trade Organization in 2001. These trends were then amplified by the activist industrial policies pursued by countries such as China and Singapore, policies typically not matched in the west.

...

The past few years, however, have seen a new industrial age beginning to take shape, with global manufacturing undergoing a revival, in particular in the west. This has been underpinned by three distinct global arms races.

...

This new industrial age is also beginning to reverse some of the secular macro trends of the past. Fractured supply chains are raising global prices, causing inflation targets to overshoot and interest rates to rise. Public and private money is flooding into manufacturing projects, irrigating firms dehydrated by the investment drought. Higher investment plans are also helping absorb the global savings glut, with global real interest rates rising by over 1 percentage point so far.

Most arms races leave no one better off. Today's race to reindustrialise is different. It mav be just the impetus the world needs to break free of its economic and environmental torpor."

Sonho... deliro.

Trechos retirados de "The industrial arms race is just what we need" publicado no FT de ontem.

Tudo vai depender do tal jogo de forças (parte VI)

Continuação desta serie - Tudo vai depender do tal jogo de forças (parte V)

• Manufacturing orders from China down 40% in unrelenting demand collapse

"U.S. manufacturing orders in China are down 40 percent, 

...

Unlike the decrease in orders out of China, trade data analyzed by Project44 indicates that the Europe-to-U.S. route is "one of the possibly most surprising and certainly most significant developments since early 2020," Brazil said.

"This sharp rise cannot be explained by the pandemic alone. But a strategic shift from over-dependency on trade with China and geopolitical tensions over Russia are the main drivers of the EU-U.S. trade boom," he said.

...

This year, the U.S. has imported more goods from Europe than China – a big shift from the 2010s, according to Project 44.

"For their part, Europe's manufacturers battling sky-high energy prices and inflation are increasingly exporting to and investing in the U.S.," Brazil said.

Germany's exports to the U.S. were almost 50% higher in September year over year. Germany's mechanical engineering sector has boosted its exports to the U.S. by almost 20% in a year over year comparison of the first nine months of 2022, according to Project 44."

Isto representa um alento para as PMEs tugas, mas não haja ilusões isto são exportações a base de preço espremido.

• Apple Accelerating Supply Chain Retreat From China After iPhone Factory Chaos

"WSJ said Apple is "telling suppliers to plan more actively for assembling Apple products elsewhere in Asia, particularly India and Vietnam, they say, and looking to reduce dependence on Taiwanese assemblers led by Foxconn.""

Recordar o efeito do banhista gordo - As banheiras pequenas enchem depressa 

Teorias da conspiração

"El coronavirus actúa como acelerador de cambios que ya estaban en marcha...”

Primeiro, recomendo a leitura deste postal de Julho de 2018, "Qual é a teoria da conspiração?" que termina assim:

"Qual é a teoria da conspiração?
.
10 anos depois do pico da globalização, 10 anos depois da maré ter mudado, 10 anos depois de se começar a falar em reindustrialização do Ocidente é que se inicia uma guerra de taxas alfandegárias? Quem é que tem a ganhar com isso?
.
As empresas que foram para a China mantiveram-se em jogo com base no preço/custo e nunca foram obrigadas, ou sentiram necessidade de um esforço de subida na escala de valor. Agora que o modelo baseado na China deixa de ser viável até para essas empresas grandes, elas percebem que não têm ADN competitivo para outra forma de competição. Por isso, sentem que precisam de tempo para arranjar uma alternativa. Nada que uma mão amiga no poder político não possa fazer: criar uma barreira alfandegária protectora."

Depois, "Coronavirus: China faces an economic reckoning as Covid-19 turns world against globalisation":

"One of the more worrying consequences of the coronavirus is that it looks likely to become a catalyst for deglobalisation.
.
At the centre of this will be the decoupling of the Chinese economy with developed economies and the US in particular. The world’s three largest free economies – the European Union, the United States and Japan – are all drawing up separate plans to lure their companies out of China.
...
US President Donald Trump’s top economic adviser Larry Kudlow has said the government should pay the costs of American firms moving manufacturing back from China onto US soil...
While these are recent moves, the truth is the debate on globalisation – and deglobalisation – began more than a decade ago in the wake of the global financial crisis of 2008.
...
Exports of goods and services accounted for 19.51 per cent of China’s GDP last year, according to the World Bank. While that figure is declining, it is still sizeable. Based on this, a 10-percentage-point decline in China’s exports might mean a decline of about 2 percentage points in GDP growth on average.
.
Exports employ 180 million workers, so any hit to the sector would also have a knock-on effect on investment, incomes, consumption and employment."

O que os números das exportações me sugerem

Ontem, neste postal escrevi:

"Cortiça com recorde histórico de exportações quer chegar aos mil milhões de euros em 2017;
Exportações da cerâmica disparam em seis anos e 2016 pode trazer recorde;
Vai ser mais um ano recorde para as exportações de calçado;
Vai ser mais um ano recorde para as exportações têxteis;
Vai ser mais um ano recorde para as exportações de máquinas (crescimento de dois dígitos mais de 12,3%);
Vai ser mais um ano recorde para as exportações de mobiliário;
Vai ser um ano recorde para as exportações da agro-indústria (só o leite e lactícinios não sobem);
Vai ser um ano recorde ... estão a ver o filme"

Depois, ainda acrescentei:

"A Autoridade Nacional do Medicamento (Infarmed) destaca que os números revelados pelo Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE) confirmam dinamismo do sector farmacêutico que triplicou, em dez anos, o valor das exportações que já superam 900 milhões."

Depois, durante o dia, pensei para comigo:
-Achas isto normal? O que seria um comportamento normal da economia transaccionável tradicional (excluindo multinacionais, consideremos só o universo das empresas que o lisboeta típico considera unsexy e chefiadas com mão de ferro por um patrão com a 4ª classe)?

O normal seria ter uns sectores a bombar e outros a penar.

Por que é que tantos e tantos sectores transaccionáveis estão a bater recordes?

E o que me veio à cabeça foi:

• será que estamos a ser puxados por uma locomotiva externa como eu dizia que não aconteceria (em Novembro de 2006)?
• será que isto são os sintomas da boleia de uma maré muito maior? Em Dezembro de 2009 escrevi "Não acredito em marés..."

Com a adesão da China à OMC milhares de empresas bem e mal geridas foram varridas do mapa porque o modelo de negócio em que se baseavam simplesmente deixou de funcionar e isso é meta-gestão, ultrapassa a gestão corrente da maioria das empresas e, implica uma agilidade estratégica que não é para o humano comum e se calhar incompatível com a nossa moldura legal laboral e social.

Com a reversão da globalização, não por causa de Trump mas por causa do que está por trás deste postal de Agosto de 2008 e cito-me:

"perante este cenário deixaria de fazer sentido falar da China como a fábrica do mundo."

Se calhar o desempenho do sector transaccionável português em 2016 é a melhor evidência do fenómeno de reshoring de que tanto falamos e escrevemos aqui pelo menos desde Maio de 2006 com "O regresso dos clientes"

Acredito que a gestão de uma empresa deve continuar a seguir esta mensagem de Janeiro de 2007: Não se fiem na Virgem e corram, não se fiquem pelas orações REMEM! também.

Uma coisa é fazer pela vida, locus de controlo interno no seu melhor, e não contar com boleias externas. Outra coisa é perceber que se calhar, além do que temos de fazer dentro da nossa empresa, o mundo exterior está menos mau e há toda uma panóplia de oportunidades que estão a aparecer porque o modelo chinês está a acabar. Como pode a minha empresa aproveitar esta oportunidade? Que riscos podem vir à boleia desta oportunidade?

O mundo não é plano

"Thomas Friedman is renowned for claiming that the world is flat, in not one but two best-selling, highly lauded, and widely quoted books— The World is Flat (2005) and Hot, Flat, and Crowded (2008).  Friedman posits that information technology is revolutionary in that all people and countries bear an increasing resemblance; he suggests that borders between countries are becoming increasingly irrelevant. It follows that companies that fail to globalize and capitalize on this convergence trend will be left behind.
.
While advances in information technology are indeed increasing at a rapid rate, and those advances have certainly facilitated the coordination, connectedness, and efficiency of communications across borders, it does not follow that all peoples and countries will converge so as to become nearly indistinct. Despite what business pundits who exhort globalization would have us believe, important differences between countries remain, and information technology simply does not fully bridge the political, economic, and cultural divides between countries.
.
Pankaj Ghemawat and Richard Florida, for example, have demonstrated that the world is not as flat as Friedman purports. There is still substantial difference in the world. People are not the same the world over. Countries vary on a host of dimensions, and the ways in which they differ have important implications for how companies ought to globalize and how globalizing businesses will perform. These differences make it incredibly challenging to manage far-flung global corporations.
.
And therein lies the managerial challenge. It seems that managers of global and globalizing companies have taken Friedman’s words to heart, and as a result they are either unsure or unaware of how differences between countries will impact their business. They therefore make dangerous assumptions, underestimating the extent to which such differences are likely to negatively influence the bottom (or top) line, only to learn through a series of costly and painful lessons that the challenges of globalization are real and complex."

Trechos retirados de "Global Vision: How Companies Can Overcome the Pitfalls of Globalization"

Pós-pico da globalização

Bem na sequência de uma breve conversa de ontem sobre o pico da globalização, este artigo "Is Globalization Finished?":

"World trade volumes fell in the early months of 2015, once again disappointing the expectations of economists."

Interessante, recordar:

• Pós pico da globalização... (Abril de 2011)
• A propósito de Mongo e do Estranhistão  (Maio 2013)
• Globalização, uma maré a recuar (Abril 2015)

Um momento de pluralidade

Eu acredito nisto "Mass Customization: Let Your Customers Have It Their Way", acredito que o futuro é Mongo, é o Estranhistão onde podemos dar azo à nossa individualidade, uma tendência facilitada pela crescente democratização da produção.
.
Contudo, ao mesmo tempo, haverá espaço para alguns gigantes?

" The Internet makes possible an unlimited diversity of digital content and services.  That encourages belief that fragmentation of audiences and the proliferation of niche products will control business success.  However, the Internet also enhances social influence that concentrates attention and purchases on the most popular symbolic products.  In current business reality, enhancing social influence is more important.  The most profitable business strategy is using all available communication tools to make a particular symbolic package highly popular: a blockbuster."

Talvez, certamente para alguns mas não consigo avaliar para quantos, mas esse não é o caminho mais provável para o crescimento das PMEs. Interessante, contudo, "blockbusters triumph for Internet-era business"
.
E ainda, "Globalization Isn’t Dead, It’s Only Just Beginning".

Os limites da globalização

Ainda tenho o recorte, algures, de uma entrevista a um director de uma fábrica de processamento de tomate, onde ele focava o dilema entre produzir pasta de tomate e molhos de tomate, grandes séries versus pequenas séries). O senhor chamava a atenção para a impossibilidade de produzir molhos de tomate em larga escala para o mundo globalizado porque cada país, às vezes cada região dentro de um país, tem um gosto diferente.
.
Anos depois, ao ler Ghemawat, tomei consciência de como aquele sintoma, da entrevista referida acima, se encaixava em algo mais geral e profundo:

"differences between countries are larger than generally acknowledged. As a result, strategies that presume complete global integration tend to place far too much emphasis on international standardization and scalar expansion.
...
“The real state of the world is semiglobalized.
The world will remain semiglobalized for decades to come.
A semiglobalized perspective helps companies resist a variety of delusions derived from visions of the globalization apocalypse: growth fever, the norm of enormity, statelessness, ubiquity, and one-size-fits-all.
.
Semiglobalization is what offers room for cross-border strategy to have content distinct from single –country strategy.”

Ontem, ouvi falar da internacionalização da Abyss & Habidecor, hoje, ao pesquisar sobre a empresa encontrei este estudo "ADAPTAÇÃO CULTURAL DO PRODUTO: O CASO ABYSS & HABIDECOR":

"O processo de globalização não está a levar à homogeneização do comportamento do consumidor entre países. Pelo contrário, o comportamento do consumidor está a tornar-se mais heterogéneo devido às diferenças culturais. As estratégias de venda para um país não podem ser estendidas a outros países sem adaptação, adaptação do produto e/ou publicidade. Este fenómeno torna cada vez mais importante compreender os valores das diferentes culturas e o seu impacto no comportamento do consumidor.
...
Os resultados mostram que, neste caso, os consumidores de diferentes países têm necessidades e gostos diferentes, pois compram diferentes modelos, cores e medidas de tapetes e toalhas. Deste modo, pode afirmar-se que, de facto, não parece que a globalização esteja a levar à homogeneização do comportamento do consumidor."

 As multinacionais, que têm arcaboiço para as fábricas de tamanho "cecil b. demile", gostariam de viver num mundo de bolas azuis, mas esse tempo, bom para os dinossauros, o Jurássico, teve o seu expoente no século XX, agora, o futuro é Mongo, aliás, os sintomas de Mongo estão em todo o lado.
.
Os limites da globalização são uma boa notícia para as PMEs que têm uma identidade.

A propósito de Mongo e do Estranhistão

Tal como pensamos aqui no blogue, em vez de um futuro com um mundo plano, um futuro com o mundo cada vez mais localizado, regionalizado, diversificado, com mais variedade.
.
Aquilo a que se chama globalização foi o último ato, o estertor do século XX. E o pico da globalização já passou: "Go Mongo: "We will find a place (To settle) Where there's so much space"", o século XXI voltará a ser um século de artesãos e de variedade:

"The real problem with The World Is Flat is not so much that it overstates—even considerably—the flatness of today’s world. The crucial conceptual error in Friedman’s thesis is that he assumes his 10 flatteners would automatically and rapidly lead to a more interconnected and, therefore, flat world. But the opposite has often been the case. The empirical evidence suggests that the global economy is increasingly being driven by urban clusters and, if anything, becoming more instead of less “curved.” (Moi ici: A caminho de Mongo, ou seja, o Estranhistão)
...
The danger of Friedman’s flat-world thesis is that it could cause executives to misinterpret the trends they observe in their own businesses and make potentially serious strategic errors. Instead of pursuing an aggressive localization strategy, for example, executives from multinational firms often decide to “wait it out” in emerging markets such as China and India. They hold the mistaken belief that demand-side and supply-side conditions will soon flatten and converge with those in developed markets. They may, for instance, believe that China’s retail environment will consolidate relatively quickly; as a result, they may fail to invest in localized distribution channels that are more appropriate for today’s market conditions. In reality, such consolidation is highly unlikely to occur within any reasonable planning horizon. And the impact of such wishful thinking is far from trivial. It could result in missed profit opportunities, and could also cause multinationals to fail to check the advance of competitors from these emerging markets until it is too late.
.
The world is still far from flat today, and, in many industries, it’s likely to retain its curvature for quite some time to come. Executives should be wary of relying too much on Friedman’s superficially persuasive, but seriously flawed, evidence."

Trechos retirados de "The Flat World Debate Revisited"

The Better You Understand Economics, the More You Realize that Money Isn’t All that Matters

O título deste postal foi roubado a Don Boudreaux no "Cafe Hayek".
.
E foi roubado porque é uma grande verdade que muitos desconhecem:
.
"The Better You Understand Economics, the More You Realize that Money Isn’t All that Matters"
.
O dinheiro, o preço, não é tudo.
.
E os empresários do futuro são os empresários que trabalham para aumentar os preços do seu serviço-produto.
.
Como?
.
Concentrando-se no que está para lá do dinheiro trocado na transacção... concentrando-se na experiência que os clientes vão viver.
.
Os sinais estão por todo o lado, por exemplo em "Manufacturing’s Wake-Up Call":
.
"debate over the future of U.S. manufacturing is intensifying. Optimists point to the relatively cheap dollar and the shrinking wage gap between China and the U.S. as reasons the manufacturing sector could come back to life, boosting U.S. competitiveness and reviving the fortunes of the American middle class.
...
Instead, for the foreseeable future, manufacturing will largely be regional. (Moi ici: Há anos que o marcador "proximidade" marca presença neste blogue... recordar também Ghemawatt e a semi-globalização)
...
But for many manufacturers, economics and market dynamics increasingly suggest that they locate factories close to their major markets, including the United States. This type of region-oriented footprint is a clear way to provide adequate scale and volume, minimize transportation and logistics costs, increase market responsiveness and innovation, and customize products for the unique preferences of different regions and cultures. If factory labor costs and currency rates were the sole enablers of manufacturing success, then the West could not compete with emerging nations or offshoring. More and more, though, these factors play a smaller part in manufacturing decisions. (Moi ici: Claro que os políticos e os académicos, longe da realidade, não percebem esta mudança estrutural) Four other considerations, all more complex, drive manufacturers’ choices about where to place and expand factories:

1. The skill level and quality of factory employees, especially for high-tech facilities. 
2. The presence of high-impact clusters, in which many companies can learn from one another and innovate more readily. 
3. Access to nearby countries with emerging consumer markets and lower-cost labor (for the U.S., this means building a future with Mexico). 
4. A reasonably competitive regulatory and tax environment (for the U.S., this means simplifying and streamlining the current tax and regulatory structure).

...

With unit labor costs playing a smaller part in manufacturing decisions, (Moi ici: Entretidos com a TSU, com o ataque ao euro, com a impressão de bentos, não percebem como é que isto pode acontecer...) other factors — including talent availability, market accessibility, innovation, regulations, intellectual property protections, barriers to entry and exit, and scale of operations — increasingly drive decisions about where to place and expand factories. Based on the relative economics for each segment, we charted which U.S. industries can compete as exporters, which can be dominant in the regional North American market, which can survive but are threatened by foreign competitors, and which are already mostly overseas but can still manufacture in the U.S. to serve niche markets. (Moi ici: A divisão é interessante e permite pensamento estratégico... ver as figuras)
...
designing production systems that align employees’ activities with the company’s overall strategy (Moi ici: A mensagem deste blogue, do nosso trabalho, dos nossos livros... concentrar uma organização no que é essencial, alinhar recursos, vontades, motivações, ideias) and that empower employees to improve manufacturing processes can unlock the productivity and innovation potential of the well-educated U.S. workforce."

Vivemos no Mundo 3.0, não num Mundo 2.0, portanto, cuidado com as receitas

Para os políticos e académicos da macro-economia, os muggles, a solução para aumentar as exportações passa pela redução dos preços.
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Quem acompanha este blogue sabe que essa ideia é simplista e errada. É a ideia de quem ainda está no Mundo 2.0
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Mas podem pensar que são  manias minhas...
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OK! Leiam então a proposta de Pankaj Ghemawat em "World 3.0"
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Aconselho a leitura dos capítulos 13 e 14:
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"business leaders (Moi ici: Os CEOs das multinacionais com um grande poder financeiro e talhadas para as economias de escala, que competem pelos custos e pela uniformização da oferta) tend to be among the most ardent supporters of World 2.0 because of the seemingly limitless opportunities for profit that it promises. But when World 2.0's exaggerations run up against the reality of semiglobalization, the results disappoint.
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Companies that fail to respect the law of distance suffer performance penalities, and inflict collateral damage on society at large. Companies with a greater appreciation for differences can performa better both from a private and a public perspective.
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My fundamental prescription for business is, therefore, to think different. Not just differently - but tnhink different, in the sense of becoming more sensitive to and genuinely welcoming of local differences. For most companies, thinking different entails nothing less than a fundamental restructuring of a firm's global strategy. Corporate approaches to dealing with globalization often presume that the world will continue to become much more integrated and that companies just need to keep up with rising levels of globalization. But that kind of World 2.0 leads to blunders rooted in underappreciation of differences and, at the extreme, even in a lack of respect for individual countries' sovereignty. Shifting to a World 3.0 mind-set can help managers avoid such costly mistakes"

I rest my case!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

A narrativa defendida neste blogue simplesmente:
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RULES!!!!
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Interessante artigo da McKinsey "Understanding your ‘globalization penalty’- Strong multinationals seem less healthy than successful companies that stick closer to home. How can that be?" de Julho de 2011, da autoria de Martin Dewhurst, Jonathan Harris, e Suzanne Heywood.
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"The rapid growth of emerging markets is providing fresh impetus for companies to become ever more global in scope. Deep experience in other international markets means that many companies know globalization’s potential benefits—which include accessing new markets and talent pools and capturing economies of scale—as well as a number of risks: creeping complexity, culture clashes, and vigorous responses from local competitors, to name just a few. (Moi ici: Por isso, aqui e aqui, só a título de exemplo, defendemos que as nossas PMEs exportadoras não podem crescer muito, o seu número é que tem de crescer)
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Less obvious is a challenge identified by our latest research: global reach seems to threaten the underlying health of far-flung organizations, even highly successful ones. In particular, we have found that high-performing global companies consistently score lower than more locally focused ones on several critical dimensions of organizational health—direction setting, coordination and control, innovation, and external orientation—that we have been studying at hundreds of companies over the past decade."
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"To understand what lies beneath these findings, we interviewed executives at 50 global companies. Those interviews, while hardly dispositive, suggested a relationship between organizational health and a familiar challenge: balancing local adaption against global scale, scope, and coordination.
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Almost everyone we interviewed seemed to struggle with this tension, which often plays out in heated internal debates. Which organizational elements should be standardized? To what extent does managing high-potential emerging markets on a country-by-country basis make sense? When is it better, in those markets, to leverage scale and synergies across business units in managing governments, regulators, partners, and talent?" (Moi ici: Mania de achar que a escala é tudo... leiam Ghemawatt, o mundo não é plano!!! (aqui, aqui e sobretudo aqui onde discordo dele))
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Quem acredita que os maiores ficam cada vez maiores, que os poderosos ficam cada vez mais poderosos, que existem estratégias eternamente válidas... tudo é contingente, tudo é situacional. E isso é simplesmente belo.

O mundo a mudar outra vez

"Take supply chain decisions. The trend toward significant offshoring will most likely continue (Moi ici: Pessoalmente acredito que já está em retrocesso). But many companies are becoming concerned that widely dispersed, low-cost supply chains make them vulnerable to protectionist governments, rising transportation costs, and quality problems. Some are taking steps to make their supply chains shorter, simpler, and stronger, in effect reducing internal distance within their production networks to better manage their exposure."
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Tantas oportunidades a serem agarradas no mundo do B2B pelas nossas PMEs, fazendo uso da proximidade e flexibilidade.

Trecho retirado de "The Cosmopolitan Corporation" de Pankaj Ghemawat e publicado no número de Maio da HBR.

O mundo não é plano!

"Things such as culture, language, and the industry you're in all matter a great deal. Managers sometimes focus very heavily on geographic distance and may not give much weight to cultural dimensions."
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Como isto é verdade e como isto é importante para Mongo!!!
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"Creating a Smart Export Strategy"

Pós pico da globalização...

Gosto das ideias de Ghemawatt acerca da globalização.
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Aliás, Ghemawatt não acredita que exista uma globalização, defende que existe uma semiglobalização.
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As ideias de Ghemawatt são compatíveis com o meu planeta Mongo, um planeta com uma paisagem competitiva super-enrugada.
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A minha última encomenda de leitura foi "World 3.0: Global Prosperity and How to Achieve It". Hoje, verifico que a The Economist faz uma análise ao livro:
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"Far from “ripping through people’s lives”, as Arundhati Roy, an Indian writer, claims, globalisation is shaped by familiar things, such as distance and cultural ties. Mr Ghemawat argues that two otherwise identical countries will engage in 42% more trade if they share a common language than if they do not, 47% more if both belong to a trading block, 114% more if they have a common currency and 188% more if they have a common colonial past.
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What about the “new economy” of free-flowing capital and borderless information? Here Mr Ghemawat’s figures are even more striking. Foreign direct investment (FDI) accounts for only 9% of all fixed investment. Less than 20% of venture capital is deployed outside the fund’s home country. Only 20% of shares traded on stockmarkets are owned by foreign investors. Less than 20% of internet traffic crosses national borders."
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"That FDI fell from nearly $2 trillion in 2007 to $1 trillion in 2009 can be put down to the global financial crisis. But other trends suggest that globalisation is reversible. (Moi ici: Tenho escrito sobre a Torre de Babel, sobre a proximidade, sobre a vantagem da rapidez) Nearly a quarter of North American and European companies shortened their supply chains in 2008 (the effect of Japan’s disaster on its partsmakers will surely prompt further shortening)."
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Mongo, Mongo por todo o lado "Mr Ghemawat also explodes the myth that the world is being taken over by a handful of giant companies. The level of concentration in many vital industries has fallen dramatically since 1950 and remained roughly constant since 1980: 60 years ago two car companies accounted for half of the world’s car production, compared with six companies today.
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He also refutes the idea that globalisation means homogenisation. The increasing uniformity of cities’ skylines worldwide masks growing choice within them, to which even the most global of companies must adjust."
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"In general companies frequently have more to gain through exploiting national differences — perhaps through arbitrage—than by muscling them aside." (Moi ici: Aqui os teimosos que nos querem impor um acordo ortográfico não percebem como a cultura podem ser uma poderosa barreira para proteger os mais pequenos... já o escreveu Peter Schwartz "There will be economic reasons for each nation to keep its unique culture intact.")

Cuidado com a expansão geográfica

Sou um apreciador dos escritos de Ghemawatt, concordo com a sua semi-globalização (que já referi várias vezes no blogue), aliás, Mongo passa também por aí.
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Nesta entrevista ""Os Portugueses precisam de sair da sua zona de conforto"" no entanto, há algo de perigoso:
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"P: A principal mensagem que quis deixar em Lisboa é que os empresários portugueses têm de ser mais ousados na internacionalização?

R: Sim. Têm de sair da sua zona de conforto. Estão concentrados excessivamente na Europa. E os mercados europeus, em geral, não são os que mais vão crescer no futuro. É preciso avançar para além dessa proximidade. A Espanha fê-lo no caso da América Latina. A ideia de uma expansão internacional incremental, passo a passo, não é o futuro. E a híper-focalização na Europa é um enorme risco para o futuro. Onde é que vão estar os mercados de exportação e de investimento? - é essa a questão que se devem colocar."
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Chris Zook em "Profit From The Core" identificou as seguintes opções para expansão:

Paul Leinwand e Cesare Mainardi em "The Essential Advantage" chamam a atenção para os cuidados a ter com a expansão da pegada geográfica:
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"Most companies trying to gain a foothold in new geographic areas don't necessarily think about the challenge in terms of their right to win. If it's an established, mature market, they ask, "Don't we have to be here for the sake of our global brand presence?" Then they worry about barriers to entry, like regulations and the privileged relationships that competitors based in those countries enjoy. They end up with incoherent operations, with multiple ways to play and capabilities systems around the world, and comparatively poor return on their investment.
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When considering a market, start by asking about the basis of your ability to win there. If the answer has to do with the strength of your capabilities system, but you must append it with some table-stakes capabilities to compete, then it is certainly worth considering. If, however, your capabilities system does not apply, or it doesn't include the critical capabilities that are necessary to win, then entry will be much more challenging. The most effective option is usually to enter countries that are part of a geographic cluster  - a group of countries with similar or complementary attributes, such as socieconomic profile, infrastructure, language, or market dynamics - where you can master a capabilities system that can give you the right to win in many of those countries."
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Pessoalmente julgo que Leinwand e Mainardi são muito mais realistas, cuidado com a expansão geográfica.