A sério?! Não percebe?!

Ontem, no comentário matinal, Camilo Lourenço disse que não percebia esta reacção da hotelaria, "Hotéis em Portugal sobem preços em 20% na pandemia. 5 estrelas têm o maior aumento".

A sério?! Não percebe?!

Primeiro, não é uma reacção portuguesa:

"Mas a tendência de aumento generalizados dos custos por noite não se ficou por Portugal. O estudo da Mabrian Technologies comparou os preços de 73 mil quartos, anunciado no Booking, Expedia e TripAdvisor, em cinco destinos no Mediterrâneo (Grécia, Itália, Espanha, Portugal e Turquia) e concluiu que a maioria dos países aumentaram os custos face aos valores pré-covid."

Segundo, os custos unitários da oferta aumentaram:

• novas actividades tiveram de ser realizadas (segurança Covid);
• os custos fixos tiveram de ser distribuídos por um menor número de clientes.

Terceiro, talvez o ponto mais importante, a elasticidade da procura durante a pandemia:

• durante a pandemia quem recorria a hotéis não o fazia de ânimo leve, precisava mesmo de o fazer.

Atenção ao preço

Primeiro, recordar os números de Marn e Rosiello sobre o impacte do preço no lucro:

Depois ler estes trechos retirados de “No Company Ever Went Broke Turning a Profit” de Hermann Simon:

"Given its extraordinary role as a profit driver and its unusual effectiveness as a marketing instrument, one would expect that entrepreneurs and top managers pay a lot of attention to price. But in practice, that is often not the case. Instead, cost is what preoccupies managers’ thinking and consumes most of their energy. Volume—driven by marketing instruments such as advertising and sales—also tends to attract more management attention than price. Many companies do not treat price with the professionalism and seriousness it warrants.

...

A price increase of 1% is relatively small, but its effects on profits vary dramatically.

...

In one project for an industrial supplier we recommended an “anti-discount” incentive. When salespeople granted smaller discounts, their commissions would rise. The new system worked quickly and effectively. Within three months, the average discount granted by salespeople declined by 2% points, without any losses in volume or customers. That is the equivalent of a price increase of 2% with no volume decline. The resulting profit increase was 16%, which corresponds to a profit elasticity of price of 8. In absolute terms the profit increase was more than $100 million. Price is an extremely effective profit driver. That makes optimizing price worthwhile."

Are you a Marxianist?

"Are you a Marxist? You are likely to answer “no.” So my next question is: “OK, if you are not a Marxist, why is your pricing Marxian?” While Marx’s labor theory is totally rejected today, it has survived in pricing. What a strange phenomenon! Let me explain why that is the case.

The most important contribution of Karl Marx (1818–1883) was his labor theory of value, according to which only labor creates value. He writes that the “prices of goods are determined by wages” (Marx 1951). Marx allows for differences in productivity and qualifications of workers, and thus for different values per unit of time. But the core of his theory is that only labor creates value. Consequently, labor costs are the sole base for price calculations.

In modern terminology, we call this method “cost-plus pricing.” Based on my decades of observations around the world, I would claim that 80% of all prices in today’s markets are primarily determined on the basis of costs. And all costs are labor costs. Lawyers, consultants, and most other service providers charge prices for their time (hourly, daily, monthly rates). If an automotive company buys parts from a supplier, these parts from a supplier, these parts carry labor costs up the value chain."

Leio isto em “A Remarkable Journey from Farmhouse to the Global Stage” de Hermann Simon. É uma pena Hermann Simon ser tão mal conhecido em Portugal... um país pequeno como Portugal, parte do continente europeu e aspirante a um nível de vida centro europeu não pode confiar no marxianismo, não pode seguir a receita dos muggles, tem de seguir o método alemão. Não a baboseira que nos contam sobre as BMW, ou VW, isso não está no nosso ADN, nem temos capital para isso. Isso é para futuros governos inteligentes (eheheheh um oxímoro em Portugal, juntar as duas palavras. Em Portugal é mais, infelizmente, "governo de espertos") que apliquem a receita irlandesa para atrair capital estrangeiro que estabelecerá as multinacionais. 

O método alemão de que falo é o que Hermann Simon caracterizou como o dos campeões escondidos, o seguido pelas Mittelstand. Empresas grandes a competir com chineses dá ... asneira.

Recordar "Somos todos alemães" ou "We are not cost cutters" ou "Somos todos alemães (parte X)". E para quem tem horror a escolher clientes ou segmentos do mercado recomendo "Há que escolher! (parte III)"

" never run a business in which you have no influence on the prices you charge"

"In every market my father went to, we were “price takers.” [Moi ici: Eram agricultores] We had to accept the set price, whether we liked it or not. It was an extremely uncomfortable position. As anyone with a similar experience will attest, money is tight on a farm. These sales were our only source of income.

I absorbed all these impressions as a boy and I must admit, I did not like them. Decades later, I would explain in interviews that these lessons taught me something that has guided me in running my own business and helping others improve theirs: never run a business in which you have no influence on the prices you charge."

 Trecho retirado de "A Remarkable Journey from Farmhouse to the Global Stage" de Hermann Simon

Aumento de preços

Há dias numa empresa perguntaram-me a opinião acerca do aumento de preços das matérias-primas. 

Entretanto, ontem li "Inflation, made in China":

"The globalisation side has a lot to do with China. Its export machine gives us all cheap stuff and suppresses wages for manufacturing industries worldwide.[Moi ici: Enquanto os tótós culpavam o euro. Nós, desde sempre optamos por "It's not the euro, stupid!"]

Is the China-as-deflation-exporter story over?

...

As the chart makes clear, the exchange rate has a lot to do with whether China exports higher prices to the US. Beijing has allowed the renminbi to strengthen somewhat. 

...

Now the pressure is really on, as reflected in the 9 per cent increase in Chinese producer prices in May. Choyleva argues that passing higher costs on to domestic customers is difficult in China, as evidenced by weak consumer price inflation. Nor is the government likely to provide relief by weakening the renminbi. It is more concerned about things like food price inflation and encouraging capital inflows. So Chinese producers, if they want to protect profits, have little choice but to jack up their export prices in dollars."

Depois, li "Should You Raise Your Prices This Summer?" de Rafi Mohammed na HBR. Um conjunto de tópicos para reflectir quando se pensa em aumentar preços:

"There are compelling reasons for businesses to raise prices this summer. First and foremost, costs are up. Wages in April and May grew at an annualized rate of 7.4%, gas prices have jumped by 49.6% in the last year, and May’s inflation rate leaped to 5%.

...

consider the following strategies to implement:

Be mindful of competitors. If they are raising prices, it’s easier for you to do so too. Don’t forget to evaluate how your customers will react 

...

Provide an explanation. To defuse pushback, provide a data-backed narrative on why prices are increasing. Customers are more amenable when they understand why they are being asked to pay more.

...

Lower other costs. It’s unrealistic for managers to believe that they have carte blanche to pass along any cost increase and that customers will in essence respond “No problem, keep your normal profit and we’ll continue buying the same amount.” Counterbalance increased input costs with savings from elsewhere. 

...

Roll out a “Best” version. The combination of pent-up demand and stimulus money may increase the receptivity of customers to buying a high-end “Best” version of a product. 

...

Provide options to retain price sensitive customers. A price hike may not work for some customers. Instead of writing them off, offer choices to keep them in the family. 

...

Reexamine prices individually. I’ve found it inevitable that examining a company’s prices leads to discovering some that are too low. Properly pricing these products may reduce the pressure to make an across-the-board increase or take unnecessary risks on other products."

"raising their willingness to pay (WTP)"

"Creates value for customers by raising their willingness to pay (WTP)."

Isto é voltar a uma imagem de 2011 sobre o vocabulário do valor, desenhada junto ao Rio Rabaçal. O modelo de Kano diz-nos que a novidade de ontem é o aborrecido de amanhã.

Aumentar a WTP é aumentar o valor bruto originado.

Aumentar a WTP deve gerar um aumento do preço, mas não é um aumento do preço. O aumento do preço é uma consequência. Só assim os números de Marn e Rosiello fazem sentido, senão a concorrência agradece.

"If companies find ways to innovate or to improve existing products, people will be willing to pay more. ... In casual conversations, we often use WTP and price interchangeably. But it is helpful to distinguish between the two. WTP is the most a customer would ever be willing to pay. Think of it as the customer’s walk-away point: Charge one cent more than someone’s WTP, and that person is better off not buying.

Too often, managers focus on top-line growth rather than on increasing willingness to pay. A growth-focused manager asks, “What will help me sell more?” A person concerned with WTP wants to make her customers clap and cheer. A sales-centric manager analyzes purchase decisions and hopes to sway customers, whereas a value-focused manager searches for ways to increase WTP at every stage of the customer’s journey, earning the customer’s trust and loyalty. A value-focused company convinces its customers in every interaction that it has their best interests at heart."

Trechos retirados de "Eliminate Strategic Overload".

Total Value Ownership (parte II)

 Em Novembro de 2019 no postal "Total Value Ownership" escrevi:

"Numa relação B2B clássica os vendedores estão habituados a negociar com base no preço. O preço é o que está à vista. A SKF usa a noção de Total Cost Ownership. Desde que o cliente compra o rolamento até que se desfaz dele no final do ciclo de vida, quais são os custos que o cliente vai ter?"

A SKF é um exemplo clássico do uso do ciclo de vida para fugir ao preço unicamente no acto da compra. Recordo, por exemplo:

• Countering commoditization begins with ... (parte III)
• Privilegiar os inputs sobre os outputs (parte XIII) 
• Matéria-prima para ...

Actualmente a apoiar uma empresa de calçado a implementar um sistema de gestão ambiental de acordo com a ISO 14001:2015, encontrei mais um exemplo em que a abordagem da SKF, poderia ser utilizada por alguns fornecedores para melhorarem o ritmo de introdução de novos produtos.

A empresa consome colas e solventes no processo de fabrico. 

Existe uma legislação que estipula um valor de consumo de compostos orgânicos voláteis por par. 

As empresas que ultrapassam esse valor legal devem desenvolver medidas para reduzir tal consumo.

A empresa está a estudar a possibilidade de transitar para colas de base aquosa e está a fazer estas comparações:

Por que é que os fabricantes de colas de base aquosa não usam estas equações e outras para preparar informação que ajude os potenciais clientes a fazerem a transição?

"working forward to increase WTP"

 

 "Businesses have an incentive to determine consumers’ willingness to pay for their products or services. By estimating WTP and working backward to determine price, firms can confidently maximize profit margin while capturing as much value as possible from the consumer."

A mim o que me atrai mais é o "working forward to increase WTP".

Quando as empresas se concentram no preço e na eficiência concentram-se na progressiva erosão do WTP quando nada se faz para influenciar a percepção do cliente.

Trecho retirado de "Willingness to Pay: What It Is & How to Calculate"

"only about one quarter are truly profit-oriented"

 "“No company has ever failed from making a profit. Most companies are revenue driven, market share driven, sales driven and only about one quarter are truly profit-oriented.”

So if you want your company to not just survive the Coronavirus pandemic but thrive long into the future, you need to understand that pricing isn’t about the price per se, it’s about value.

More importantly, price is about the value your customers place on your product or service.

“Pricing is about value, or more precisely, the value perceived by the customers. If the customer perceives a high value, he or she is willing to pay a high price. If the perceived value is lower, you have to offer the product at a lower price.”"

Trecho retirado de "Why Pricing Is Not Primarily About Price with Hermann Simon" 

Ginásios e preço

Recordar a outra parte.

"Where does pricing come into this?
...
In some situations price isn't a factor..."

Ouvir a partir dos 69 e dos 74 minutos.

"If my pushes and pulls are big enough that goes away within reason ... it's all relative at some level ... all theses pushes and pulls that were building up the price once you've got around your head around what other things were equated to the price wasn't even there anymore..."

 Recentemente assisti ao processo de escolha de um ginásio por um familiar próximo. Os factores que ouvi foram:

• localização
• transportes públicos
• tipo de aulas/exercícios
• horários à semana e ao fim de semana

O preço apareceu no final como um "order qualifyer" nunca como um "order winner".

Não é ciência de foguetões, mas eu sou um anónimo de província (parte III)

Há dias escrevi isto, "Não é ciência de foguetões, mas eu sou um anónimo de província (parte II)", sobre o preço das viagens aéreas por estes dias. Ontem, via Twitter encontrei isto "Coronavirus Has Upended Everything Airlines Know About Pricing":

"The pandemic has completely confounded the computers that spit out airfares based on passenger behavior
...
Revenue management—the science of getting the highest price for an airline seat, hotel room or other perishable good or service—is based largely on historical data. With big-data computing, airlines know with surprising precision what the demand will be for the 2 p.m. flight to Chicago on the third Thursday of October. Except now they don’t, since so much of revenue management is based on past buying with no relation to a pandemic.
.
“You’re not flying blind, but you definitely have blinders on,” says Dax Cross, chief executive of Revenue Analytics, an Atlanta-based revenue-management software company.
...
“The entire demand patterns and booking patterns have changed. Not only are they lower, but any information about the mix of business and leisure bookings is no longer relevant,”
...
Tom Bacon, a longtime airline-industry pricing executive and consultant who taught revenue management at the International Air Transport Association, thinks airlines need to move away from their reliance on historical data. He suggests they become more like online retailers that use factors like how many searches have there been for a particular product."

Acerca da importância do lucro

Quase todos os dias vejo gente a cometer o erro de confundir lucro com volume de vendas.

O que é o lucro?

"There is only one true definition of profit. Profit is what the owner of a company can keep after the company has fulfilled all obligations towards employees, suppliers, banks and the state. All other profit definitions, such as EBIT, EBITDA and extensions are not profit."

O que é o lucro económico?

"Economic profit is a more demanding benchmark. It’s the profit that exceeds the cost of capital, the so-called weighted average cost of capital. You could say that only economic profit is real entrepreneurial profit. Because if you don’t exceed your costs of capital, you better invest your capital elsewhere and not in your company."

O coronavirus veio ilustrar como o lucro é importante:

"The Corona-crisis brings the hour of truth, and it’s exactly now. Companies which weren’t profitable in the past and have no reserves are the first to fail. After the crisis, profit will become more important than ever because making profit will be critical for recovery, for instance, to pay back incurred debt. That will be the second hour of truth." [Moi ici: Não esquecer um texto pré-crise de 2010 sobre os que não têm constância de propósito. Agora, os mesmos muito preocupados com a sobrevivência das empresas, são os mesmos que em Novembro último estavam de peito feito.]

Lucro, a realidade versus a voz populismo:

"In Germany people believe that the net profit margin, after all costs and all taxes, is 23%. The real margin over many years is 3.4%. Similar in the US. The believe is 32% net profit margin, the reality is 4.9%. The record holders are the Italians. They think that the margin is 38%, the reality is 5%. There are two messages: Real net margins are 5% or less, typically. Furthermore, people overestimate profit margins by 600%. That’s unbelievable."

O que costuma estar por trás de baixas taxas de lucro?

"The main reason are wrong goals: market share, revenue, sales orientation instead of profit orientation. This is exacerbated by conflicting goals between functions, for instance, between finance and marketing." [Moi ici: Estão a ver como posso ficar doente quando vejo ideias estúpidas pulularem sem contraditório?]

O que dizer de lucro e dimensão das empresas?

"large corporations are not more profitable. The median of the net margin of the Fortune Global 500 is 4.49%. This tells us that half of these giants earn less than 4.5%. Most likely they don’t make an economic profit, meaning that they don’t recover their cost of capital. That’s the case for half of the Fortune Global 500. The public perception is misguided by a few profit stars.
...
profit always depends on the combination of three profit drivers and there are only those three: price, volume and cost." 

Trechos retirados de "REIMAGINE THE FUTURE: „Hidden Champions”, Profit, Krise und Zukunft"

Não é ciência de foguetões, mas eu sou um anónimo de província (parte II)

Parte I.

Na parte I comentei o erro do turismo em baixar preços para conseguir aumentar o número de clientes, apresentando números que ilustram a loucura da decisão. O aumento de clientes nunca consegue compensar o lucro potencial perdido.

Ontem pensei noutro exemplo. No mês passado, a minha irmã que está em Inglaterra, e a minha filha que está na Suiça, vieram a Portugal de avião. Fiquei impressionado com os preços. Pensei que estivessem bem mais altos, mas não. A lotação dos aviões está muito baixa.

Por que é que as pessoas não estão a voar neste Verão?

• Hipótese 1 - Porque os preços dos bilhetes estão altos;
• Hipótese 2 - Porque têm medo da pandemia

Qual acha que é a resposta mais certa, ou menos errada?

Então, surge outra pergunta: Quem é que neste Verão de 2020 viaja de avião?

• Hipótese 3 - Os que que querem viver emoções fortes
• Hipótese 4 - Os que querem aproveitar os preços baixos dos bilhetes
• Hipótese 5 - Os que não têm alternativa e têm mesmo de viajar por causa de compromissos familiares, profissionais ou outros

Qual acha que é a resposta mais certa, ou menos errada?

Se partilhar a minha opinião, terá optado pelas hipóteses 2 e 5. Ou seja, quem está a voar voa porque tem de voar.

Quem conhece o Evangelho do Valor sabe o quão penoso é, para não dizer impossível, recuperar lucro perdido por causa de reduções de preço, à custa do aumento da procura.

Outra vez! Ei! Eu só sou um anónimo engenheiro da província. E esta gente tem consultores financeiros de topo ao seu serviço.

De certa forma, foi o mesmo erro da imprensa escrita quando se viu acossada pela internet. Baixar preços nunca é a solução, a menos que a vantagem competitiva seja o custo e o volume possa crescer.

Como se pode ser tão burro e cometer sempre os mesmos erros???

Os gregos antigos diziam que ter memória era um castigo dos deuses.

Por vezes, deparo-me com situações tão parvas que não percebo como ninguém, a começar pelos so-called jornalistas, aponta o dedo e revela o como o rei vai nú.

Lembram-se do leite e do karma?

A APROLEP desenvolveu uma campanha para reduzir as importações de leite, esquecendo que Portugal exportava mais leite do que aquele que importava. E mais, exportava leite a um preço mais alto do que o praticado em Portugal. Na base dessa campanha estava a identificação clara do país de origem do leite nas embalagens. A campanha teve sucesso e... as exportações de leite cairam porque os consumidores nos países importadores deixaram de escolher leite português.

São os famosos jogadores de bilhar amador que só pensam na próxima jogada e esquecem as suas consequências.

Hoje, encontro outro terrorista. No Jornal Económico de hoje aparece o artigo "Conservas querem substituir 200 milhões de importações".

Como começa o artigo?

"O setor nacional das indústrias de conserva de pescado valeu no ano passado cerca de 323 milhões de euros, dos quais cerca de 70%, 226 milhões de euros, respeitaram a exportações, num total de 43 mil toneladas. “No último ano, as exportações tanto em quantidade, como em valor, diminuíram cerca de 5%,"

O que faz a Associação Nacional dos Industriais de Conservas de Peixe? Em vez de se concentrar no aumento das exportações, resolve concentrar os seus escassos recursos no ataque às importações. Como se pode ser tão burro e cometer sempre os mesmos erros???

"No entender deste responsável, “para a indústria nacional será muito fácil substituir as importações, uma vez que não é um problema de capacidade produtiva, mas sim de estratégia comercial, dos canais de distribuição”.
“Se cada português, nas suas compras, substituir dez latas de conservas importadas por dez conservas nacionais por ano, a economia portuguesa tem um incremento de 60 milhões de euros, criando inúmeros postos de trabalho.""

Porque não olham para os números? Os portugueses importam produtos baratos e exportam os produtos mais caros. Olhando para os dados de 2016, o kg de conserva importada era cerca de 73% do kg de conserva exportada.

Esta associação em vez de ajudar os seus associados a subir na escala de valor, está a querer que se enterrem com descontos para ganhar quota de mercado interno. PORRA!!!
Quando é que esta gente percebe que volume e quota de mercado não é o objectivo. O objectivo é o lucro!

Não é ciência de foguetões, mas eu sou um anónimo de província

"No mês de junho as quebras para o setor turístico foram ainda muito acentuadas, acima de 80%, tanto no número de hóspedes como nas dormidas. Neste cenário, um pouco mais de um terço dos estabelecimentos está a considerar baixar os preços.
...
A previsão é de que em junho e outubro as taxas de ocupação sejam inferiores a 50%. Esta quebra estará também a ser influenciada pelas exigências devido à pandemia, como é o caso do aumento do intervalo de tempo entre o check-out e o check-in dos hóspedes (55,9% dos estabelecimentos) e da redução do número de quartos (48,6%)."

Imaginem uma empresa de calçado que em 2019 vendeu 6 milhões de euros.

Imaginem dois cenários:

• No primeiro a empresa resolve baixar o preço em 10% para poder crescer 10% na quota de mercado;
• No segundo a empresa mantém os seus preços e vê as vendas cairem 10%

Reparem no que acontece ao resultado líquido.

Tremendo...

Ei! Eu só sou um anónimo engenheiro da província. E esta gente tem consultores financeiros de topo ao seu serviço.

Ah! Mas eles também cortam nos custo fixos - dirão alguns. Aí, recomendo a leitura do velho artigo sobre o Evangelho do Valor.

Trechos retirados de "Um terço do turismo admite baixar preço"

Leite - o negócio do preço por excelência

Há dias num outro postal escrevi:

"Algumas vezes é-me penoso visitar uma empresa. Um outsider consegue abstrair-se da espuma dos dias e, numa atitude racional, olhar para aquela azáfama e perceber que são como perús na antevéspera do Natal. E escrevo isto sem arrogância, até com algum melindre. Basta-me olhar para os produtos que fabricam, para o seu valor acrescentado, para a dependência das quantidades, quando o contexto é de encomendas mais pequenas e de salários mais altos."

Hoje, ao olhar para a primeira página do Wall Street Journal sinto que estou a ler um texto dedicado a este blogue, "Grocers Bottle Their Own Milk And Shake Up Dairy Industry.

Um texto sobre a indústria do leite nos Estados Unidos que ilustra tudo o que aqui vamos escrevendo ao longo dos anos sobre um produto comoditizado. Se os clientes não valorizam a diferenciação o que conta é o preço. E o cúmulo da race-to-the-bottom é quando os supermercados começam a montar as suas próprias fábricas. Se colocarmos as regras do jogo num quadro branco e começarmos a fazer combinações com o propósito de maximizar o lucro para os donos das pratleiras de braço dado com as benesses para os consumidores facilmente chegaremos ao que aparece neste artigo e neste blogue:

"Americans’ thirst for cheap milk—and grocers’ rush to provide it—are remaking the centuries-old dairy industry. [Moi ici: Recordar "Milk is the ultimate low-involvement category"] When supermarket shoppers reach for white gallon jugs these days, most of the time they grab a low-priced store brand. To expand those offerings, major grocery retailers, including Kroger Co., Walmart Inc. and Albertsons Cos., have built their own milk bottling plants.
Grocers’ move into the bottling business is threatening some of the biggest operators in the $40 billion U.S. milk industry, the purveyors of national brands.
Dean Foods Co., which until last year was the largest U.S. milk processor by sales, and Borden Dairy Co., another big producer, were sold this year after filing for bankruptcy in November and January. Executives of both had blamed some of their struggles on grocers’ focus on cheap milk, often used as a loss leader.
...
Adding to the industry’s pressures, milk’s luster has been slowly fading for years in an increasingly crowded beverage market. Many consumers have switched to bottled water and juice, or dairy alternatives made from almonds or oats; breakfast cereal has fallen out of favor. At the farmer level, about 3,300 dairy-cow herds disappeared in 2019, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, following low milk prices, tensions with export customers and processing plant closures across the
country. Wisconsin alone lost about 600 herds over the 12 months up to June 1, the cows typically either sold to another farmer or sent to slaughter.
Although overall dairy demand, factoring in products such as yogurt, butter and cheese, continues to grow, annual per capita U.S. milk consumption has dropped about 40% over four decades.
...
Bigger farms all the while, the dairy farms and milk cooperatives that supply milk to the processors were getting bigger and more professional. [Moi ici: Recordar a vacaria com mais de 33 mil vacas numa exploração] By 2017, the eight largest dairy cooperatives were marketing 54% of the country’s milk. To Walmart, buying milk directly from them, then processing and bottling the milk itself, started to look like a feasible cost-saving move. Walmart announced in March 2016 it would build a milk-processing plant of its own in Fort Wayne, Ind., to supply more than 600 Walmart and Sam’s Club stores in the eastern Midwest."

Beware of discounting

"Each time I take the stage at a conference or sales summit, I can pretty much count on someone telling me how their business is different. They feel they are the only people who face pricing pressure. They often tell me that it is OK to discount a deal if it gets them the sale.

...

Remember that if you discount without changing the deliverable, then every amount you offer as a discount would have been profit. If you run a 30% profit margin, and you discount by 10%, then you are discounting 33% of your profit.

...

"The biggest fear of procurement people is not overpaying. Rather, our biggest fear is purchasing something that does not deliver the desired results.

...

No matter how much the client pays, it's not a good deal if they don't get results.

Once you know that results matter most, then when faced with pricing pressure, counter with a discussion about results. If procurement is treating you like a commodity, it's your job to illustrate what makes you worth the additional investment.

...

I see a common line of questioning that leads to pricing discussions. Professionals will often enter a competitive situation, and ask questions like, "How much are you currently paying?" Or they might ask, "What's your budget?" In both cases, these questions open a dialog that is centered on price."

Trechos retirados de "Why Customers Focus on Price (and How to Fix it)"

"Pricing is an undervalued discipline"

"Even in a historic downturn, Buffett’s instinct is worth keeping in mind. Many managers underestimate the power of pricing, and the unanimous advice from pricing experts in this troubled economy is to price with courage and creativity. In businesses where demand has plunged, slashing prices may be a terrible idea—and it may not be necessary at all.

...

For the vast majority of businesses—those facing strapped customers and shrunken demand—the No. 1 imperative is to avoid cutting prices if at all possible, what experts in the field call “maintaining price integrity.” In the B2B world, “you get a lot of pressure back from your customers to reduce price, which can manifest itself as hesitancy to move forward with the purchase,” says Ron Kermisch, a Bain consultant who leads the firm’s global pricing practice. “Companies too quickly move to price as the lever, without really understanding what’s driving the customer hesitancy.”

...

If you cut prices 20%, you have to sell 25% more units just to maintain revenue. In a severe downturn, how likely is that? And if a competitor matches your price cut, the pain will be much worse. The economics of every business are different, but McKinsey research has found that in a typical S&P 1500 company, a 5% price cut would have to spark a 19% volume increase just to pay for itself, and that hardly ever happens. Even if holding prices steady reduces sales and profits, price cuts may reduce them even more.

The long-term effects can be more harmful. Price cuts, even temporary ones, train customers to behave badly, always waiting for the next sale. Perhaps worse, they destroy brand equity."

Trechos retirados de "Why slashing product prices is usually a terrible idea" 

"Making choices"

"You cannot treat the whole market as one. The market has never been  homogeneous and is becoming increasingly less so. People and businesses differ in how they value  a product, how they value different product attributes and in their spending power. Marketing is about segmentation and targeting, find what is relevant and important to different segments and deliver a version they are willing to pay for.

most interesting to me are the regions outside the diagonal band. Notice the holes in top left and bottom right. Just because holes exist in a  segmentation strategy it does not mean it must be targeted. What would the price look like for these two segments? Are there sizable number of  customers in these two segments? If yes can AT&T target them with more versions without confusing the “diagonal” customers?  Do these holes open up opportunities for competitors to enter the market? If yes, why didn’t AT&T choose not to go after these segments? What do they know that competitors don’t?

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If marketing is about segmentation and targeting, strategy is about making choices – choices about how to effectively apply limited resources to maximize profit."

Trechos retirados de "One word – Versions" 

"rethink your product mix and pricing strategies"

"As these initiatives suggest, you’ll want to rethink your product mix and pricing strategies in response to shifting customer needs. Purchasing behavior changes dramatically in a recession. Consumers increasingly opt for lowerpriced alternatives to their usual purchases, trading down to buy private label products or to shop at discount retailers. Although some consumers will continue to trade up, they’ll do so in smaller numbers and in fewer categories. ... Whatever your business, determine how the needs, preferences, and spending patterns of your customers, whether consumer or corporate, are affected by the economic climate. For example, careful segmentation may reveal products primarily purchased by people still willing to pay full price. Use that intelligence to inform product portfolio and investment choices."

Que alterações é preciso fazer à gama de produtos da sua empresa? E ao pricing?

Trechos retirados de "Seize Advantage in a Downturn" de David Rhodes e Daniel Stelter.