"If they can’t sell a price increase I don’t want them on my team"

Tanto por fazer a este nível nas empresas portuguesas.

"The best thing a salesperson can sell is a price increase. Pricing is so important – in fact, it is the most important profit lever. Pricing is one of the most fundamental aspects of any business – every company has to set prices for its products and services. If the world was a rational place, pricing management would be a core competence of every firm, but in reality it almost never is.

The beauty of pricing, and price increases in particular, for sales leaders is that it all drops straight through to the bottom line. As one recently remarked to me about her salesforce, “If they can’t sell a price increase I don’t want them on my team."

At the same time, we know that many salespeople hate even the thought of price-related customer conversations, let alone price increases."

Trecho retirado de "Can You Sell a Price Rise?" 

Empresas estratégicas

Este artigo, "So, You've No Room to Grow... or Have You?", é simplesmente delicioso.

Nestes tempos de torrefacção de impostos para proteger empresas supostamente estratégicas o que dizer de:

"#5 “When you say ‘strategic’ account, I hear ‘loss-making’ account” (Gamblers’ fallacy)

.

I am afraid this one is one of my own quotes, borne out of experience. When looking for outliers within a client’s customer portfolio, a few blue-chip names often show up with both low revenues and margins. The usual explanation given for this is that it is a “strategic account”, often a firm that has had the potential to be a key account but for some reason is not. The assumption is that, if we keep trying, the bad luck will eventually reverse. To try to encourage growth, increasingly better offers are put on the table. If such a client ever were to grow to the size of a key account though, it would then expect even bigger discounts and so the account would end up underwater, if it is not already. The reality is usually that the service level from a competitor is superior, that switching costs are prohibitively high and/or that the client is happy to dual-source to keep their primary supplier on its toes. At some point it will be worth directing your energies elsewhere."

Price determines cost

"So does pricing really matter? It is not a major concern in most startups, and it is not subject to much deeper thought. Very often, the price on the tag is just the estimated production cost plus some margin. Or it is an amount that seemed reasonable after glancing at what competitors charge.
...
pricing is in fact core to your business, and it is core also to succeeding as an entrepreneur. Pricing is about knowing your customer. The price you charge is what ultimately sells your product, tells a story to the customer about your business and serves as your guide for choosing your costs.
...
the value, purely on the customer’s terms, that the customer expects from the product. The price must be lower than that value by some measure. Your price is the cost for the customer. The customer’s profit is the difference between the price you charge and the benefit they receive. They too want to maximize profits. Thus, a deal they cannot resist is one where their benefit by far exceeds the price they have to pay. A happy customer is a profiting customer.
...
Price determines cost.
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It sounds backwards, but the price is actually determined by the value that your customers expect from the product. They buy your product if you offer them a good deal in value terms (see point one above). Frankly, the customer couldn’t care less about your cost. Your job as an entrepreneur is to profit from the price that customers choose to pay. The only way of doing this is to let the price determine the cost. Choose production process, materials and quantity produced based on the expected price, not the other way around. Cost is the entrepreneur’s primary choice variable.
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Price is set by the customer.
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Indeed, the price is not yours to set but to discover. A price that is too high will lessen sales and profits, but so will a price that is too low. The price needs to be just right. “Right” for whom, you might ask. The answer is that it must be right for the customer. The right price is based on the value the customer expects, and thus the “profit” they make from your product."

Trechos retirados de "4 Reasons Why Pricing Is the Key to Startup Success"

The Rules of the Passion Economy (parte IV)

Parte I, parte II e parte III.

"RULE #4: FEWER PASSIONATE CUSTOMERS ARE BETTER THAN A LOT OF INDIFFERENT ONES.
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Value pricing requires selling to the right people. Saying good-bye is the hardest part. When switching to the Passion Economy approach, it is counterintuitive, yet essential, to stop working with many of your existing customers. If you haven’t applied the rules of the Passion Economy before, it is highly unlikely that most of your customers truly recognize your full value and are paying you the appropriate amount for it.
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Don’t say good-bye too quickly. You can never have too narrow a niche, but you can rush to your niche too quickly. ... It will take time to find enough members of that group and persuade them that you and only you are right for the job. It can be tempting to wake up one day, realize that your customers aren’t the right fit, and tell them all to go away. But unless you have amassed a sizable war chest of excess cash, it is best to transition slowly and deliberately.
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Some firms create a new name and, for a while, essentially operate as two companies—a legacy firm for existing customers and a new one that works only with the targeted niche.
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The best customers, eventually, are the ones who seek you out. When you have identified the proper niche and served clients in that niche well, you will eventually develop a reputation among your target customer base such that new clients reach out to you before you need to pursue them. The narrower your niche, the more likely you are to receive inbound interest rather than having to pursue an aggressive sales strategy.”

The Rules of the Passion Economy (parte III)

Parte I e parte II.

Ainda do capítulo 2 “The Rules of the Passion Economy", retirado de "The Passion Economy: The New Rules for Thriving in the Twenty-First Century".

"RULE #3: THE PRICE YOU CHARGE SHOULD MATCH THE VALUE YOU PROVIDE
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Price should drive costs, not the other way around. [Moi ici: Recordo este postal sobre o vocabulário do valor] It took me a long time to understand the significance. We are wired to think that price is connected to cost.
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Value is a conversation. [Moi ici: Recordo este postal sobre a interacção e o valor da fricção positiva. Recordo o postal de ontem]
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You shouldn’t charge market prices. Market prices are based on the idea that whatever it is you are selling is a commodity that is no better and no worse than what everyone else is selling. Your products and, especially, your services should be unique—so special to your customers that there is no obvious reference point.
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You should spend time with your clients, pointing out how you are saving them money in other ways, helping them make more money, or making their lives considerably more enjoyable. The price you charge should be the opposite of a fixed amount on a price tag. It should come from frequent discussions with your client.
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Passion pricing is a service. The very process of discussing pricing can often be a central part of the service you are providing. When talking with a client about how much value your product or service delivers—how much more money the client makes, how much cost they eliminate—you are helping that client better understand her own business and needs. [Moi ici: Recordo este postal sobre o Total Value Ownership e este sobre o Cost of Ownership]
...
Pricing low is not a strategy. One of the most common errors people make is finding out what the competition is charging and then pricing their own goods or services a bit lower. This is not a strategy; it is the abdication of strategy to the competition. It avoids asking the crucial Passion Economy question: What is the value I am creating that is beyond that of similar businesses or services, and who am I creating it for?"

Value-based selling (parte III)

Parte I e parte II.

Uma lista a não esquecer

"When is the VP not usable in value-based selling?.
When customer (1) wants to buy predefined specifications. instead of impact on his value, (2) is not willing to collaborate. When the value of the relationship is low.
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When the customer uses target costing that concerns cost reduction only, as managerial accounting device for knowledge transfer to suppliers
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When customer wants to buy predefined specifications instead of impact on their value
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When actors on supplier or customer side: (1) don't understand financial value drivers concept and (2) have motivation system which is loosely linked to their company's NPV"

Trechos de "Where is value in b2b value proposition? The concept of value in research on selling, innovation management and NPD" de Ryszard Kłeczek, publicado em Wroclaw University of Economics and Business em Abril de 2018.

"Customer Value Needs to Be Formally Managed" (parte I)

Gosto muito de ler Stephan Liozu. Este artigo, "Customer Value Is Not Just Created, It Is Formally Managed" de Stephan Liozu e publicado no Journal of Creating Value,  faz jus à tradição e representa um bom resumo do que procuro transmitir às empresas em que trabalho para subir na escala de valor.

"What value is depends on who it is created for and who is in charge of the value creation process. Three theoretical positions exist with three diverging scholarly views on what value means and who value is created for: resource-based view of the firm, value exchange and relationship value.
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Value Creation or Value Capture?
There is also lots of confusion among scholars and practitioners between the concepts of value creation and value capture.
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Value creation and value capture are, therefore, different concepts
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the value that a seller creates needs to be quantified in financial terms to be exchanged, shared with and captured from customers.
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Customer Value Needs to Be Formally Managed
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We posit that, like any process, customer value needs to be formally and intentionally managed. Customer value management includes three steps that form a sequence that cannot be broken

All three steps require a formal process and the development of strong capabilities. The process begins with value creation activities designed for and with customers. Generally speaking, these activities or initiatives are managed by innovation and marketing teams with the support of business development and sales teams in the field. [Moi ici: Sorri ao ler isto. Estou sempre a pregar que para subir na escala de valor é preciso ter uma equipa unida em torno do marketing, comercial e inovação/desenvolvimento] During this first step, value for the customer is created but can also be co-created as partnerships and collaborative projects. In both instances, customer value is identified and potentially created. It is not yet extracted or captured. Following this first step, marketing and pricing teams need to zoom in on the second step of the value management process, which is value quantification.
Value quantification is an essential step in the process and is most often neglected or forgotten. The goal in this step is to assess and quantify the value potentially created for the customer. [Moi ici: Recordar Total Value Ownership] This external quantification process, in the form of value-in-use analysis, total-cost-of ownership calculations, life-cycle costing models or customer value models, is essential to calculating the value pool generated by a supplier and potentially shared with customers.
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This, of course, requires testing and validation with the customer that value is indeed created and eventually delivered. Because one cannot capture something which is not measured, value  quantification has received increased attention in scholarly and practitioner publications in the past 24 months. After the customer value pool is clearly calculated, the last step of the value management process is value capture. At this stage, prices are set within the value pool in combination with cost and competition information. Pricing and marketing teams can, therefore, decide how much value can be captured through price premiums versus competition and how much value can be shared with customers. That process of sharing and exchanging happens during the value capture process through the hard work of value-based selling and negotiation for value.
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In summary, value for customers is first created, then quantified using formal methods, then captured through price-setting and price-getting activities. This value management process is essential to a firm’s go-to-market strategy. It involves all the key players and functions of such a strategy, beginning with innovation teams and ending with sales teams,

Continua.

Uma lição para as PME portuguesas

Qualquer negócio, do maior ao mais pequeno, está representado na figura acima. Qualquer negócio só tem direito à existência se conseguir atrair e manter uma plateia com "peso" suficiente para o sustentar e impedir que caia no abismo.

Uma plateia, qualquer plateia é composta por vários tipos de intervenientes - um ecossistema. No entanto, os mais importantes, os mais "pesados", são os que pagam pela oferta, são os clientes.

Os clientes não são todos iguais. Há clientes que valorizam sobretudo o preço, há clientes que valorizam sobretudo o serviço feito à medida e há clientes que valorizam sobretudo algo inovador ou diferente.

Quando falamos de leite, aprendi há muitos anos, falamos da commodity alimentar por excelência:

"Milk is the ultimate low-involvement category, and it shows. Only 10% of the international sample (in Denmark, Germany and Spain the number is less than 5%) would expect the private label version to be of a lesser quality."

 Vender leite é um negócio de preço. Qualquer negócio de preço é um negócio de eficiência, é um negócio de volume. Recordemos Marn e Rosiello:

Se o negócio é preço o modelo rola à base disto:

Neste postal recente, "O que mais ninguém lhe conta (parte II)" contei o caso de uma vacaria em Portugal com cerca de mil vacas, quando o tamanho médio das vacarias rondava há uns anos as 30 vacas. Na parte I desse postal perguntava:

Como é que num negócio em que o que conta é o preço (logo o custo), uma exploração com 30 vacas, ou 50 vacas, pode competir com uma de 500 ou de 900 vacas? (900 é só o número médio)?

Na parte I desse postal admirava-me com um vacaria americana com 9 mil vacas. Neste postal de 2012, "A verdade que não nos é contada, acerca do leite" citei uma breve referência a uma vacaria que teria 30 mil vacas:

"One farm in Indiana has 30,000 cows, and is a tourist attraction, with its own off-ramp on the interstate."

 Como é que num negócio em que o que conta é o preço (logo o custo), uma exploração com 900 vacas, pode competir com uma de 30 mil vacas?

Se optarem pela concorrência perfeita não podem ponto! Por isso, metem os políticos ao barulho e nasce o pernicioso activismo político associado ao leite.

Se o negócio é preço não há mistério, como diria Roger Martin. Se o negócio é preço não há arte, há ciência, há algoritmo:

Se o negócio é preço a abordagem a seguir é a do pragmatismo que me surpreendeu na altura. As formigas no piquenique em, "Faz sentido continuar a apostar num negócio?" (Julho de 2006).

Daí não ser de espantar esta evolução:

"Em 25 anos (entre 1989 e 2013) desapareceram 90 mil explorações e reduziu-se o efetivo animal em mais de 140 mil vacas leiteiras, o que corresponde a variações negativas de, respetivamente, 92,2% e 34,7%.
Esta evolução traduziu-se sobretudo na eliminação de explorações pecuárias com um número reduzido de efetivos e consequente aumento da dimensão média dos efetivos por exploração (de cerca de 4 vacas por exploração para aproximadamente 34 vacas por exploração)."

Ontem à noite, ao folhear a Bloomberg Businessweek do próximo dia 2 de Março comecei por apanhar uma foto que me fez recordar a tal vacaria portuguesa com cerca de 1000 vacas:

Em "The Dairy Farm of Your Imagination Is Disappearing" encontrei a tal vacaria com 30 mil vacas que referi no postal de 2012 citado acima:

"This is Fair Oaks Farms, an Indiana tourist attraction designed to entertain road-weary families and deliver them back to the highway reassured that American agriculture is headed in the right direction. With more than 33,000 cows that pump out some 300,000 gallons of milk daily, it’s also quite a bit more.
...
In Wisconsin alone, between two and three family dairy farms go out of business every single day. (Some of these farms still operate, but no longer as dairies.) That rate has held steady for about three years, which is particularly striking given how few farms remain left to fail. In the early 1970s, the state had more than 75,000 dairies. Today it has about 7,400.
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Half of Minnesota’s dairy farmers failed to break even for the year. There, too, thousands of dairy farms have simply vanished.
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In the midst of this mass extinction, a counterintuitive fact remains true: Americans are consuming more dairy products than ever before, primarily because yogurt and cheese have compensated for a steady drop in fluid milk consumption. Americans consumed 646 pounds of dairy per person in 2018—the highest consumption rate in 56 years.
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As small farms fold, the balance of production tilts further toward huge, efficient, industrial dairy operations that can more easily weather price downturns and manage a razor-thin profit margin through the power of scale.
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“Thirty years ago, when I got started, if you would have asked me what a large farm was, I probably would have said 15 or 20 cows, [Moi ici: Conseguem imaginar a vertigem da evolução durante estes 30 anos?]
[Moi ici: Comparar com Portugal]
...
Today, more than 53% of America’s milk is produced by less than 3% of its farms. That helps explain how, in the face of a massive reduction in the number of total dairies, the U.S. continues to produce more milk and cheese than the market consumes—in 2019, America’s cheese surplus reached 1.4 billion pounds.
...
“Now, what we see, obviously, is economies of scale having happened in America—big get bigger, and small go out,” Perdue said. “I don’t think in America we, for any small business, have a guaranteed income or a guaranteed probability of survival.” Maybe he was just stating a hard truth, but to a farmer like Yager, it sounded as if the architects of the U.S. dairy industry had all but agreed on a shared assumption: Small farms are destined, sooner or later, to fail.
...
“Every time you come up with a plan to maybe make things better, I just feel like there’s someone who’s already a step ahead of you,” Yager says. “So what do you do?” [Moi ici: Competir no negócio do preço é estar sujeito ao efeito da Rainha Vermelha. Correr, correr, correr desalmadamente para conseguir ficar no mesmo sítio]
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A lot of people go out of business.
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“There’s got to be something other than saying, ‘Well, you have to be big to survive,’ ” he says. [Moi ici: Reacção típica de quem apenas conhece uma alternativa e julga que todos os clientes são iguais e valorizam as mesmas coisas. Recordo dois exemplos franceses aqui e aqui. Recordo um exemplo inglês com leite biológico completo e a aposta na diferenciação] “Maybe this is getting a little radical, but it reminds me of medieval times. Like we’re going back to that. We’ll have our kings—the owners, the corporations—and then we’ll have all the people who work the land. That didn’t work well centuries ago. Because taking ownership, taking pride—that’s what makes things really work. We’re gonna lose that. And think about conservation. Think about water quality. I don’t think you find land conservation, water quality, and animal care any better, anywhere in the world, than you do on these family farms. You absolutely will not!”
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Amid all that angst, some farmers have found a way to profit on smallness itself.[Moi ici: Malta do calçado, estão a ver o exemplo?]
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Paul Aubertine grew up on a plot of land overlooking the St. Lawrence River on the northern edge of New York state, near Cape Vincent. He was poised to be the seventh generation of his family to take the reins of the 50-cow dairy farm, but in 2002 his father and grandfather determined they couldn’t keep the business afloat any longer. Aubertine went to college, pursued a career in sales, and started a family.
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The older he got, the more he recognized and valued all that had been lost. There’d been 35 or 40 dairies in the community when he was growing up; now, wracking his brain, he could come up with four. “I really wanted my kids to experience what I’d experienced, to give them the chance to grow up on a farm and be exposed to the same thing,” he says.
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He and his brother-in-law, a computer scientist, decided in 2015 to restart the dairy. They crunched the numbers and saw that trying to compete with the 1,000-cow mega-dairies on their terms was a recipe for disaster. “I’ve never had an interest in having employees, and $300,000 tractors, and all the other stuff you need for that,” says Aubertine, who’s now 37. Instead, they decided to produce milk that could be certified as grass-fed and organic. Their cows would graze in the field. Aubertine would buy no herbicides, no grain feed, no nutritional supplements, no hormone treatments. Instead of acquiring the huge, high-powered heifers that produce 90 pounds of milk a day, he assembled a herd of smaller cows that might give him 35. Because of the animals’ reduced stress, he could keep them on the farm longer, saving on livestock costs.
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“I’m a realist, and I expected bumps on the road, but—and I shouldn’t say this out loud, probably—but it’s been beyond my expectations, what we’ve been able to do,” Aubertine says. The price he commands for grass-fed organic milk isn’t double that of regular milk, but it’s close, and his expenses are a fraction of what a modern dairy would require. He can raise his kids, take them on vacations, buy nice things, and preserve precisely the things about dairy farming that he believed were worth preserving."

Quantas empresas? (parte II)

É grande a minha admiração e respeito intelectual por Hermann Simon, um homem do pricing, um homem que promovia as Mittelstand quando ainda não era sexy fazê-lo, e ao contrário dos defensores dos campeões nacionais do burgo, sempre defendeu os chamados "campeões escondidos".

Em "Quantas empresas?" (parte I) apresentei o cenário em que se encontra o sector do calçado em Portugal e o desafio que tem pela frente, para ser capaz de subir preços. Entretanto, li um texto de Hermann Simon com um conselho para o futuro da economia polaca que julgo tem alguns pontos relevantes para o sector do calçado e para a economia portuguesa:

"As empresas polacas devem construir suas próprias marcas fortes no exterior, e o governo deve se concentrar em empresas de médio porte, protegendo o setor de produção - escreve um estratega alemão, prof. Hermann Simon.
...
No início de Fevereiro deste ano li que o governo polaco "quer levar o país ao topo da Europa até 2040" e "alcançar a Alemanha" - uma atitude louvável. Objectivos ambiciosos são a base do progresso económico. No entanto, eles devem ser realistas e confiáveis.
...
Usemos as taxas de crescimento da Alemanha nos cálculos. Vamos supor que nos próximos 20 anos a economia alemã cresce "apenas" 1% ao ano. O PIB per capita em 2040 seria de 50 448 euros; assumindo 1,5% ao ano - 55 685 euros. Para atingir o limite acima a Polóniaa teria que crescer 3,67 e 4,05 vezes mais rápido, respectivamente, que a Alemanha, o que corresponde a taxas de crescimento anual de 6,71% e 7,24%, respectivamente. Nada é impossível. Essa taxa de crescimento em duas décadas me parece extremamente ambiciosa, não prejudicaria um pouco mais de realismo.
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Onde procurar oportunidades de crescimento? O primeiro-ministro Mateusz Morawiecki disse: "A conquista bem-sucedida de mercados estrangeiros é um dos elos mais importantes em nosso plano". Concordo com isso, embora pense que a expansão externa seja um grande desafio para as empresas polacas. Primeiro, há concorrência global, não apenas em segundo, há a questão de criar valor agregado e a participação dos negócios internacionais no PIB per capita polaco.
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Até agora, os exportadores polacos têm actuado principalmente como fornecedores e, como tal, foram expostos a uma forte pressão de margem por parte de clientes poderosos, como a Volkswagen e grandes revendedores. Para alcançar maior valor agregado nas exportações, é necessário alcançar melhor o destinatário final e construir marcas internacionais. É aqui que está o caminho para alcançar maior valor agregado e margem de lucro.
...
Nenhuma marca polaca alcançou reconhecimento internacional significativo. A necessidade de recuperar o atraso nesta área é, portanto, urgente. As empresas polacas devem construir suas próprias marcas fortes no exterior.
...
Nesse contexto, o governo deve, portanto, atribuir grande importância à protecção do sector manufactureiro e não deve se apressar em mudar para os serviços. O sucesso contínuo das exportações da Alemanha resulta não apenas do facto de a participação da indústria no produto interno bruto ser quase o dobro da França, da Grã-Bretanha e dos EUA, mas também do facto de que a diferença na alocação de empregos (e, portanto, no valor agregado) do setor serviços em comparação com o setor manufatureiro é significativo. Os serviços devem ser fornecidos localmente, ou seja, nos mercados-alvo. É aqui que novos empregos são criados. Na produção, no entanto, é possível criar empregos no país e, ao mesmo tempo, participar do crescimento dos mercados emergentes por meio das exportações. Nos últimos dez anos, 'campeões escondidos' na Alemanha criaram 500.000 novos empregos, a maioria altamente especializados.
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Outra questão diz respeito a setores em que a Polónia pode ser líder. Eu acho que a indústria de transformação é definitivamente uma delas. Os produtores de bens de consumo, no entanto, precisam alcançar os consumidores finais com mais eficiência. Isso também se aplica à área de construção da marca acima mencionada. Nos negócios B2B, uma integração ainda maior com as cadeias de valor européias, e não apenas alemãs, pode ser promissora.
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No entanto, você deve ser realista ao formular metas. Afinal, os processos básicos levam muito tempo. Não obstante, vejo impulsos importantes na construção de marcas internacionais, no aumento do apoio às PME (especialmente no campo da internacionalização), na protecção da produção e no foco em sectores industriais seleccionados - aqueles nos quais a Polónia tem experiência acima da média"

Trechos retirados de "Hermann Simon: Dogonić Niemcy nie będzie łatwo"

Pricing power

Mais um excelente artigo de Stephen Liozu sobre pricing. Desta vez "Make pricing power a strategic priority for your business" publicado por Business Horizons (2018).

"Pricing power has little to do with pricing; it mostly concerns innovation and differentiation.
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More compelling is the lack of significance found in the relationship between competitive intensity and pricing power.
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The research results indicate that the appropriate response to competitive pressures might not be more price competition or potentially fatal price wars but more innovation to improve the level of true differentiation.
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This study also demonstrates a positive and significant link between pricing power and firm performance as defined in terms of EBIT, sales growth, and EBIT growth–—also a first.
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This research further confirms that pricing power increases profit power. A similar study conducted in 2011 showed that superior pricing power leads to superior financial results when comparing the stock value of the top performers in pricing power with the S&P 500 index over a 10-year period.
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But pricing power does not come on its own; it must be intentionally captured. A firm might have the necessary market position to capture pricing power through innovation, differentiation, and customer management, but its leaders might not understand where their pricing power resides and how to capture it fully."

PME e Pricing Power

Stephan Liozu é um craque quando se fala de pricing.

Pricing é um dos temas mais importantes para o futuro das PME portuguesas, embora 99% desconheça o tema. Um tema fundamental quando se quer subir na escala de valor e aumentar preços sem perder clientes., ou seja, fugir da estratégia cancerosa da competição pelo preço.

"After years of cost cutting and expense optimization, business executives in many of these organizations have realized that they cannot cut their way to prosperity and that managing the business for value and pricing excellence has become inevitable. They also know that fighting solely on price never ends well.
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"You can't compete with the lowest-cost producer on price and not expect your stock to get clobbered.”
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There you have it. Pricing power is formally on Wall Street’s radar.
...
In November 2011, Warren Buffet said:
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“The single most important decision in evaluating a business is pricing power. If you’ve got the power to raise prices without losing business to a competitor, you’ve got a very good business. And if you have to have a prayer session before raising the price by 10%, then you’ve got a terrible business”.
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I identified six items or activities helping with that:
.
1.Ability to successfully defend our price premium versus competitors:
...
2.Ability to make price moves first in the marketplace:
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3.Ability to capture a large share of the value delivered to customers:
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4.Ability to price and launch innovative and differentiated offerings at a premium:
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5.Ability to raise prices consistently every year without losing demand:
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6.Ability to capture a large share of our intended price increases:
...

Bottom line, innovation and differentiation positions lead to superior pricing power. This is not a real surprise, but it reinforced the need for manufacturing and B2B firms to focus on these two dimensions and to invest in a robust pipeline. More interesting is the lack of significance of the relationship between competitive intensity and pricing power.
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Pricing power does not come on its own.
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So are you paying enough attention to your pricing power? Is it time for your organization to better control your pricing destiny? Join the pricing revolution!"

Trechos retirdaos de "It’s Time to Pay Attention to Pricing Power"

Para reflexão sobre preços

Um excelente texto sobre algo que demorei muito tempo a aprender, "The Competitive Advantage of Revealing Your Higher Price".

"Salespeople who sell a product or service with a higher price complain that it is more difficult to sell, believing their competitors with a lower price have it better. Many withhold their pricing as long as possible because they are worried the high price will cost them their deal when that strategy is the very thing that makes it more difficult for them to win. If you want a competitive advantage, you will reveal your higher price early in the process."

Como não recordar a empresa que vendia "Rolls-Royce" e pôs na sua análise SWOT que o preço era um ponto fraco. Come on!

A sério, vale a pena ler e meditar sobre o pragmatismo de revelar um preço alto bem cedo, quer como critério de limpeza, não perder tempo com quem nunca irá pagar esse preço, quer como mecanismo de posicionamento e diferenciação.

Continuem a enganá-los que eles gostam

O preço é um sinal tremendo que faz mexer a sociedade.

Ainda na passada quarta-feira ao almoço com um empresário, dava o exemplo do impacte do preço nos medicamentos em Portugal.

Em Fevereiro deste ano escrevi:

a falta de medicamentos é como a falta de gasolina na Venezuela. Rende mais vendida para fora do que no mercado interno

— Carlos P da Cruz (@ccz1) February 3, 2019

Em Setembro último escrevi:

perguntem aos emigrantes que vêm a Portugal de férias como os medicamentos são mais baratos cá do que na Suíça

— Carlos P da Cruz (@ccz1) September 5, 2019

Ontem no Wall Street Jourrnal encontrei "Sometimes Drug Prices Are Too Low":

"When Americans talk about drug prices, the conversation is dominated by the eye-popping sticker prices of certain new drugs. We’re all aware of how sky-high prices can make it hard for some patients to afford the drugs they need. Yet few appreciate how patients also lose access to treatments when prices are too low.
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The federal government’s attempts to keep prices low have created a chain of unintended consequences. [Moi ici: Este artigo devia ser lido por quem usa os Estados Unidos como um paradigma liberal. Lista uma série de "unintended consequences" de legislação, sempre elaborada com a melhor das intenções. No entanto, o que me interessa nele é o tema do preço demasiado baixo]
...
Once a number of generics enter the market, profit margins decrease. Then sometimes it takes only a production problem or other small cost increase for a manufacturer to cease production. As the number of manufacturers declines, supply can slip below demand. Currently, as many as 260 drugs are unavailable or in short supply in the U.S. [Moi ici: Em Portugal tem mais a ver com os preços estipulados pelo governo. Como são demasiado baixos, os produtores e distribuidores, que têm de pagar contas e não são a Santa Casa da Misericórdia, preferem exportá-los para países onde pagam mais. Portanto, as cativações afectam os doentes. Ei! Eu não votei nestes cromos, foi você!]
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The supply problem isn’t new. In 2011 President Obama directed the Food and Drug Administration to resolve and prevent critical shortages of vital medicines. One administration official stated, “We can’t wait anymore.” Unfortunately, yes, we can.
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And patients are dying. A shortage of norepinephrine in 2011 hampered hospitals’ ability to treat septic shock. A study in the Journal of the American Medical Association concluded: “Patients admitted to these hospitals during times of shortage had higher in-hospital mortality.”
...
This is a race to the bottom. Companies that can’t effectively price and promote the advantages of their products sometimes decide not to make them in the first place. [Moi ici: Nos Estados Unidos, onde tantas marcas podem fazer publicidade enunciando negativamente os seus concorrentes, os fabricantes farmacêuticos não podem "law forbids manufacturers from telling doctors or customers if their generic drug is better than their competitors’. Why invest in a superior drug if you have to keep it secret?"] Americans are being denied needed drugs because some prices are too low."

Os doentes e familiares continuam a protestar por causa da falta de medicamentos e, o INFARMED e a ministra continuam a dizer que vão investigar as causas.

Já depois de terminar este texto, um tweet do @helderlib levou-me até aqui "Preços são sinais"

"Forget competing on price"

"Reconsider your customers if they are too price focused
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If you have customers who are constantly haggling with you over price, the problem may not be with your services. It may be with their ability to afford you. Remember that you aren’t responsible for ensuring that your prices match every budget out there. Find clients who are prepared to pay for your services at the rates you are worth.
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Forget competing on price. You’ll just look desperate for clients. Instead, focus on competing on the basis of the value and skills you bring to the game. That’s the best way to stand out."

Trecho retirado de "Never Compete On Price. Here Are 5 Things To Compete On Instead."

"Never quote a price before..."

"So, when it comes to pricing, here's the most essential rule--the pricing rule that always produces both the most sales and the most profit:
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Never quote a price before the customer fully understands the benefit of buying.
...
"The specific price varies depending on exactly what you order, how you pay for it, and so forth. I'm sure we can make an arrangement that will work for both of us, but in similar situations, companies like yours spend in the range of [low price] to [high price.]"
...
The client goes "Whoa! That's way more than we can afford!" You win, because now you know this isn't a prospective client, so you can end the conversation without wasting more of your valuable time.
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Or the client nods and says something like, "Why such a large difference in price?" You continue with "it depends on exactly what you want to accomplish..." and segue back to talking about the benefits."

Trechos retirados de "The Single Most Essential Rule About Pricing"

Preço e contexto no dia-a-dia

Li o título, "Senhorios sobem rendas para trabalho sexual de prostitutas", e sorri ao reconhecer o contextual pricing, ao pensar na evolução do value-in-exchange para o value-in-use, ao pensar que o preço não é baseado no custo, mas no valor co-criado pelo cliente.

"value is always co-created in markets because value is phenomenologically derived and determined by a service beneficiary (e.g., customer) through the use of a market offering. This view on value differs from traditional economic measures of value. In particular, Vargo et al. (2008) discuss two measures of value that have been deliberated since the time of Aristotle – value-in-exchange and value-in-use. Whereas value-in-exchange represents the nominal amount for which something can be exchanged, value-in-use represents the value derived through integration and use, or application, of an available resource. Vargo et al. (2008) point toward the need for conceptualizing “value-in-context,” which they propose as an extension of value-in-use because it centers on value derived through use, but influenced by a particular context (e.g., time, place and social setting). In this way, value is always contextual because it is based on a phenomenological perspective and influenced by time, place and social surroundings, as well as other environmental factors, including access to other internal and external resources."

Trecho lido em mais uma caminhada matinal em "The context of experience", Journal of Service Management, Vol. 26 Iss 2 de Melissa Archpru Akaka, Stephen L Vargo e Hope Jensen Schau.

Para reflexão

"As the world becomes increasingly price-competitive, successful companies will need to become ever more vigilant in targeting markets for profitability, not just volume growth.
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When working with the client, keep it simple. He said, “Don’t waste too much time overcomplicating the topic of customer value. Just ask the cli- ent this: ‘Do you know how much it costs your customers not to be doing business with you’?”

Trechos retirados de "Integrating Marketing and Operational Choices for Profit Growth" de Thomas Nagle e Lisa Thompson.

"One must first understand the main source(s) of value"

"One must first understand the main source(s) of value; only then is it possible to have the real value reflected in the price. This statement does not imply that the general model of value leads directly to a pricing decision or that there is some formulaic relationship between value and price, only that once one truly understands the value provided, the pricing potential becomes much more apparent."

Trecho retirado de "Understanding Value Beyond Mere Metrics" de E. M. (Mick) Kolassa

"value, like price, should be deduced, and not calculated" (parte II)

Parte I.

"The most important questions the pricer can ask are, “What problem does my product solve, and who owns that problem?” Answering those questions is the first step in understanding and clarifying value. For any new product or service, the value will be determined in the context of current options. I argue that value is comprised of multiple components, including both negative aspects of value (such as risk in use) and positive aspects (such as the incremental benefits of the product) that drive the value of the product.
...

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Put another way, value is determined by the interaction of the utility of the product (as defined in the model) moderated by the risk (also defined in the model) in using it; ... The implications of this relationship are fairly straightforward: increasing the utility of a product or decreasing the risk in its use can both result in increased value, which can translate into either a higher price or an enhanced value proposition in which the buyer understands that the price paid is far below the value received.
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The positive aspects (or sources) of value begin with a determination of the need for the product or service, which is driven, or moderated, by the criticality of the situation in which it is needed or used and the number and quality of alternatives that are available.
Criticality is the urgency of the need for the outcomes of the use of the product. This urgency is not strictly temporal but also captures the likelihood and severity of the negative consequences if the product is not used or acquired. Higher levels of criticality will positively affect the level of need. Criticality is moderated by a number of alternatives in that the level of criticality of the situation is a key driver of value, while the availability of alternatives can mitigate the level of need."

Trechos retirados de "Understanding Value Beyond Mere Metrics" de E. M. (Mick) Kolassa

Para reflexão

“The purpose of price is not to recover cost, but to capture the value of the “product” in the mind of the customer” (Dan Neimer)