Inflação e desemprego industrial (parte II)

Ainda a propósito de Inflação e desemprego industrial estes trechos do JdN de 28.02 passado no artigo "Empresas portuguesas mais optimistas, na UE não":

Sinais mistos sobre andamento da economia 

O resultado dos inquéritos de conjuntura da Comissão Europeia não era o antecipado pelos analistas.

"A estabilização do indicador de sentimento económico em fevereiro contrasta com as subidas expressivas do PMI e confirma que a economia europeia vai ter sérias dificuldades este ano", comenta Andrew Kenningham, da Capital Economics. Recorde-se que a atividade empresarial da Zona Euro, medida pelo índice PMI (divulgado na semana passada) acelerou em fevereiro para um pico de nove meses, sugerindo um crescimento económico do início do ano."

E de ontem, "Eurozone economy expands at strongest pace since June 2022". 

Inflação e desemprego industrial

Inflação e desemprego industrial.

Primeiro, a inflação. Nos últimos meses tenho pensado num título que recordava ter ouvido citar há vários anos. Ontem pesquisei-o e cheguei a "Give Sam Walton the Nobel Prize" e encontrei o que procurava:

"The world's largest retailer, Walmart shrugs off the controversy for a simple reason: The stuff it sells is cheap. Beyond its immense buying power (which sucks profit margins from suppliers), its incredibly efficient logistics systems and sourcing from low-wage foreign labor allow Walmart to drive down the cost of making and shipping many of its products. And Walmart is only the most visible example of a far bigger phenomenon: Globally, even in places thousands of miles from the nearest blue-shirted greeter, more efficient production and transportation are reducing the prices of many of the basic goods purchased by the world's poorest people. If that's rapacious, Walmart-style capitalism, let's have more!

...

Walmart’s low prices come in part from relying on efficient production in developing countries. Of course it isn’t just Walmart’s procurement agents who are buying cheap stuff from Asia; pretty much the whole world is, including retailers from Bangalore to Bangui. That’s because manufacturers in China, India, and elsewhere have become particularly adept at producing low-cost versions of goods demanded by "bottom of the pyramid" consumers — otherwise known as the world’s poorest people."

Agora pensem no que acontecerá se a globalização der lugar à desglobalização, der lugar ao nearshoring e ao reshoring como temos referido ao longo dos anos aqui no blogue. O regresso da inflação provocado pelo aumento dos custos de produção (mão de obra mais cara e sistemas de produção menos eficientes).

Agora pensem no que acontecerá se a globalização der lugar à desglobalização, der lugar ao nearshoring e ao reshoring como temos referido ao longo dos anos aqui no blogue. Uma certa reindustrialização do Ocidente:

• O fim da globalização (parte II) (Julho de 2022)
• Quem é este morcão? (Junho de 2022)
• Os suspeitos do costume (Janeiro de 2013)
• A reindustrialização em curso (Dezembro de 2012)

Uma das Consequências da reindustrialização em curso (Fevereiro de 2023) será o aumento da procura por operários, por colarinhos azuis. Por isto, e por causa da política de imigração de Trump/Biden os salários dos colarinhos azuis nos Estados Unidos têm aumentado muito acima do resto do mercado de trabalho.

Ontem encontrei este artigo, "There's A White-Collar 'Richcession,' While Blue-Collar And Frontline Workers See Wage Growth And More Job Opportunities" e bate tudo certo:

"Typically, the working class and blue-collar workers are the most impacted in challenging economic climates. However, this time, it's different. The wealthy and high-paid, whitecollar professionals are facing what is being called a "richcession," according to the Wall Street Journal."

Consequências da reindustrialização em curso

"The U.S. labor market is proving to be remarkably resilient, which may be both good and bad news for the Federal Reserve. Employers added 517,000 jobs in January while the unemployment rate fell to a 53-year low of 3.4%, according to the Labor Department's monthly report.

Recent jobs reports had signaled that hiring was slowing, especially in retail, manufacturing and warehousing as consumers spent less on goods. But the January report showed broad job growth, mostly in services, including leisure and hospitality (128,000), trade and transportation (63,000), healthcare (58,200), temporary services (25,900) and construction (25,000).

Information lost 5,000 jobs, which dovetails with layoffs in the tech industry. But most businesses continue to hire. The average workweek for private workers rose by 0.3 hours and overtime increased by 0.1 hours. As a result, average weekly earnings increased by 1.2% last month."

Associar a A grande reconfiguração e à série Tudo vai depender do tal jogo de forças (parte V). Entretanto na China, "China's migrant workers return earlier to manufacturing hubs after holiday, but find fewer openings and less pay".

Trecho retirado do artigo "The Incredible Expanding Job Market" no WSJ ontem.

O futuro da globalização

Há dias ao ouvir Joe Rogan e Peter Zeihan fixei este trecho:

"The Chinese are going to lose a greater percentage of their population in the next 20 years from aging than Europe did in the Black Plague, according to Peter Zeihan"

É deixar isto afundar lentamente nas profundezas da consciência. Isto é impressionante!

Esta semana começaram a aparecer notícias sobre o suposto primeiro ano em que a população chinesa começou a diminuir, segundo Zeihan isso já acontece há algum tempo, segundo ele os números chineses são adulterados há muito tempo.

No WSJ de ontem pode ler-se:

"As life in China has been restored to normal following the government's lifting of pandemic restrictions, Mr. Liu said Beijing will focus on boosting domestic demand this year, which he said will lead to more imports from the country's trading partners."

Lembro-me de escrever sobre esta possibilidade em Agosto de 2008 em Especulação. O que Zeihan diz é que isto não funcionará, porque a China já não tem a estrutura demográfica capaz de suportar a economia com a sua actual dimensão.

"“In the long run, we are going to see a China the world has never seen,” said Wang Feng, a professor of sociology at the University of California at Irvine who specializes in China’s demographics. “It will no longer be the young, vibrant, growing population. We will start to appreciate China, in terms of its population, as an old and shrinking population.”" (fonte)

Voltando à afirmação inicial, "The Chinese are going to lose a greater percentage of their population in the next 20 years from aging than Europe did in the Black Plague, according to Peter Zeihan", é pensar no impacte, nas consequências disto para o fim da "fábrica do mundo", tendo em conta o efeito do banhista gordo, As banheiras pequenas enchem depressa. Veremos o acelerar do fim da globalização como a conhecemos, veremos a reindustrialização na Europa. STOP! Veremos? Mas a Europa não tem demografia! Veremos a industrialização de África?

A grande reconfiguração

The failure of covid zero. Likely to have major implications for China and the rest of the world. pic.twitter.com/EhTn774i9A
— Olivier Blanchard (@ojblanchard1) November 25, 2022

Ontem, alguns tweets de Sofia Horta e Costa foram sobre:

• China’s Covid Curbs Return as Deaths Emerge, Casting Reopening Into Doubt
• Apple’s Reliance on China Grows Perilous With Chaos in iPhone City
• China’s Exit From Covid Zero Seen Stretching Beyond 2023
• (Este é um tópico diferente, mas também pode ter implicações no contexto que afecta as PMEs portuguesas) ICBC Leads China Banks to Offer $179 Billion to Builders

Por isso é que todas as PMEs portuguesas exportadoras com que interajo estão cheias, cheias de trabalho. Por exemplo, esta semana estive com empresa que quase fechou em Janeiro deste ano e hoje está cheia de trabalho até ao final de Abril de 2023. Por isso, é que tanta empresa desespera com a falta de trabalhadores. (BTW, quem pode pagar melhor, um fabricante de sapatos ou de camisas ou um fabricante de máquinas? Não é uma questão de lucro, é uma questão de valor acrescentado. Por isso, os flying geese model. Por isso, o adeus Lituânia).

Algures entre 2008 e 2013 li, numa revista ou jornal americano, um texto onde alguém defendia que a WalMart devia receber o prémio Nobel da Economia por ter controlado a inflação americana com o recurso à produção chinesa.

Julgo que parte do aumento da inflação que sentimos agora resulta também do fim da China como fábrica do mundo, o fim das GVC (global value chains), o regresso da produção ao Ocidente tem a implicação de preços mais altos.

É transitória ...

Lembro-me de há muitos anos ter lido algures que a Wal-Mart e a China deveriam receber um prémio qualquer do governo americano pelo quanto ajudavam a controlar a inflação.

Em Maio de 2020 citava aqui:

"The deflationary environment created by rising Chinese exports and globalisation is over."

Algo que em Dezembro de 2021 traduzi aqui:

"Com a crise de 2008 começou a desglobalização, o aumento da importância do factor proximidade produção-consumo. Agora, com os confinamentos, com as quarentenas, com as cadeias de fornecimento pouco ágeis num mundo de incerteza...

...

Os impactes da desglobalização serão:

• mais emprego; (falta de mão de obra) e
• preços mais altos (inflação)"

Ontem em "Who will pay for the shift from efficiency to resilience?" encontrei:

"Are we entering a new era of wealth redistribution? Or will the imbalances between capital and labour that have characterised the past half century of economic history linger on?

...

In many OECD countries, there has been a decoupling of productivity and wages over the past 40 years, during which time business has claimed a larger share of national income gains. 

...

Deglobalization, which will favor local labor markets in some industries, is beginning to shift that dynamic. So will the aging population, which will create a structurally tighter labor market as well as millions of new onshore healthcare jobs. [Moi ici: Escrevi aqui sobre como a demografia criará uma ou mais gerações de "Figos" - "Escrevi aqui algures que um dia seríamos (os nossos descendentes) todos tratados como Figos."]

But the third part of the capital and labor story is the increasing pressure on companies to empower consumers and the state at a time of rising costs. Inflation happens for all sorts of reasons, but one of a them is a shift in economic focus from efficiency to resilience. [Moi ici: O que escrevo aqui desde 2008 sobre nearshoring and reshoring e ultimamente sobre o risco político] Both the public and private sectors want to buffer themselves against climate change, geopolitics and market shifts. Changes in supply chains, reserve currency allocations and tax policies are all part of this. But resilience costs money. The question is: who is going to pay?"

Portanto, cuidado com o apagador usado pelos mata-borrões que não passam de fragilistas encartados.

O grande apagador

Há dias encontrei isto no FB:

Acham que o nível de inflação actual é por causa da guerra?

Acham que o despejar de dinheiro na economia não tem nada a ver?

Acham que o o fim da globalização como a conhecemos não tem nada a ver?

Acham que o envelhecimento demográfico não tem nada a ver?

Acham que a adopção de políticas ambientais sem a infraestrutura para as suportar não tem nada a ver?

Os mata-borrões deste mundo gostam de usar a invasão da Ucrânia pela Rússia como um grande apagador dos errros que eles próprios cometeram, e do que já estava nas cartas e era possível prever. 

Como eu gostava de saber (parte II)

Numa empresa no início da semana contaram-me que um antigo cliente, marca francesa conhecida, depois de mais de 10 anos sem comprar nada contactou-os para estudar o reatamento da relação.

Ontem, numa outra empresa, contaram-me que estão carregados de encomendas e não aceitam mais.

Recordo Como eu gostava de saber.

As notícias sobre a continuação dos lockdowns na China. E a redescoberta da história... os negócios não são neutros politicamente:

• Tech Companies Slowly Shift Production Away From ChinaTech Companies Slowly Shift Production Away From China
• Peça "made in China" é detectada no F-35

Leituras - recessão e fim da globalização (parte II)

Parte I.

Mais um factor a juntar ao que tem acontecido:

• EEUU da la espalda a Asia: el 61% de las empresas aumentarán su ‘sourcing’ en cercanía

China's major manufacturing hub Sichuan province has ordered all factories to shut down for 6 days to ease a power shortage. Sichuan is key for semiconductor/solar panel industries & China's lithium mining hub. Will hit Foxconn, Intel, Apple, Tesla-supplier factories & more @cnn pic.twitter.com/jDTnGdvOwl

— Selina Wang (@selinawangtv) August 16, 2022

Power restrictions have been imposed Chongqing and the provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangsu, raising concerns over the effect on global supply chains and the Chinese economy.https://t.co/H4Ch3W0iH0

— Nikkei Asia (@NikkeiAsia) August 17, 2022

banhista gordo ... não esquecer https://t.co/jY1jq3Q0nM

— Carlos P da Cruz 🇺🇦🚜🇳🇱🇬🇪 (@ccz1) August 17, 2022

A propósito de banhista gordo, recordo: As banheiras pequenas enchem depressa

A frequência dos postais pode baixar nos próximos dias dada a época que vivemos.

Produção e consumo

Um interessante artigo no WSJ, "Shops Ordered Lots of Bikes in 2020. Peddling Them Is an Uphill Climb."

"ElliptiGo Inc. Chief Executive Bryan Pate didn't have enough of his outdoor elliptical bikes to sell when demand surged in 2020. Today he has a San Diego warehouse packed with too many bicycles that not enough people want.

"We were like a surfer who did not catch the wave," said Mr. Pate, whose bikes start at roughly $1,500. "It's an all-hands-on-deck battle to break even for the next 18 months."

Many retailers that had too little to offer during the early stages of the pandemic now have too much of everything-from bikes and furniture to clothing and barbecue grills. They amassed the extra inventory because they expected sustained demand and supply-chain problems. What they didn't expect is that customers would shift their spending to concerts, restaurants and travel, or that rising inflation would eat away at household budgets."

Material para ajudar os compradores a meterem na cabeça que a incerteza nas previsões será cada vez maior. Por isso, há que aproximar a produção do consumo.

Este trecho:

"At Bicycle Habitat in New York City, lines formed down the block for whatever was available on a given day in the early stages of the pandemic, said owner Charlie McCorkell. Now he has roughly 2,000 bikes in stock, more than double what he would prefer; sales for 2022 are expected to be lower than 2019; and some customers are willing to walk out the door over a bike's color.

"We have a hundred black ones and no red ones," Mr. McCorkell said. "And they only want the red ones."" 

Meu Deus... este trecho fez-me recuar na memória mais de 16 anos!!!

"But suppose you want the size nine “Wonder Wings” in gray? The chances are only 80% (an industry average) that they will be in stock; and there is a good possibility (because of the longer order window) that they will never be in stock again. Not to worry, though. There are millions of size nine Wonder Wings in pink available and many more on the way because the order flow, once turned on, cannot be turned off and the replenishment cycle is so long. As a result, the shoe industry fails to get one customer in five the product he or she actually wants, while it remainders 40% of total production (pink Wonder Wing, for example) through secondary channels at much lower revenues.”"

Segue-se outro exemplo da incerteza nas previsões e das consequências das longas cadeias de fornecimento:

"Skyrocketing demand in the first few months of the pandemic convinced Mr. Pate to increase the number of bikes he ordered from manufacturers in Asia by a third. Facing warnings that lead times were getting longer for components that manufacturers needed to assemble the company’s bikes, he placed similarly high orders for 2021 and 2022 in mid 2020, much earlier than he normally would. He even had to buy a small number of components for delivery in 2023 and 2024.

“The decisions were made a long time ago under very different circumstances,” Mr. Pate said. “And the world is not the way it was back then.”"

Recordo que em Janeiro deste ano tive um cliente que me pediu apoio para implementação de um sistema de gestão ambiental, por pressão do maior cliente. 2021 foi o melhor ano de sempre para esse maior cliente na área das duas rodas. O projecto nunca chegou a arrancar porque o tal cliente cortou drasticamente as encomendas para 2022. 

Leituras - recessão e fim da globalização

Leituras.

Recessão a encavalitar-se na ressaca do pós lockdowns?

• How to Know When Layoffs Are Coming — And What to Do About It
• El textil prevé una subida del 10% en sus ventas debido a unos descuentos “descafeinados”
• Alibaba shed nearly 10,000 employees in June quarter as the e-commerce giant cuts costs amid sluggish sales, slowing economy
• Amazon Cuts 100,000 Employees From Workforce In A Single Quarter

Acerca da tendência para o fim da globalização como a conhecemos:

• Costamare sorprende al cancelar órdenes de construcción de ocho buques Neopanamax
• Shipments to Pegatron's China factory disrupted after exec met Pelosi (isto é importante mesmo)
• Lego Brings Manufacturing Back To The U.S., 15 Years After Pulling Plug
• The resilience myth: fatal flaws in the push to secure chip supply chains (artigo profundo)

"Unpredictable demand"

"This week, the $350 bn company [Moi ici: Walmart] issued its second profit warning in just over two months, telling investors that surging inflation, particularly in the prices of food and fuel, was affecting its customers' ability to afford other goods.

...

Consumers are not only worrying that they have less money to spend after filling their fridges and cars, retailers say: more of their discretionary spending is going on experiences they missed out on earlier in the coronavirus pandemic, such as travel and eating out, rather than on clothes, furniture or appliances.

Unpredictable demand, particularly among the most cash-strapped consumers, is only part of the challenge, however. Several companies, fearing a repeat of the supply chain delays that burnt them last holiday season, have been stocking up early this year.

Mattel, the maker of Barbie dolls and Hot Wheels cars, reported last week that its inventories were up 43 per cent year on year, for example, while rival Hasbro also had unusually high inventory levels as it stocked up for toymakers' peak season.

'Importers don't trust supply chains anymore," explained Zvi Schreiber, chief executive of logistics booking service Freightos. 'Retailers are not taking any risk. If they can afford the inventory, they're stocking up ready now for the on » shopping season."

...

But the current combination of historically high inflation and historically low unemployment is one that even retailers of Walmart's vintage have no playbook for, said Stephanie Cegielski, vice-president of research for the shopping centre group ICSC.

"The struggle for everybody right now," she said, is that "we've never seen anything like this."

Mais material para pôr em causa as longas cadeias de fornecimento dos últimos 20 anos, são incompatíveis com elevados níveis de incerteza. Mais material para afectar a tal balança de forças.

Trechos retirados de "'We've never seen anything like this': US retailers compete to clear stock"

"The High Risk of Low Cost"

Há dias em E Zeihan chega a Mongo! citei:

"4. Supply chains will be much shorter. 

...

5. Production will become colocated with consumption.

...

6. The new systems will put premiums on simplicity and security just as the old system put premiums on cost and efficiency."

Agora leio, por um lado os sintomas do impacte da incerteza no retorno dos inventários, "Why Fashion’s Inventory Problem Is Back (And How to Solve It)" e, por outro lado, o aumento do risco da aposta no custo mais baixo, "Navigating Retail’s New Era of Risk":

"On closer inspection it’s clear that today’s global supply chains are the product of centuries of growth but little meaningful evolution when it comes to risk management. 

...

The High Risk of Low Cost

Although separated by almost 200 years of history, the cotton famine of the 1860's and the supply chain crises of today share the same root cause: a myopic and often perilous focus on lowest landed unit cost. Procuring vast quantities of cheap goods has driven and continues to drive most of today's top brands because most see price as the cornerstone of competitiveness. However, as supply chain expert John Thorbeck often says, we operate in an era where business leaders must once and for all appreciate that the singular pursuit of low cost comes with an extraordinary number of risks that make businesses far less competitive, the first being the risk to financial capital.

...

It is also logical to assume that risks to global supply chains will become more frequent and profound as we become increasingly interconnected as a global community. 

...

If reducing unit cost was the competitive advantage of the past, eliminating risk is the competitive advantage of the future."

Interessante, como regresso sempre a Maio de 2020 e a El coronavirus actúa como acelerador de cambios que ya estaban en marcha. Pois, em 2008... Para reflectir

Outras leituras:

• A “globalização” morreu. Viva a “blocalização!

Fausto, a "dívida" e o payback time

Ando a ler o livro "The End of the World is Just the Beginning" de Peter Zeihan. 

O autor cenariza o mundo futuro com base em duas variáveis: O fim da Ordem Americana que permite o comércio international, e o colapso demográfico em muitas partes do mundo.

No final do ano passado podia-se ler:

• O drama sem fim da escassez da mão de obra qualificada [Moi ici: Leio o artigo e fico a pensar numa certa ingenuidade da autora... como se fosse uma questão de condições de trabalho, apenas. Sim, isto aplica-se, mas é muito mais profundo ...]
• Falta de mão de obra põe economias desenvolvidas em “guerra” por migrantes

Entretanto, ontem encontrei isto, "Where have all the workers gone? Don't blame COVID, economists say", e o seu conteúdo alinha-se muito com o livro de Zeihan.

"Boomers are exiting the workforce in droves, leaving more job vacancies than there are people to fill them.

...

Canada is in the throes of a serious labour shortage, but economists say it's not all the pandemic's fault — it's the inevitable culmination of a seismic demographic shift decades in the making.

"It's the slowest-moving train on the planet. It was predictable 60 to 65 years ago, and we have done nothing about it," said Armine Yalnizyan, an economist and Atkinson Fellow on the Future of Workers. "We knew this transition was going to happen."

...

In particular, the construction and manufacturing sectors are having a difficult time recruiting skilled workers, followed closely by accommodation and food services, which includes hotels, restaurants and bars. 

"People are finding other places to work. There just aren't enough people willing to do poorly paid jobs that are marginal at best," Yalnizyan noted. 

"Workers have a lot more choices now," Lee agreed. "If you have more choices and you don't have to work in that industry, you'll go and work in an industry where there's a better career stream and where the wages are higher and the hours are more predictable.""

Alinho isto com este trecho retirado do livro de Zeihan:

“Nobody would expect the worker who plugs in the relatively low-tech wiring to be compensated at the same rate as the worker who fine-tunes the sensors. Imagine if all the pieces were made in Japan, a country with a per capita income of some $41,000. That System on a Chip would be pretty fly—and it should be, the Japanese excel at complex microelectronic work—but it stretches the mind to think there might be some Japanese dude who loves to run an injection mold system to make phone cases for a dollar an hour. It would be like Lady Gaga teaching piano lessons to four-year-olds. Could she do it? Certainly. I bet she’d do great. But no one is going to pay her fifty grand for an hour of her trouble”

Fica tão claro o modelo Flying Geese. E fica clara a aprendizagem dos dinamarqueses acerca da contribuição líquida dos imigrantes para a sua segurança social:

"What Kind of Leaders Do We Need Now?"

 

"The war in Ukraine, however, has radically altered the geopolitical situation—with profound implications for business leaders. Many have had to decide whether to stop doing business in Russia [Moi ici: E não esquecer a China] —a choice that involves moral, economic, and political considerations that some CEOs feel ill-prepared to weigh. The combination of geopolitical strife and the pandemic has caused leaders to reevaluate their geographic footprints and supply chains. Many sense that the era of expansive globalization may be over, and they are exploring opportunities to localize their businesses to make them more resilient to international turmoil.

...

What Kind of Leaders Do We Need Now?

The new zeitgeist will require executives with the instincts to deal with shifting external forces, the ability to sense fresh economic opportunities, and the skills to lead and manage in a different age.

...

Avoiding land mines starts with anticipating how different stakeholders will react to events unfolding inside and outside the company. And that requires leaders to first broaden their thinking about what’s relevant to their business. There was a time when a CEO could say, “But what does this have to do with my company? Isn’t this matter in the personal or political sphere?” Such a perspective is unlikely to serve any executive well in the times ahead. Rather than resist, CEOs will have to embrace the broader responsibility into which they and their organizations will be drawn. They’ll need to empathize with people whose identities and interests may differ from their own. Gathering a wide range of views and listening carefully—even to thoughts and perspectives that may seem outlandish—will enable CEOs to be more in tune with those they lead.

...

The new zeitgeist will also require a greater emphasis on crisis management skills. Leaders can no longer assume that trouble may strike once every three or four years and be managed by outside crisis consultants. Instead, companies must prepare for a steady stream of upheavals—and hone their in-house skills for dealing with them. They can’t afford to merely react; they should anticipate, plan, and organize for potential challenges."

Trechos retirados de "As the World Shifts, So Should Leaders"

E Zeihan chega a Mongo!

E Peter Zeihan em "The End of the World is Just the Beginning" chega a Mongo!!!

Mongo é uma metáfora que uso há anos aqui no blogue para ilustrar um mundo económico pós-massificação. Eu cheguei lá por volta de 2007, uma sequência lógica da punção humana para a diversidade. Ele chega lá pela demografia e geopolítica. Ainda assim, penso que ele se fica mais pela dimensão das cadeias de fornecimento, pelas dificuldades da oferta. Eu prefiro adoptar o ponto de vista da procura.

"The longer and more complex the supply chain, the more likely it is to face catastrophic, irrecoverable breakdown.

That single statement contains a lot of angst and disruption.

...

The processes we use to manufacture things will change because the environment will change. Global economies of scale will vanish. Many of the technologies we use to manufacture goods under globalization will not prove applicable to the fractured world emerging.

That means that we, today in 2022, have a lot of industrial plant that just won't be relevant much longer.

...

It is all going to become stranded. Deglobalization-whether triggered by the American withdrawal or demographic collapse-will break the supply links that make most China-centric manufacturing possible, even before consuming nations more jealously protect their home markets.

...

The characteristics of this new industrial plant will reflect a fundamentally different macroeconomic, strategic, financial, and technological environment. It will be a bit different based on where that plant is located, but some common characteristics will exist across them all.

1.Mass-production assembly lines are largely out.

...

2.Reducing economies of scale reduces the opportunities for automation. Applying new technology to any manufacturing system adds cost, and automation is no exception. It will still happen, but only in targeted applications such as textiles and advanced semiconductors.  [Moi ici: Recordo o exemplo da Toyota e da Mercedes, mas o ponto não é o custo, o ponto é o estilhaçar da procura numa multidão de gostos]

...

3.The pace of technological improvement in manufacturing will slow. Let me make that broader: the pace of all technological improvement will slow. [Moi ici: Pelo contrário, acredito que a velocidade da inovação vai aumentar]

...

4. Supply chains will be much shorter. In a disconnected world, any point of exposure is a failure point and any manufacturing system that cannot snuff out its own complexity is one that will not survive. The model of dozens of geographically isolated suppliers feeding into a single, sprawling supply chain will vanish. Instead, successful manufacturing will twist into two new, mutually supportive shapes. ... Machine shops in particular should thrive. They can quickly absorb capital and technology and new designs and new workers, and crank out customized or rapidly changing parts for use in those larger, core facilities.

5. Production will become colocated with consumption. With the global map fracturing, serving a consumer market means producing goods within that market. For smaller and more isolated markets, this suggests extreme production costs due to an utter lack of economies of scale, as well as difficulty sourcing the necessary range of input materials. 

...

6. The new systems will put premiums on simplicity and security just as the old system put premiums on cost and efficiency. The death of just-in-time will force manufacturers to do one of two things.

...

7. The workforce will be very different. Between an alternating emphasis on customization and carrying out multiple manufacturing steps in one location, there isn't much room for people who don't know what they are doing."

"THE DISASSEMBLY OF EUROPE"

"the European system will falter for any number of reasons. The first rationale is both the most obvious and the least manageable: Europe’s baby bust started before Asia’s, with the Europeans passing the point of demographic no return even before the new millennium. Belgium, Germany, Italy, and Austria will all age into mass retirement in the first half of the 2020s, while nearly every country in a Central European line from Estonia to Bulgaria is aging even faster and will age out in the second half.

Even worse, demographics alone ensure that Europe as we know it will collapse on a similar time schedule.

...

The demographic problem haunts in a second way. Europe has aged to the point that it cannot absorb its own products. Europe must maintain a high level of exports to maintain its system. The top destination is the United States, a country that is turning ever inward and at the time of this writing is already edging its way into a broad-spectrum trade war with the European Union

...

the part of Europe that maintains the most robust trade relationship with the Chinese is Germany. German product sales to China skew very heavily in the direction of machinery used to make other products . . . products for export. Even if, against all odds, Germany and China can maintain a trade relationship in a world where they lack the strategic reach to interact directly, Chinese exports will not be nearly as needed, undermining the base rationale for any sort of German-Chinese interaction.

...

Germany cannot maintain its position as a wealthy and free nation without the Americans, but Germany also cannot maintain its position as a modern industrialized nation without Russia.

...

Simply put, the Germanocentric system cannot maintain its current position, much less grow, and no one in the world has a strategic interest in bailing it out. The challenge for Central Europe will be to keep the Germans from acting like a “normal” country. The last seven times Germany did, things got . . . historical."

Só demografia e geopolítica macro, eu acrescentaria a indisciplina requerida pelo euro... também relacionada com a demografia.

Trechos retirados de "The End of the World is Just the Beginning" de Peter Zeihan.

O fim da globalização (parte VIII)

Parte VII

Continuo a minha leitura de "The End of the World is Just the Beginning" de Peter Zeihan.

O autor acredita que com o fim da Ordem Americana imposta desde o pós-guerra o mundo aberto em que vivemos vai desaparecer. Uma das hipóteses do autor é a generalização da pirataria que se vê na costa da Somália, e o regresso de corsários ao serviço de estados. Primeiro o autor descreve os circuitos do petróleo e do gás natural, depois ilustra como as energias renováveis nunca conseguirão substituir nas décadas mais próximas as energias fósseis. É impressionante, os políticos mandam bitaites e fazem grandes proclamações. O autor limita-se a fazer contas e a demonstrar que não existe nem lítio nem cobalto capaz de alimentar essas ilusões. Agora estou a assistir a uma descrição das fontes, e de quem processa o aço, o cobre, o alumínio, o lítio, o molibdénio, o cobalto, a platina, o ouro, a prata, terras raras, e ...

O autor bate sempre na tecla que muitos países vão sentir-se tentados a novamente voltarem à tentação imperial para conseguir garantir o fornecimento desses materiais.

Na minha mente surgiu entretanto uma palavra da segunda guerra mundial: ersatz.

Muita investigação vai ter de ser desenvolvida na Europa para arranjar alternativas a todos aqueles materiais que a economia actual precisa, mas não existem na Europa. Imagino moléculas orgânicas a substituírem os materiais originais.

O fim da globalização e a solução tuga para a segurança social (parte VII)

Parte VI e outras. 

“Yes, the Americans have probably expanded their money supply more than is entirely reasonable, but try to maintain some perspective”

O autor começa um capítulo designado por “Disaster Is Relative” com o aviso acima. Há dias li algures que mais de 40% dos dólares americanos em circulação tinham sido emitidos desde 2020. Isto corporiza a ideia que tenho dos americanos.

O que eu não tinha noção era dos outros valores:

“In under two years, the European banking crisis expansion increased the euro money supply by 80 percent”

Como não seria de esperar outra coisa com um banco central mais político do que outra coisa. Daí:

“The Europeans and Japanese regularly expand their money supply whenever they have a political goal to meet, a decision-making process that encourages most people who are not European and Japanese from holding or transacting in their currencies at all. As such, their money supplies have often surpassed that of the United States, despite the fact that both the European euro and especially the Japanese yen are no longer true global currencies.”

E a China:

“Since 2007—the year everyone started talking about the Chinese taking over the planet—the supply of yuan has increased by more than eight hundred percent.”

Realmente … disaster is relative.

“So, have the Americans played a bit fast and loose with their monetary policy? Perhaps. Will that have consequences down the line? Probably. Will those consequences be comfortable? Probably not. But it is the Europeans and Japanese who have gone off the deep end, while the Chinese have swum out to sea during a hurricane and dived headfirst into the Texas-sized whirlpool that serves as Godzilla's front door. Scale matters.

Particularly when the rules change.”

Depois do autor chamar a atenção para o impacte futuro das brincadeira com as fiat currencies, resolve meter a cereja no topo do bolo: O que vai acontecer aos mercados financeiros quando uma massa brutal de gente que teve os seus melhores anos de rendimento do trabalho entre 1990 e 2020 se começar a reformar e a mudar padrões de comportamento de consumo e a assumir padrões de investimento muito mais conservadores. Sem haver backup de uma nova geração capaz de substituir a anterior.

"When the money stops flowing and financing costs increase, the whole thing comes crashing down.

Second, it is so coming crashing down. There’s no geopolitical forecast here. It is basic math. The majority of the men and women in the world’s mature worker bulge—those all-important Baby Boomers—will hit retirement in the first half of the 2020s. Retirees no longer have new income to invest.”

Depois, certamente por desconhecimento do que o ministro Vieira da Silva fez em Portugal para salvar a segurança social, o autor continua:

"Or at least it's great until those mature workers retire. Instead of paying into the system, retirees draw from the system in the form of pensions and health care costs. Replace a tax-heavy, mature worker-heavy demographic of the 2000s and 2010s with the tax-poor, retiree-heavy demographic of the 2020s and 2030s and the governing models of the post-World War II era do not simply go broke, they become societal suicide pacts."

Trechos retirados de "The End of the World is Just the Beginning" de Peter Zeihan.

O fim da globalização e a finança (parte VI)

Parte V, IV, III, II e I.

A fazer fé no que o autor de "The End of the World is Just the Beginning", Peter Zeihan, escreve, aprendi umas coisas interessantes no capítulo sobre a finança.

Começa por contar como o Japão, desde o século VII:

"the Japanese had a unique view of debt. In Japan capital exists not to serve economic needs, but instead to serve political needs. To that end, debt was allowed, even encouraged . . . so long as it didn’t become inconvenient to the sovereign. Dating back to the seventh century, if widespread debt got in the way of the emperor or sho-gun’s goals, it was simply dissolved under the debt forgiveness doctrine of tokusei."

Depois, começa a desfiar como os vários países asiáticos usam e abusam das fiat currencies:

"as the most enthusiastic of the fiat currency adopters, the Asians were willing to push the limits of what was possible to the point that Americans and Europeans got a bit skittish about the very nature of Asian finance."

Depois, apresenta o exemplo da China:

"The biggest of the adherents to the Asian financial model is, of course, China. It isn’t so much that the Chinese applied the model in any fundamentally new ways, but instead that they carried the model to its absurd extremes by nearly every measure.

...

By the time the Chinese were ready to get down to the business of business, the gold standard was nearly a decade gone. Modern Communist China has known nothing but the era of fiat currencies and cheap money. It had no good habits to break.

...

The Chinese have embraced the fiat currency era just as warmly as they embraced the Asian financial model. China regularly prints currency at more than double the rate of the United States, sometimes at five times the U.S. rate. And whereas the U.S. dollar is the store of value for the world and the global medium of exchange, the Chinese yuan wasn’t even used in Hong Kong until the 2010s.*

Part and parcel of the Chinese financial model is that there is no top. Because the system throws a bottomless supply of money at issues, it is hongry. Nothing—and I mean nothing—is allowed to stand in the way of development. Price is no issue because the volume of credit is no issue."

Depois, vêm palavras nada meigas sobre o euro:

"The Europeans are far more reserved than the Asians when it comes to finance, but that’s a bit like saying Joan Rivers didn’t like plastic surgery as much as Cher.

The profit motive is alive and well in Europe, with everything from home ownership to industrial expansion constrained by capital availability. Yet Europeans demand higher levels of service, stability, and support from their governments, and most European governments secure that service, stability, and support by tinkering with financial systems, most notably via banks."

Depois de explicar como diferentes países europeus olham para o dinheiro de forma diferente começa a massacrar:

"An obvious characteristic that comes from this is that no two economies are the same. Credit at the national level is also colored by a combination of size and diversity.

...

Somewhere along the line, the Europeans misplaced this basic understanding. They conflated the idea that having a unified currency would deepen economic regional integration as well as push Europe along toward the goal of becoming globally powerful.

For reasons that only made sense at the time, in the 1990s and early 2000s it became Europe’s conventional wisdom that everyone in Europe should be able to borrow at terms that previously had only been offered to the most scrupulous of Europeans. Furthermore, such borrowing should be green-lighted in any volume for any project by any government or corporation at any level.

...

The entire European system is now doing little more than going through the motions until the common currency inevitably shatters.

Before you get all judgy about the Asians or Europeans, please understand that they are hardly the only ones taking advantage of the cash-for-everyone world we currently live in. The Americans are no exception."

Não tenho grande opinião sobre os políticos europeus actuais, mas a fazer fé no livro é muito pior, e não só na Europa, é em todo o mundo.