Rumo às plataformas cooperativas

"Any business whose value comes from serving as an intermediary between different groups of customers — and that is not harnessing and keeping pace with relevant technology — does, however, have a target on its back. If you are thinking about starting a matchmaker, the best place to look is at platform businesses that haven’t kept up.
...
The inertia of existing platforms creates opportunities for entrepreneurs to one-up the last generation of online platforms. Rapid technological change has compressed the time between when a new platform is established and when it faces a threat from an even newer platform."

O sucesso não é para quem chega primeiro.
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Recordar: "Estratégia em todo lado - não é winner-take-all" (parte I e parte II)
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Rumo às plataformas cooperativas.

Trechos retirados de "The Businesses That Platforms Are Actually Disrupting"

Market Networks

Mais uma peça no sentido de Mongo, no sentido de empresas mais pequenas, no sentido da democratização da produção. Tenho chamado a atenção para um futuro de plataformas cooperativas ou de 2ª geração, por contraponto às do tipo Uber ou Airbnb e, agora, encontro esta terminologia: Market Networks.
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Este texto "From Social Networks To Market Networks" descreve uma evolução que reduz os custos das transacções, (recordar Coase) democratizando ainda mais o acesso de pequenas organizações, capazes de coordenarem equipas de indivíduos e outras empresas ao estilo dos projectos de Hollywood.

"This many-to-many transaction pattern is key. HoneyBook is an N-sided marketplace — transactions happen in a 360-degree pattern like a network. That makes HoneyBook both a marketplace and network.
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A market network often starts by enhancing a network of professionals that exists offline. Many of them have been transacting with each other for years using fax, checks, overnight packages and phone calls.
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By moving these connections and transactions into software, a market network makes it significantly easier for professionals to operate their businesses and clients to get better service."

"Made Locally"

Mão amiga chamou-me a atenção para este artigo, "John Lewis apoia produção local", que ilustra uma tendência de Mongo: a preferência pela produção artesanal, de baixa quantidade e, sobretudo, local.
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Neste caso, a cadeia de lojas físicas John Lewis funciona como uma plataforma: tem as prateleiras e quer servir de promotor do contacto entre os produtores locais e os consumidores.

"«sabemos que os nossos consumidores estão interessados na proveniência de produtos e, enquanto retalhista britânica, temos orgulho de apoiar o design e a qualidade britânicos com o aprovisionamento local. A nossa campanha “Made Locally”, em parceria com a The Great British Exchange, vai ajudar-nos a reforçar a nossa atual base de fornecedores e, inevitavelmente, ter mais designers e produtores britânicos»."

Confundir o Estanhistão com Comoditização... suspeito (parte VI)

Parte I, parte II, parte III, parte IV e parte V.

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A ilustração de uma sugestão que faço amiúde aos produtores agrícolas (fruta, carne, ovos, leite não industrial, ...) e pescadores: removam os intermediários, e cheguem o mais próximo possível do consumidor com a vossa identidade, história, localização, autenticidade e ...

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Aproveitem a internet e as plataformas, aproveitem as redes sociais para serem conhecidos, não com slogans de plástico mas com casos, exemplos, histórias e fotografias.

"So that year, Mr. Holden decided to open an authentic Maine lobster shack in Manhattan. To replicate that fresh taste that he remembered, he would need to oversee, track and, where possible, own every step in the process.
...
He holds an ownership stake in a co-op of Maine fishermen, which allows him to track where and how the lobsters are caught, and control the quality, freshness and pricing. He also owns the processing plant, Cape Seafood, that packages and prepares the lobsters for his restaurants.
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“We’re able to trace every pound of seafood we serve back to the harbor where it was sustainably caught and to support fishermen we know and trust,”"

Trechos retirados de "A Restaurant’s Sales Pitch: Know Your Lobster"

BTW, há dias numa longa conversa telefónica com a minha irmã mais nova, que vive na cidade de York em Inglaterra, descobri que o leite que se consome em casa dela é ... leite não industrial, leite não pasteurizado, leite integral. É mais caro, é menos eficiente, ela e o lavrador couldn´t care less! Recordar a sugestão estúpida da Newsweek.

Estratégia em todo lado - não é winner-take-all (parte II)

Parte I.

"Economists missed the fact that matchmakers, just like any other businesses, can differentiate themselves."

Este artigo "The On-Demand Economy Hits The Reset Button" é um alerta para aquilo que é único em cada serviço, não basta uma plataforma:

"Venture capitalists who believed that Uber and Lyft’s model was widely applicable poured billions of dollars into this new convenience economy. Collectively, these startups became known as "Uber for X," or the on-demand economy.
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Biyani realized that he couldn’t rely on independent contractors in the way that allowed Lyft and Uber to grow without ever hiring drivers or buying vehicles. Sprig’s first three staff hires were chefs.
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In the past several months, the rest of the tech world has come to understand what Biyani discovered almost immediately: The on-demand economy is more complicated than merely applying a clever business model to different service sectors. None of the many startups that adopted Uber’s business model has managed to make it work as magnificently as Uber.
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Some pundits deem it the "on-demand apocalypse." But what’s going on here is not so much the thinning of an oversaturated market as its maturation. On-demand companies use their networks and mobile technology to achieve a competitive advantage (and their traditional rivals are catching on quickly). But delivering food, it turns out, is not the same as dispatching cars. And providing child care is different from delivering food. This should not be a surprise: One can learn from a successful business model, but copying it verbatim almost never yields a similarly stellar result.
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The businesses that once were happy to be lumped together in the hot trend are now realizing that, to survive and thrive, they can’t just be tech companies.[Moi ici: Mais um ponto a favor das plataformas cooperativas]
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Despite the doomsaying, "on demand" is not going away. What is really dying is "on demand" as a category. It’s not unlike what happened with the "Internet economy" of the late 1990s. All those celebrated "Internet startups"? We have a word for them today. We call them businesses."

Plataformas em todo o lado

"But the nature of competition and strategy is quite different in a platform-based business, said Van Alstyne:

• The goal is interactions [Moi ici Estão a ver porque isto é perigoso ""] that yield network effects and provide growth and sustainability, - not protecting market niches or erecting industry barriers.

• Industry boundaries can be altered as appropriate, - rather than sticking to sharply defined categories.

• Competition is multi-layered, “more like 3D chess”, - rather than just relaying on product differentiation or lower costs.

• Competitors are turned into complementors that offer their products or services on the platform - there’s no longer a need to own unique, inimitable resources.

...
“With platforms, a critical strategic aim is strong up-front design that will attract the desired participants, enable the right interactions (so-called core interactions), and encourage ever-more-powerful network effects… while guarding against threats remains critical, the focus of strategy shifts to eliminating barriers to production and consumption in order to maximize value creation…  To that end, platform executives must make smart choices about access (whom to let onto the platform) and governance (or control - what consumers, producers, providers, and even competitors are allowed to do there)…”

Trecho retirado de "Platforms and the New Rules of Strategy"

Combater a fricção

"Friction is key to understanding whether an entrepreneur even has a hope of starting a viable multisided platform business. The reduction of substantial friction is a necessary condition, but not a sufficient condition, for a multisided platform to succeed.
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A regular business has to make sure that its customers are getting good value—that what they get is worth more than what they pay. And it has to ensure that it is making a profit—that the revenue it gets covers its costs and delivers a good rate of return for the business and its investors. It has to divide the value pie between itself and its customers so both it and its customers are happy.
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A multisided business has a far more difficult problem. It has to make sure that not only do members of each of its customer groups get enough value to want to participate, but that enough of them participate to make members of each of the other customer groups want to participate as well—to generate the positive network or feedback effects that matchmakers need to survive and grow. Sometimes doing that requires giving such a large slice of the total value to one group that the platform doesn’t make money from them.
...
A multisided platform has to make sure that the value pie is big enough to give every group a large enough slice to convince them to stay, and to leave itself enough to cover its costs and provide a good rate of return. All else equal, the bigger the pie, the more likely there are large enough slices to make everyone happy.
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Fundamentally, multisided platforms create value by reducing frictions. They are more valuable in total to all parties the more important the frictions they address are, and the greater their success at reducing them.
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An entrepreneur considering whether to start a multisided platform must consider what friction that platform would address, how much of the friction it could eliminate, how much value doing so would create, and whether that is enough to ignite a sustainable and profitable business. Anyone, from investors to suppliers to customers, who is taking a risk with a multisided start-up, should analyze these same issues to predict whether the platform could succeed."

Retirado de "Matchmakers: The New Economics of Multisided Platforms" de David S. Evans e Richard Schmalensee.

O mundo a mudar

A propósito desta notícia:

Walmart faz parceria com Uber e Lyft para entregas, nos EUA. /Ainda não sei como olho essa notícia pic.twitter.com/A3qKF2tYcS

— Paulo Peres (@pauloperes) June 4, 2016

Como não a relacionar com as previsões sobre o futuro do home delivery. O job-to-be-done está lá, a forma de o realizar é que vai mudando:

• Sempre em busca de uma batota mais eficaz;

Impressionante como as plataformas põem em causa a necessidade da existência de uma empresa...

"The opportunity for a multisided platform ordinarily arises when frictions keep market participants from dealing with each other easily and directly. Entrepreneurs can identify opportunities for starting a matchmaker by looking for significant transaction costs that keep willing buyers and sellers apart and that a well-designed matchmaker can reduce."

Quais as implicações desta parceria?

Retirado de "Matchmakers: The New Economics of Multisided Platforms" de David S. Evans e Richard Schmalensee.

Acerca das plataformas de negócio

A propósito de "What is Platform Cooperativism and Why is it Important? | MIT Center for Civic Media".

Um texto carregado de política e contaminado por um espírito de conflito que não partilho, No entanto, há muito que sou um apologista das plataformas cooperativas, ou de segunda geração. Recordar:

• Isto é só o começo
• Plataformas, Mongo, emprego e confiança nas marcas
• O poder das plataformas (parte II)

 Por isso, a importância deste postal "Estratégia em todo lado - não é winner-take-all"  e do seu:

"Economists missed the fact that matchmakers, just like any other businesses, can differentiate themselves."

Voltando ao texto inicial:

"Platform companies like Uber don't actually own many things -- they own people's captive attention and loyalty, getting a $50 billion valuation purely on the beliefs of people. That can change, she argues. Taking back platforms is actually easier than change in other areas -- rather than contest over resources, we just have to clone the heart of these platforms and use them instead." 

Estes activistas têm um lado positivo no avanço do conceito de plataforma cooperativa. No entanto, têm este lado negativo:

"Platform cooperatives may have their own problems and aren't a silver bullet for society. But they are a vehicle for like-minded people to organize and fight for basic democratic rights for workers." 

Não, as plataformas cooperativas não são um veículo para "fight for basic democratic rights for workers", dessa forma não teriam sucesso. A beleza das plataformas é o efeito de rede. As plataformas cooperativas só terão sucesso se forem um veículo para servir melhor os seus clientes-alvo e, acredito que o podem ser. Como consequência, e só como consequência, conseguir-se-à "basic democratic rights for workers"... que nessa altura já não serão trabalhadores como empresários cooperantes.

Uma questão de postura

Acerca dos que abraçam a mudança em vez de lhe resistir:

"When in doubt, try wings.
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Wings use finesse more than sheer force. Wings work with the surrounding environment, not against it. Wings are elegant, not brutal."

A propósito de "Comissão diz que proibir serviços como a Uber e Airbnb só em “último recurso”"

Trecho retirado de "Add engines until airborne"

Estratégia em todo lado - não é winner-take-all

Ando a dar uma vista de olhos a "Matchmakers: The New Economics of Multisided Platforms" de David S. Evans e Richard Schmalensee.

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A investigação já compensou!

.

Descobri algo que questionava interiormente já há algum tempo e que não vi ainda referido em lado nenhum. A primeira vez que equacionei o tema foi por causa da língua inglesa, talvez em 2001: quanto mais pessoas usam a língua inglesa como língua franca, mais a língua inglesa fica atraente para os falantes que aprendam inglês. No último ano o tema voltou a interessar-me por causa da Uber e das plataformas funcionarem como winner-take-all:

"It soon became apparent that much of the received wisdom about network effects was wrong. The first-mover advantage and winner-take-all theories, for example, were shaky at best.
...
The largest credit card network, Visa, expanded nationally sixteen years after the first national card network. We can’t think of many multisided platform industries where the first mover won it all. In fact, for most industries with indirect network effects, the first movers mostly died and few remember them.
There are some important industries where “winner takes most” may apply. But even there, victory is likely to be more transient than economists and pundits once thought.
...
Economists missed the fact that matchmakers, just like any other businesses, can differentiate themselves.[Moi ici: Isto é muito bom]
...
Participants can, and often do, use several platforms—a practice that the old network effects literature dismissed. The new economics of multisided platforms calls this multihoming. Most people use and most merchants accept several different brands of payment cards, for instance.
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Economists also recognize now that the extent to which indirect network effects could be reversed varies across industries. They had focused on businesses in which people had to make a significant financial commitment to a new technology such as a fax machine or a video game console. Once a network business of that sort got someone on board using its standard, it didn’t have to worry much about losing that person. For many matchmaker businesses, however, participants can easily decide to switch. People commonly stop going to a mall and retailers commonly decide not to renew their leases there."

Plataformas em todo o lado

Via @CelioRod cheguei a "Hunting for the Insurance Industry’s Own Airbnb". Mais exemplo do momentum que está a ser criado pela plataformas e que varrerá o mundo transformando-o e eliminando a herança do século XX.
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Quando eu era muito miúdo na aldeia do meu pai havia o "Acordo das vacas". Os homens faziam entre eles uma espécie de seguro para que se uma das suas vacas morresse os outros contribuíam com uma parte para que não perdesse tudo. Imaginem, sem intervenção do Estadinho!!!
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Por isso, depois do trabalho sujo feito por plataformas suportadas por poderosos business-angels, o trabalho de combater o status-quo incumbente, ficará aberta a porta para as plataformas cooperativas.
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Voltando ao texto:

"The principle behind many of these startups is the same: peer-to-peer insurance in which groups of customers pool premiums. Claims are initially paid from this pooled money, and traditional reinsurers act as a backstop if payouts exceed the pooled amount. Any money left in the pot at the end of the year is returned to customers in the form of cash back or discounts. Customers are incentivized not to make frivolous claims, while the companies get nothing from denying claims. Ideally, everyone wins.
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The Berlin startup currently offers home, private liability and legal expenses insurance in Germany. But the company has bigger goals. “We have an international ambition and a model that can be applied in any market. Our first expansion target for 2016 will be Australia,” says co-founder Tim Kunde.
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It's entirely possible that, once consumers understand the concept, the appetite for this kind of “peer-to-peer insurance” could eventually be as large as Kunde envisions. “So far, more than 80 percent of users received some of their insurance fees back. In the property insurance line, the average cash back was 33 percent of the paid insurance fees,” says Kunde. From the customer's perspective, what’s not to like?"

Já oiço as seguradoras de braço dado com a Antral a gritar contra esta inovação.

Acerca das plataformas

• Why Platform Disruption Is So Much Bigger than Product Disruption
• The Real Power of Platforms Is Helping People Self-Organize
• Network Revolution: Creating Value Through Platforms, People and Technology
• The new new competition - How digital platforms change competitive strategy
• 3 Questions to Ask Before Adopting a Platform Business Model
• The Rise of the Platform Economy
• Products to Platforms: Making the Leap
• Disruptive strategy : Turning to product platforms
• How Power Is Shifting From Corporations To Platforms
• The Future Belongs To Platforms, Not Products
• Platforms are the real powerhouses in Silicon Valley’s business landscape
• How Platform Coops Can Beat Death Stars Like Uber to Create a Real Sharing Economy (não podia faltar um artigo sobre as plataformas cooperativas ou de segunda geração)

Acerca das plataformas

A propósito de "What Platforms Do Differently than Traditional Businesses":

"[Matchmakers] They operate platforms that make it easy and efficient for participants to connect and exchange value.
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Unlike traditional businesses, they don’t buy inputs, make stuff, and sell it. Instead, they recruit participants, and then sell each group of participants access to the other group of participants. The “participants” are the “inputs” that they use to produce the intermediation service they provide."

Um desafio para a sua PME industrial, como a transformar numa plataforma?
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Recordar um exemplo analógico "Plataforma nos materiais de construção"

Fermat.org

Ao longo dos anos tenho escrito aqui no blogue sobre o advento de Mongo, sobre um mundo muito mais de agentes pequenos do que de multinacionais, sobre um mundo de tribos cada vez mais numerosas e orgulhosas.
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No último ano tenho reflectido aqui sobre outra tendência, o pós-Uber, as plataformas cooperativas, as plataformas sem intermediário, as plataformas peer-to-peer.
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Por isso, parece interessante esta proposta "Fermat"

"Fermat’s central premise is that there is a path to software development that is smarter, better and more efficient than the status quo. The Fermat framework allows anyone from anywhere to collaborate and mutually profit from shared ownership of modular applications: it enables an open­ended stream of micropayments to authors of reusable software components that can be perpetually combined and recombined to create an ever­expanding library of useful, highly­customizable, peer­to­peer commercial applications (apps).
...
Fermat is:
● a vision of a world of peer­to­peer (p2p) free markets
● a plan to get there
● a global community incentivized to execute the plan
● the foundational framework currently under development.
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Our roadmap to a better world starts at the end. Our first step is to envision a future where cryptocurrency is mass­adopted; fiat currencies are already completely digitized; and people have the freedom to choose which electronic currencies they use, where to store them and how and when to exchange that purchasing power.
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We foresee an entire ecosystem of powerful apps that:
● allow business to be done free of middlemen
● operate with both digital fiat and cryptocurrencies
● are censorship resistant
● treat content as digital assets for which authorship is fully compensated"

Um guia para a Indústria 4.0

Uns trechos que parecem traduzidos deste blogue:

"The term Industry 4.0 refers to the combination of several major innovations in digital technology, all coming to maturity right now, all poised to transform the energy and manufacturing sectors. These technologies include advanced robotics and artificial intelligence; sophisticated sensors; cloud computing; the Internet of Things; data capture and analytics; digital fabrication (including 3D printing); software-as-a-service [Moi ici: O tal "é meter código nisso!"] and other new marketing models; smartphones and other mobile devices; platforms that use algorithms to direct motor vehicles (including navigation tools, ride-sharing apps, delivery and ride services, and autonomous vehicles); and the embedding of all these elements in an interoperable global value chain, shared by many companies from many countries.
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This technological infrastructure is still in its early stages of development. But it is already transforming manufacturing. Companies that embrace Industry 4.0 are beginning to track everything they produce from cradle to grave, sending out upgrades for complex products after they are sold (in the same way that software has come to be updated). These companies are learning mass customization: the ability to make products in batches of one as inexpensively as they could make a mass-produced product in the 20th century, while fully tailoring the product to the specifications of the purchaser. As the movement develops, these trends will accelerate."

Quando desafio as PME a preparem-se para este salto, é desta realidade que falo:

Recomendo a leitura de "A Strategist’s Guide to Industry 4.0"

Acerca dos "service ecosystems" (parte II)

Parte I.

"Traditionally, the majority of views on markets in the marketing literature has been grounded in neoclassical economic thought, which views markets as ‘a priori’ realities that emphasise ‘products’ as the foundational ingredients in all business activities
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Markets viewed from a service ecosystems perspective, on the other hand, are neither seen as predetermined nor static, but as being continually ‘performed’ through the enactment of practices of systemic actors and their direct and indirect connections. [Moi ici: Mercados não como um dado mas como uma variável] In other words, this view highlights the participation of multiple actors, who interactively and interdependently exchange and integrate resources in ways that are much broader than restricted exchanges.
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Consequently, a service ecosystems view of markets highlights that value co-creation practices are not limited to producer and consumer dyads, but that markets are continually formed and reformed through the activities of broader sets of social and economic actors. Kjellberg and Helgesson (2006, 2007) view markets as the ongoing results of three types of practices: (1) exchange practices, (2) normalizing practices, and (3) representational practices. Exchange practices are routinized activities related to economic exchanges in a market (including restricted exchange); normalizing practices are those that contribute to establishing rules or social norms related to a market; and representational practices are those that depict what a market is and how it works."

Trechos retirados de "Extending actor participation in value creation: an institutional view" de Heiko Wieland, Kaisa Koskela-Huotari & Stephen L. Vargo, publicado por Journal of Strategic Marketing, 2015

Acerca dos "service ecosystems"

Em 2004 um desafio profissional num cliente levou-me a descobrir os ecossistemas da procura quando ainda eram um tema obscuro.
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Quando ano depois descobri a service dominant logic foi amor à primeira vista. Todos os anos procuro apanhar o que se vai escrevendo e sinto que vamos todos esticando a nossa capacidade de desenvolver uma interpretação da realidade. Ainda me lembro de em 2011 escrever esta série "Não é armadilhar, é perceber os clientes dos clientes" para sublinhar que quando se trabalha ao nível do ecossistema a concentração no cliente não é necessariamente a perspectiva mais adequada.

"the division of actors into dichotomies such as ‘producers’ and ‘consumers,’  ‘paying’ and ‘non-paying’ customers, and ‘adopters’ and ‘non-adopters,’ is based on narrow, unidirectional, transactional, and dyadic views on value creation and delivery.
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this perspective moves away from linear and sequential creation and flow perspectives of value toward the existence of more complex and dynamic exchange systems of actors (i.e. service ecosystems), in which value creation practices are guided by institutions (i.e. rules, norms, meanings, symbols, and similar aides to collaboration) and, more generally, institutional arrangements (i.e. interdependent sets of institutions).
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define service ecosystems as relatively self-contained, self-adjusting systems of resource-integrating actors connected by shared institutional arrangements and mutual value creation through service exchange. According to the service ecosystems perspective, value co-creation resides in the intersections of all actors and resources that are integrated, including resources and actors that influence value co-creation indirectly. Thus, this view underlines the complex and dynamic nature of social systems, through which service is provided, resources are integrated, and value is co-created. It urges marketing scholars and practitioners to abandon the producer and consumer divide and to see all parties as resource-integrating actors with the common goal of co-creating value for themselves and others. Instead of ‘single-actor’ centricity, such as customer or company centricity, the service ecosystems perspective urges balanced centricity [Moi ici: Como não recordar "Não é armadilhar, é educar" e "Plataforma nos materiais de construção" ] and a more generic actor conceptualization.
The definition of service ecosystems also points to the dynamic and self-adjusting nature of these systems. ‘Each instance of resource integration, service provision, and value creation, changes the nature of the system to some degree and thus the context for the next iteration and determination of value creation’. Consequently, the dynamic and self-adjusting nature of ecosystems broadens and extends the concept of value-in-use to the notion of value-in-context. Value-in-context implies that value is not only always co-created, but also always contingent on the accessibility, evaluation, and integration of other resources and actors and thus contextually specific. Hence, value needs to be understood in the context of the social system in which it is created and evaluated."

Trechos retirados de "Extending actor participation in value creation: an institutional view" de Heiko Wieland, Kaisa Koskela-Huotari & Stephen L. Vargo, publicado por Journal of Strategic Marketing, 2015

Código e modelo de negócio

Um texto, "Case Study: Should You Adjust Your Business Model for a Major Customer?", que sublinho aqui numa dupla função.
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Primeiro, mais um exemplo de até onde o "é meter código nisso!" nos pode levar:

"Lumiscape’s products [Moi ici: Lâmpadas e luminárias para iluminação pública] were designed to gather all sorts of data, including humidity, motion, and seismic activity, and, most important, UVA, UVB, and ambient light so that they could save electricity by dimming when appropriate. The innovative system promised to reduce local governments’ energy consumption and maintenance costs and improve their constituent relationships."

Segundo, mais um exemplo dos novos modelos de negócio:

"The year before, prompted by all this, Lumiscape’s leadership had decided to pivot from a sales model to a subscription model. Instead of selling the streetlights and leaving the cities to manage them, the company would rent them out for a monthly fee, with installation, maintenance, and monitoring software all included. Lumiscape had also piloted a program in three sites to add Wi-Fi connectivity to the lights, allowing cities to offer internet service in public spaces."

Ainda as redes e plataformas

"The important innovation of the modern firm was to internalize activities by bringing many discrete entities under one roof and under one system of coordination. The multi-unit business corporation replaced the small, single-unit enterprise because administrative coordination enabled greater productivity through lower (transaction) costs per task than was possible before.
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Managers essentially carried out the functions formerly handled by price and market mechanisms.
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The practices and procedures that were invented at the dawn of industrialism have become a standard operating system and are still taught in business schools. The existence of this managerial system is not questioned. It is the defining characteristic of the business enterprise.
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aiming to become a platform requires a vision that extends beyond one’s firm and aims to build and sustain an ecosystem that benefits from more partners joining the network.
...
The big shift is from market transactions to network interactions. The world of business looks very different when we change the way we look at things from transaction cost economics to network effect economics."

Trechos retirados de "One Theory to Rule them All"