Definir os resultados (outcomes)

A série inicial aqui:

De "Think “input before output”" até "Think “outcome before output”". 

Depois, " But they matter only as means to the ends that people seek".

Concentremos a atenção nos outcomes:

"The starting point, clearly, is defining "outcome" in the organization. From our perspective, there are four conditions that jointly determine whether a given outcome is suitable as the basis for a revenue model. First, the outcome must be meaningful-and therefore valuable-to customers. This point is obvious, yet many businesses still fall into the tempting trap of focusing on product or service attributes that they have an inherent interest or competitive advantage in, yet these attributes matter little to those who buy. Claims about meaningful outcomes which are the cornerstones of a firm's value proposition-could be objective or highly subjective, such as "enjoyment" in the case of Teatreneu. 

Second, the outcome must be measurable using one or more parameters that are understood and accepted by the organization and its customers. The organization must be able to quantify and express its performance claims in a manner that can form the basis of the exchange with customers. Customers must be able to verify the performance claims. Without these inputs, customers are exposed to possible access, consumption, and performance waste. In business markets, for example, perhaps the most basic outcome is that a particular product or service improves the profitability of customers, either by lowering their costs, increasing their revenue, or a combination of the two. But if profitability cannot be measured directly, then organizations must search for a parameter that can be observed. 

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Third, the measurement of the outcome must be robust, in the sense that the parameter is a faithful representation of the underlying outcome that interests the organization.

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Finally, the measurement must be reliable, in the sense that neither customers nor a third party can tamper with it. That is, customers should not have the means to "fake" performance level that is not accurate in order to derive a benefit."

Esta abordagem dos "outcomes" fará confusão a muita gente.

Continua.

"aligns the way it earns revenue with the way customers derive value"

"There are three critical checkpoints, if you will. First, customers have to access the solutions that firms bring to market. Clearly, customers cannot derive value if they are blocked, financially or physically, from reaching the products and services that are intended to address their needs and wants. Second, conditional on access, customers have to consume these products and services. Again, customers cannot derive value unless they actually experience or make use of the solution offered by a firm. Third, conditional on access and consumption, the product or service has to perform as customers expect-that is, it has to solve the need or want satisfactorily.

We claim that an exchange is inefficient [Moi ici: Julgo que a palavra ineficácia aqui ficava bem melhor] when customers experience friction at any one or more of these checkpoints."

"Clearly, the more an organization aligns the way it earns revenue with the way customers derive value - that is, the more responsibility for the three checkpoints of access, consumption, and performance it takes on-the "leaner" (as in more efficient, less wasteful) the exchange between the two becomes. ... market potential converts into actual market value as the organization brings its revenue model increasingly into line with the "ends" sought by customers."

Na sequência de Outcomes em vez do que se produz

Trechos retirados de "The ends game : how smart companies stop selling products and start delivering value" de Marco Bertini e Oded Koenigsberg.  

Guiar transformações

 Ainda de "The “New You” Business" um trecho final sobre a subida na escala de valor à custa das transformações:

"Competing on transformations makes a company responsible for working with customers to define the transformation each one seeks, identify the barriers to success, and orchestrate all the goods, services, and experiences needed to support them during their journeys. Such business models will be much harder to imitate than those that offer only goods, services, or experiences. And they promise to generate handsome rewards—not only profits but also the knowledge that the company has truly made a profound difference in its customers’ lives."

" But they matter only as means to the ends that people seek"

O nosso clássico, trabalhar os inputs, em vez dos outputs. Primeiro começamos com:

Think “input before output”

Em vez de ficarmos pelo que produzimos, encaramos como é que o cliente vai tratar o output como um input na sua vida. Para depois fazermos mais uma evolução, perceber que outcome o cliente pretende atingir ao usar o output como um input nos seus processos. Para chegar a:

Think “outcome before output”

Agora encontro um texto sobre o tema em "The “New You” Business": 

"The end goal of people who go to fitness centers isn’t access to the equipment or trainers; it is to get in shape. The overriding reason people go to their doctor or check into a hospital is not to obtain drug prescriptions, a medical examination, or therapeutic procedures; it is to get well. And students’ primary motive for going to college is not to buy a lot of books, have their papers and exams graded by professors, or even have the classroom and all-around college experience; it is to gain skills or expertise and pursue a career.

But all too often fitness centers, medical providers, colleges, and organizations in many other industries seek to distinguish themselves only on the quality, convenience, and experience of what they sell. It’s not that those things aren’t important. But they matter only as means to the ends that people seek. Too many organizations lose sight of this truth. Even when they do promote what they sell in relation to customers’ aspirations, they rarely design solutions that allow people to realize them.

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Enterprises should recognize the economic opportunity offered by the transformation business, in which they partner with consumers to improve some fundamental aspect of their lives—to achieve a “new you.”

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The goods, services, and even experiences a company offers matter only in how they help customers achieve their desired results. Each customer’s definition of success must therefore be the North Star that guides what a company does if it wants to compete on transformations."

"Who is trying to get the job done?"

"Who is trying to get the job done? The job performer represents the individual who will be executing the job. That person is the eventual end user of the services you’ll provide.

Be sure to make a distinction between the various functions involved in performing the job, in particular differentiating the performer from the buyer. Don’t conflate the two, because they have different needs. Think about two separate hats that are worn: one is for the job performer while carrying out the job; the other is for the buyer when purchasing a product or service.

Now, in B2C contexts, a single person may switch between the two hats. But their needs while wearing each hat are distinct. In the B2B situations, the job performer and the buyer are often separate people.

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In addition to the job performer and the buyer, other functions within the job ecosystem to consider include the following:

• Approver: Someone who authorizes the acquisition of a solution, e.g., a controller, a spouse or parent, or a budget holder

• Reviewer: Someone who examines a solution for appropriateness, e.g., a lawyer, a consultant, or a compliance officer

• Technician: The person who integrates a solution and gets it working, e.g., an IT support, an installer, or a tech-savvy friend

• Manager: Someone who oversees a job performer while performing the job, e.g., a supervisor, a team lead, or a boss

• Audience: People who consume the output of performing the job, e.g., a client, a downstream decision-maker, or a team

• Assistant: A person who aids and supports the job performer in getting the job done, e.g., a helper, a teammate, or a friend

Map out the different actors who may be involved in a simple diagram, such as the one shown in Figure 2.3."

Trechos retirados de “The Jobs to Be Done Playbook” de Jim Kalbach. 

The Rules of the Passion Economy (parte VII)

Parte I, parte II, parte III, parte IV, parte V e parte VI.

"RULE #7: KNOW WHAT BUSINESS YOU’RE IN, AND IT’S PROBABLY NOT WHAT YOU THINK.
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The core thing you are selling is the real value you can bring to a customer who craves your offering.
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The way you deliver it is secondary. Too often people focus on that secondary aspect. They’re in the bakery business, or they are a supermarket supplier. Don’t be locked into the secondary value-capture end of your business. Focus, instead, on the core value you create and be quite experimental and creative about how to capture that value.
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Change your value capture constantly. Change your value creation slowly.
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Value capture is just a tool, and you should use whichever tool is quickest and easiest. Value creation, though, is the core of your business. Treasure it, tend it, change it only quite slowly and deliberately."

Ponto da situação

Ontem ao princípio da noite, um desafio do @pauloperes permitiu desenhar esta figura, para sistematizar o nosso progresso:

Um JTBD e vários contextos possíveis (recordar link "Não começar sem saber qual o trabalho e o contexto seleccionado")
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A unidade de análise é a combinação JTBD e um contexto concreto.
O serviço prestado por uma organização é contratado pelo cliente para realizar um trabalho na sua vida, no âmbito de um certo contexto, para atingir um resultado (outcome).
Falamos de resultado (outcome) como uma consequência na vida do cliente, como um benefício, como uma experiência procurada e valorizada. Não falamos de ouput, não falamos de uma coisa concreta que é transaccionada e que tem especificações independentemente do cliente concreto. O cliente não procura a coisa, o objecto, o produto! O cliente procura o que a coisa faz na sua vida.
A coisa, o objecto, o produto transaccionado, é um recurso processado pelo cliente na sua vida para produzir o benefício, a experiência procurada.
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Durante esse trabalho o cliente vai sentir resistências e problemas (barreiras). Por exemplo, porque não tem o know-how ou a paciência, para tirar o melhor partido dos recursos que lhe são disponibilizados. A monitorização do progresso, durante a realização do trabalho, pode dar força para seguir em frente, criando uma espécie de espiral de motivação positiva:

"People don’t want just the outcomes; they want the progress outcomes represent."

Recordei os objectivos proximais, para vencer as barreiras.
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O olhar para trás no fim é o sublinhado a amarelo daqui:

"When you design for outcomes, you’re designing for your customers’s future past — the moment, at some end, when they look back and evaluate."

Como Kahneman e Gigerenzer escrevem, o que recordamos das experiências não é o mesmo que o que sentimos durante a sua vivência inicial. Há aqui qualquer coisa de Damásio?

Falta incluir a co-criação na primeira figura.

Não começar sem saber qual o trabalho e o contexto seleccionado

"They have a job to get done.
Your product gets hired to solve that job. That’s what causes purchase and use.
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I am hungry and I have 15 minutes to eat lunch at work. That’s the job.
I hire a sandwich from the deli in the lobby of my building.
My hunger at work, with only 15 minutes to spare, caused me to purchase at the deli.
Did my age, martial status, viewing habbits, number of kids, gender, cause me to purchase? No. These are attributes of a buyer that might be correlated to purchase but don’t cause purchase.
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Same type of job, hunger, but different situation and different hiring criteria.
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For the job, the situation is critical. [Moi ici: O contexto] As Clayton Christensen says: “the customer is the wrong unit of analysis.” It’s the job in a situation.
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Also, the job is stable over time. I’m repeatedly hungry, but in different situations. The solutions you choose to hire change. This is critical to your differentiation efforts.
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There is a job that we want to get done. That causes us to purchase.
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Don’t start your segmentation, development, messaging or much of anything until you know the job to be done.
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emphasize the need to understand what will cause the customer to buy, not what is correlated.
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If you don’t know the job in the situation, stop. You are wasting time and money and you probably don’t even know it. You need to improve upon the job someone is trying to get done. Make it easier, more convenient or less expensive.
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How you frame a market determines how you serve it. The job to be done is the frame. That’s the market, the job in the situation. Getting it right will trim your list of features, relieve some of the pressure on the development team, and give you confidence to decide what NOT to include in the product.
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Understand and uncover the emotional jobs associated with a functional job. The Re-Wired Group calls this the “forces” and the emotional energy people use when using, buying or switching to a product/service. Progress hindering forces could include loss aversion, cognitive load (also called cognitive miser), sunk cost effect, social bias comparison, choice paradox, endowment effect (also called divestiture aversion) and many more.
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Deeply understanding the job to be done in that situation is the starting point for how to frame, design and deliver the complete solution….that will cause that person to buy."

Trechos retirados de "This Causes People to Purchase"

JTBD

Acerca do conceito "job-to-be-done" recomendo esta apresentação "A goal-driven solution framework".
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Alguns trechos:

Acho sempre a última frase:

"The product/service does not creat the job."

Uma espécie de afronta ao pensamento tão em voga junto da tríade keynesiana: a produção cria a sua própria procura.

Uma sensação de vitória

"the bigger you get the further away you are from your core consumers!"

Mensagem para PMEs?
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Sabe quem são os seus consumidores-alvo?
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Sabe o que é que eles procuram e valorizam?
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Nestas últimas semanas, em mais do que uma empresa, o meu desafio tem passado por fazer emergir estas respostas.
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Sim, acredito que a maior parte das PMEs não tem ideia de qual é o seu factor distintivo. Quando questionadas vêm logo com a resposta-chavão:

- A relação qualidade-preço.

Treta!
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Por isso, há sempre uma sensação de vitória quando, como ontem, uma empresa começa a formular um discurso em torno de um factor realmente diferenciador, começa a juntar as peças e a fazer perguntas. Eles vieram ter connosco por causa disto. Por que é que os outros não lhes oferecem isto? O que os impede de oferecer isto?
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Aí, abre-se a porta para a tabela dos dinossauros azuis, como podemos defender uma posição competitiva... até se tornar necessário mudar.

Trecho inicial retirado daqui.

Um exemplo interessante

Uma história, um exemplo interessante, que conjuga o job-to-be-done (o problema levantado pela necessidade, pelo serviço que o futebolista Capucho tinha), com o não-preço, com a inovação, com a segmentação para mercados de maior valor acrescentado (saúde e desporto), com a subcontratação canalizada para os segmentos de preço, com parcerias com universidades e centros técnicos, e com internacionalização.
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Em 2011 a empresa vendia 60% para o mercado interno. Em 2012 as vendas caíram 20%. Em 2013 as exportações representam 70% das vendas e a produção já está em contínuo.
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Interessante a linguagem da categorização e do job-to-be-done:

"Em carteira, há novos desenvolvimentos como os tubos de compressão para ajudar mulheres que tiveram cancro da mama. "O futuro, mais do que nas meias, está nos tubos de compressão", diz Gaspar Coutinho, a alargar a oferta dos pés e pernas aos braços. A pensar nos cotovelos dos tenistas, uma solução em estudo é a criação de mangas funcionais com compressão, prontas a tratar lesões durante treinos e provas."

Trecho retirado de "À medida do pé"

Um ponto de vista interessante

"Only if managers define market segments that correspond to the circunstances in which customers find themselves when making purchasing decisions can they accurately theorize which products will connect with their customers. When managers segment markets in ways that are misaligned with those circumstances, market segmentation can actually cause them to fail - essentially because it leads managers to aim their new products at phantom targets."
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"We believe that this approach, based on the notion that customers "hire" products to do specific "jobs," can help managers segment their markets to mirror the way their customers experience life."

Algo semelhante ao apresentado no exemplo da Electrolux.

"Companies that target their products at the circumstances in which customers find themselves, rather than at the customers themselves, are those, that can lauch predictably successful products. Put another way, the critical unit of analysis is the circumstance and not the customer."

Uma abordagem que me faz pensar e reflectir "When customers become aware of a job that they need to get done in their lives, they look around for a product or service that they can "hire" to get the job done. This is how customers experience life."

Como conjugar isto com o conceito de prateleira?
As circunstâncias quando se toma consciência da necessidade?
As circunstâncias quando se chega à prateleira, para escolher?
Talvez as circunstâncias no processo: necessidade descoberta --> opção junto à prateleira --> uso --> consequências do uso... algo ao estilo de Woodruff em "Customer Value: The Next Source for Competitive Advantage" (figura 2).

Trechos retirados de The Innovator's Solution" de Clayton Christensen e Michael Raynor