Acerca das "electronic cottage industries"

Ao ler "These Fashion Startups Offer The Prestige Of "Made In Italy" Without Inflated Prices" pensei seriamente numa pergunta que fiz a um empresário do calçado acerca de um ano.

- E se os seus trabalhadores mais exímios começassem a trabalhar em casa por conta própria fazendo sapatos topo de gama?

A pergunta foi rapidamente chutada para canto:

- Não têm as máquinas, não têm os contactos.

OK. Agora leiam o artigo. Não me custa nada pensar num contacto destes a chegar e a propor uma cooperativa de operários, a financiar a compra de máquinas não industriais, a financiar a compra da matéria-prima.

A fábrica deste texto produzirá 300/400 pares por dia mas um operário artesão destes se fizer por mês 40 a 50 pares por mês talvez ganhe mais do que como operário.

Esta tendência insere-se naquilo a que designo por Mongo (Estranhistão), um voltar aos sistemas dinâmicos pré-revolução industrial agora que a internet matou a geografia e a tecnologia permite séries muito pequenas de forma relativamente económica.

Como não recuar ao princípio dos anos 80 do século XX e a Alvin Toffler e às suas "electronic cottage industries".

Há 46 anos... que capacidade de previsão

A minha cópia de "Choque do Futuro" de Alvin Toffler de 1970 está aqui na minha mão. Ao reler o capítulo X, "Os Fabricantes de Experiência" não posso deixar de me impressionar com a capacidade de antecipação:

"Conditioned to think in straight lines, economists have great difficulty imagining alternatives to communism and capitalism. They see in the growth of large-scale organization nothing more than a linear expansion of old-fashioned bureaucracy. They see technological advance as a simple, non-revolutionary extension of the known. Born of scarcity, trained to think in terms of limited resources, they can hardly conceive of a society in which man's basic material wants have been satisfied.
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One reason for their lack of imagination is that when they think about technological advance, they concentrate solely on the means of economic activity. Yet the super-industrial revolution challenges the ends as well. It threatens to alter not merely the "how" of production but the "why." It will, in short, transform the very purposes of economic activity.
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Before such an upheaval, even the most sophisticated tools of today's economists are helpless. Input-output tables, econometric models—the whole paraphernalia of analysis that economists employ simply do not come to grips with the external forces—political, social and ethical—that will transform economic life in the decades before us. What does "productivity" or "efficiency" mean in a society that places a high value on psychic fulfillment? [Moi ici: Impressionante! Recordar o que escrevemos por aqui acerca do eficientismo e da eficácia em Mongo] What happens to an economy when, as is likely, the entire concept of property is reduced to meaninglessness? [Moi ici: Share economy, experience economy! Fresquinho este "Why You Should Spend Your Money On Experiences, Not Things" por exemplo.]
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Under conditions of scarcity, men struggle to meet their immediate material needs. Today under more affluent conditions, we are reorganizing the economy to deal with a new level of human needs. From a system designed to provide material satisfaction, we are rapidly creating an economy geared to the provision of psychic gratification. This process of "psychologization," one of the central themes of the super-industrial revolution, has been all but overlooked by the economists. Yet it will result in a novel, surprise-filled economy unlike any man has ever experienced. The issues raised by it will reduce the great conflict of the twentieth century, the conflict between capitalism and communism, to comparative insignificance.
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As more and more of the basic material needs of the consumer are met, it is strongly predictable that even more economic energy will be directed at meeting the consumer's subtle, varied and quite personal needs for beauty, prestige, individuation, and sensory delight. The manufacturing sector will channel ever greater resources into the conscious design of psychological distinctions and gratifications. The psychic component of goods production will assume increasing importance.
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As rising affluence and transience ruthlessly undercut the old urge to possess, consumers begin to collect experiences as consciously and passionately as they once collected things. ... The experience is, so to speak, the frosting on the cake. As we advance into the future, however, more and more experiences will be sold strictly on their own merits, exactly as if they were things.
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Finally, we shall watch the irresistible growth of companies already in the experiential field, and the formation of entirely new enterprises, both profit and non-profit, to design, package and distribute planned or programmed experiences."

Até arrepia, esta capacidade de previsão.

A velocidade da mudança

"Technology did rule many issues in 2015. And not only did tech dominate the news, it often moved too quickly for politicians, regulators, law enforcement officials and the media to understand its implications. This year we began to see the creaking evidence of our collective ignorance about the digital age."

Ainda não tinha terminado este trecho já a minha mente tinha recuado a 1981 e me impelido a ir buscar o livro à prateleira.

Há livros assim, livros que se lêem uma vez e que se revêem muitas mais vezes, livros que sabemos que nos marcaram e que contribuíram para a forma como vemos o mundo. Depois, lembrei-me de procurar no blogue e encontrei uma referência ao capítulo 27 "The Political Mausoleum":

"A Third Wave civilization cannot operate with a Second Wave political structure."

Como penso muito em metáforas pensei logo num mundo em mudança acelerada e em políticos que se movimentam com o auxílio de arrastadeiras:

Por favor, leiam a fonte da citação inicial em "For the New Year, Let’s Resolve to Improve Our Tech Literacy"

Acerca de Mongo

"The great surprise: a prosumer world.
We're in the era of what Alvin Toffler called the "prosumer". Techno-literacy is concerned not just with consuming media but also creating it. Toffler's prosumers are people who consume media, who also produce it, and who are both producing and consuming at the same time. The Maker Movement is great evidence that we're in this kind of prosumer era where some of the artificial divisions that we had in the industrial society are breaking down - where there were producers and consumers, and they were separate camps. We're getting back a little bit more to a previous era - the hunter/gatherers - where people made the stuff that they consumed. In a curious way the new technologies can offer us more access to that earlier era.                  
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Certainly most of the things that are going to be produced are going to be made by robots and automation, but we can modify them and we can change them, and we can be involved in the co-production of them to a degree that we couldn't in the industrial age. That's true not just for media and liquid intangible things but also for tangible things, and that's sort of the promise of 3D printing and robotics and all these other high-tech material sciences is that it's going to become as malleable.
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Using the Internet and AI and connection, the physical world will be as malleable for us when we have help of these tools as the intangible world has been, and so that era of the prosumer can return. But again, this is not going to happen by osmosis; it will take training; it will take teaching; it will take education. It will take a literacy, a techno-literacy, to learn how this world works—to learn that these technologies have biteback, that they have feedback, that they have issues, restrictions, and there are costs. All this stuff is part of it."              

Trechos retirados de "A Conversation with Kevin Kelly"

Sintomas da economia DIY a regressar

Mais um trecho de "Makers: The New Industrial Revolution" de Chris Anderson:

"The past ten years have been about discovering new ways to create, invent, and work together on the Web. The next ten years will be about applying those lessons to the real world.
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Wondrous as the Web is, it doesn’t compare to the real world. Not in economic size (online commerce is less than 10 percent of all sales), and not in its place in our lives. The digital revolution has been largely limited to screens. We love screens, of course, on our laptops, our TV’s, our phones. But we live in homes, drive in cars, and work in offices. We are surrounded by physical goods, most of them products of a manufacturing economy that over the past century has been transformed in all ways but one: unlike the Web, it hasn’t been opened to all. Because of the expertise, equipment, and costs of producing things on a large scale, manufacturing has been mostly the provenance of big companies and trained professionals.

That’s about to change.

Why? Because making things has gone digital: physical objects now begin as designs on screens, and those designs can be shared online as files. This has been happening over the past few decades in factories and industrial design shops, but now it’s happening on consumer desktops and in basements, too. And once an industry goes digital, it changes in profound ways, as we’ve seen in everything from retail to publishing. The biggest transformation is not in the way things are done, but in who’s doing it. Once things can be done on regular computers, they can be done by anyone. And that’s exactly what we’re seeing happen now in manufacturing.

Today, anyone with an invention or good design can upload files to a service to have that product made, in small batches or large, or make it themselves with increasingly powerful digital desktop fabrication tools such as 3-D printers. Would-be entrepreneurs and inventors are no longer at the mercy of large companies to manufacture their ideas."

Ainda esta manhã, durante o noticiário das 8h00 na Antena 1, um repórter em Bragança relatava que está a regressar o hábito de fazer o pão em casa... mais um sintoma da economia DIY a regressar. Sim, não é só a tecnologia de ponta: é a cultura que vê como natural produzir comida, roupa, agricultura, jardinagem. Prosumers com indústrias de vivenda... o velho casal Toffler acertou em toda a linha. 

Mais um exemplo da economia de Mongo

A explosão dos consumidores-produtores, os prosumers do casal Toffler, mais um exemplo:
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"Busque came up with the idea for TaskRabbit in 2008 in Boston. It was too cold to go out, and she and her husband Kevin needed to buy a big heavy bag of dog food for her dog Kobe. She wondered if there was any service that let people easily outsource errands and tasks. There wasn’t, so she quit her job four months later to start a company.
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TaskRabbit, which lets people post tasks that can be subsequently bid on, operates in five cities

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TaskRabbit is now seeing 9,000 tasks a month and has tripled its net revenue since its Series A funding in May. The company monetizes by taking a fee of between 13% – 30% from each task completed."

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Trecho retirado de "TaskRabbit Gets $17.8M For “Aggressive” Expansion, Wants To Grow Internationally And Beyond"

Indie capitalism e Mongo!!!

"If you add up all the trends under way today, I believe we are beginning to see the start of something original, and perhaps wonderful. (Moi ici: Interessante e sintomático o uso desta palavra "wonderful". Ler este postal e ver este extracto do filme retirado e disponível aqui)

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Indie (Moi ici: "Indie" de independente) capitalism is, above all, a maker system of economics based on creating new value, not trading old value. It embraces all the strains of maker culture--food, indie music, DIY, craft, 3-D digital fabrication, bio-hacking, app enabling, CAD modeling, robotics, tinkering. Making is not a rare act performed by a few but a routine happening in which just about everyone participates. (Moi ici: Mongo como um mundo de artesãos) Making and using tools are part of a meaningful existence. And tools shift from a ritual presence to a practical role in everyday life. Having great tools and making great things begin to replace consumption as an end in itself.

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We are just two guys who made something people want to buy, and then we sell it to them. No middle men, no big corporations, no venture capital, no investments. (Moi ici: Isto é Mongo!!!)

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A while back, the futurist Paul Saffo predicted a new “creator economy” replacing the industrial and consumer economies. I like the term but prefer “indie capitalism” because it captures more of the social context and values of this new economy. I think it is sufficiently different from the entrepreneurial, startup culture of Stanford/Silicon Valley to warrant its own name. The term feels more 21st century, while “startup” sounds, well, 20th century. It’s socially focused, not technology focused, more designer/artist-centric than engineering-centric. (Moi ici: Definitivamente, e quem não perceber isto perde parte importante dos alicerces... leiam Hilary Austen!!!)

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I think that rising before us may be the solution to all that. Indie capitalism could be the kind of reinvigorated capitalism that we can all believe in again. To make it really work, we might need a new indie economics (of creativity and innovation), plus a new indie set of political policies. (Moi ici: Façam como eu, procurem na biblioteca o livro dos Toffler "A 3ª Vaga". Depois, leiam tudo sobre a "electronic cottage")

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Trechos retirados de "4 Reasons Why The Future Of Capitalism Is Homegrown, Small Scale, And Independent"

Impressoras 3D, a 3ª Vaga e Mongo

"Disruptions: The 3-D Printing Free-for-All"

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A leitura deste artigo deixou-me a pensar seriamente na revolução que aí vem...

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As impressoras 3-D fazem-me acreditar que Mongo vai ser ainda mais diverso, com mais variedade do que eu pensava... com as impressoras 3-D a fábrica pode ser numa casa, num apartamento, numa vivenda.

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Este pensamento andou na minha cabeça a tarde toda de ontem. À noite, de "vivenda" a minha mente lembrou-se de "cottage" e, num ápice, recuei a, talvez, 1981... julgo que foi nesse ano que entrou em minha casa um livro em inglês que gostei de ler e que fez parte do espólio que trouxe comigo quando saí do ninho: "The Third Wave" de Heidi e Alvin Toffler.

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Fui para a cama com o calhamaço debaixo do braço e voltei a folheá-lo... com admiração-

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Do capítulo "The Electronic Cottage":

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"Hidden inside our advance to a new production system is a potential for social change so breathtaking in scope that few among us have been willing to face its meaning. For we are about to revolutionize our

homes as well. Apart from encouraging smaller work units, apart from permitting a decentralization and de-urbanization of production, apart from altering the actual character of work, the new production system could shift literally millions of jobs out of the factories and offices into which the Second Wave swept them and right back where they came from originally: the home. If this were to happen, every institution we know, from the family to the school and the corporation, would be transformed.

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Today it takes an act of courage to suggest that our biggest factories and office towers may, within our lifetimes, stand half empty, reduced to use as ghostly warehouses or converted into living space. Yet this is precisely what the new mode of production makes possible: a return to cottage industry on a new, higher, electronic basis, and with it a new emphasis on the home as the center of society."

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A impressão 3-D vai revolucionar isto tudo em que vivemos...

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Do capítulo "Beyond Mass Production":

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"The essence of Second Wave manufacture was the long "run" of millions of identical, standardized products. By contrast, the essence of Third Wave manufacture is the short run of partially or completely customized products. (Moi ici: This is Mongo)

The public still tends to think of manufacture in terms of long runs, and we do of course continue to turn out cigarettes by the billion, textiles by the millions of yards, light bulbs, matches, bricks, or spark plugs in astronomical quantities. No doubt we will continue to do so for some time. Yet these are precisely the products of the more backward industries rather than the most advanced, and today they account for only about 5 percent of all our manufactured goods."

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E recordar que já falava da internet sem a mencionar (telecomunicações) 

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Do capítulo "De-Massifying the Media":

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"Throughout the Second Wave era the mass media grew more and more powerful. Today a startling change is taking place. As the Third Wave thunders in, the mass media, far from expanding their influence, are suddenly being forced to share it. They are being beaten back on many fronts at once by what I call the "de-massified media.

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Mass magazines offer a second example. From the mid-1950's on, hardly a year has passed without the death in the United States of a major magazine. Life, Look, the Saturday Evening Post—each went to its grave, later to undergo resurrection as a small-circulation ghost of its former self.

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Between 1970 and 1977, despite a 14 million rise in U.S. population, the combined aggregate circulation of the remaining top twenty-five magazines dropped by 4 million.

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Simultaneously, the United States experienced a population explosion of mini-magazines—thousands of brand new magazines aimed at small, special-interest, regional, or even local markets. Pilots and aviation buffs today can choose among literally scores of periodicals edited just for them. Teen-agers, scuba divers, retired people, women athletes, collectors of antique cameras, tennis nuts, skiers, and skateboarders each have their own press. Regional magazines like New York, New West, D in Dallas, or Pittsburgher, are all multiplying. Some slice the market up even more finely by both region and special interest—the Kentucky Business Ledger, for example, or Western Farmer.

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With new, fast, cheap short-run printing presses, every organization, community group," political or religious cult and cultiet today can afford to print its own publication. Even smaller groups churn our periodicals on the copying machines that have become ubiquitous in American offices. The mass magazine has lost its once powerful influence in national life. The de-massified magazine-—the minimagazine— is rapidly taking its plage."

A tentação é enorme para deixar o livro na mesinha de cabeceira e voltar a lê-lo novamente, depois destes anos todos... é sobre Mongo. Os Toffler não podiam saber como se materializariam as coisas, mas identificaram o fluxo...

Sistema anquilosado

Rita MccGrath escreveu recentemente este postal "The World Is More Complex than It Used to Be" que começa assim:
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"It's not you — the world has become more complex.
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Consider 1980. There was no such thing as a personal computer. The Internet and broadband connections to it were more than a decade away. You used film to take pictures, got them developed in a photo shop, and mailed copies to relatives if you wanted to share them. Roughly half of the 4.4 billion people on Earth were either so poor that they were cut off from the rest of humanity, or lived in regimes so repressive that no outside communication was possible. AT&T was the only telephone operator in the United States; telephony was just one of many high-impact industries that were highly regulated and protected from competition."
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 E termina assim:
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"In a complex system, leaders have to rewrite their playbooks and re-jigger their organizations quickly.
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Complex systems are unforgiving places for companies, and people, who move slowly."
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Fez-me logo recordar as imagens de "A Terceira Vaga"...
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Quanto mais o tempo passa mais o sistema fica anquilosado, obsoleto, pôdre...

Tofflers, Quercus e a Escola

Ontem a rádio relatava o folclore da Quercus sobre a pressão junto do ministro Pinho, para proibir a venda de lâmpadas incandescentes.
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Então?
E os direitos adquiridos de quem trabalha nas fábricas onde se fabricam essas lâmpadas?
E os direitos adquiridos de quem investiu nas fábricas onde se fabricam essas lâmpadas?
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Há uns dias que os jornais vêm relatando os desenvolvimentos recentes nas universidades portuguesas.
Há uns meses que os media vêm relatando e amplificando o conflito na educação, entre professores e a ministra da educação.
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Olhando de fora para as manifestações, para as tricas, para a paranoia de tudo regular e de tudo manter... dos famosos direitos adquiridos ao sei lá o quê, ouve-se Alvin Toffler falar de "Katrinas institucionais", falar do fim da escola da era industrial e vê-se o filme.
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Um dos fundadores da Quercus costumava dizer "O maior aliado dos polícias são os ladrões, porque sem ladrões não são precisos polícias".
Assim, sindicatos e ministério na sua luta umbiguista entretêm-se, justificando-se um ao outro e impedindo um olhar para o futuro que os Tofflers anunciam.

O fim do programa nacional, do programa único. O fim das disciplinas como elas existem hoje, separadas (estilo jobshop). O fim dos horários rígidos com as suas aulas de duração em módulos de tempo fixos, ou seja o fim da campainha.

Como é que estruturas centralizadas, carregadas de direitos adquiridos, vão poder lidar com um futuro viscoso, cinzento, em mudança permanente?