Outro sintoma do futuro em Mongo

Quando escrevo sobre o futuro do mundo económico para onde caminhamos, uso a metáfora de Mongo, ou do Estranhistão.
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Em Mongo falo do triunfo das PME, dos prosumers, da democratização da produção, do regresso dos alfaiates e modistas, o regresso dos artesãos. Por isso, foi com muito gosto que encontrei e li este texto "How 3-D Printing Is Saving the Italian Artisan":

"Italy’s craftsmen have been undermined by competition from China and other parts of Asia. [Moi ici: Recordar Manzano]
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Techniques such as the 3D printing used by Pomini and Armani have helped turn northeastern Italy into an unlikely hothouse of innovation. Last year growth in the region was positive for the first time since 2007, at 0.5 percent. Exports rose by 3.5 percent in 2014 and are expected to keep climbing.
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the use of 3D printing and other similar technologies has the potential to boost revenue at Italy’s small-scale manufacturers by 15 percent, or at least €16 billion ($17.8billion). At their best, these technologies inject elements of the digital economy into the physical world, allowing a galaxy of small companies to compete with multinationals, [Moi ici: Lembram-se do óbvio de que ninguém fala?] in much the same way homemade YouTube videos hold their own against traditional video production. The advent of rapid prototyping and other innovations means “you can compensate for your disadvantages with variety, customization, and a rapid response to what the market is demanding,”
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New production processes are not the only technologies leveling the playing field for Italy’s small-scale producers. The connecting power of the Internet opens the possibility for small manufacturers to rapidly find new markets, even as Italian demand remains low."

Mongo e os marxistas

Em Portugal a esquerda marxista mais participativa nas redes sociais ainda está agarrada ao modelo do século XX, aos exércitos de operários, (normalmente traduzida num desprezo pelos empreendedores, startups e micro-empresas) e à versão moderna da maquinaria, a automatização.
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Interessante este texto marxista sobre Mongo, "Peer-to-peer production and the coming of the commons":

"We are witnessing the emergence of a new ‘proto’ mode of production based on distributed, collaborative forms of organisation.
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One way to describe the changes now taking place is as a shift away from a context in which the technological and economic advantage lies with economies of scale and mass production that depend on cheap global transportation and, thus, the continuous availability of fossil fuels. The move is to ‘economies of scope’, where bringing down the cost of common infrastructure for networked enterprises brings competitive advantages.[Moi ici: Claro que ainda se focam muito nos custos, ainda não chegaram à paixão e ás tribos]
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This new emerging modality tends to out-cooperate and out-compete classic modes of capitalist production. This is because of its higher innovation potential (there is no privatisation of innovation); the ability for distributed parallel development on a global scale without the use of costly bureaucracies of control (as with Wikipedia, every module can be worked on separately, by any contributor with the necessary skills); and the much cheaper production costs due to price structures free of the rent of ‘intellectual property’ (IP). Where these new forms occur – in knowledge production, free software production and now emerging in physical production – they tend to displace proprietary and IP-based modes.
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We regard this as the peer production equivalent of the invention of the assembly line by Henry Ford. It inserts the rapid production methodologies that have proven themselves in open source software production (such as ‘extreme programming’) into the world of machine design, and links it directly to microfactories and distributed enterprise."

Claro que hão-de descobrir que os grandes inimigos de Mongo são os incumbentes que tratam da oferta no mercado e os que vivem da impostagem que se extrai dos actuais laços de produção, emprego e consumo.

Mongo, Estranhistão, Weirdistão

Há anos que cunhei a designação de Mongo para significar o modelo do século XXI, por contraponto a Metropolis, ou Magnitogrado, para significar o modelo da escala, do volume, da eficiência, da linha de montagem, do século XX.
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Mongo é um conceito teórico, é uma abstracção. Eu sei o que quero dizer com a designação mas a sua abstracção não ajude a tornar concreto o impacte da democratização da produção para o modo de vida, para o modo de organização da sociedade, para o emprego, para os impostos, para as empresas, para a economia, para o marketing, para a educação formal centralizada a que chamamos universidades.
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Hoje, li algo que me surpreendeu pelo impacte que teve em mim, porque ajudou a concretizar o que é isso de Mongo, ajudou a arranjar uma referência que permite fazer uma comparação. E essa comparação chocou-me, não estava preparado para o embate, apesar de falar e escrever sobre Mongo:

"3-D printing is starting to do something amazing. The technology is transforming physical stuff into data, much the way digital technology over the past 20 years changed things like newspapers and phone calls into data.
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Once anything turns into data, it becomes cheap and easy to send anywhere over networks, and cheap and easy for anyone to manipulate using software. So imagine a world where physical stuff - chairs, shoes, sex toys, Jeeps - can be sent around the world instantly and at almost zero cost. And imagine a world where the design of those chairs, shoes, sex toys or Jeeps could be altered and customized by any suburban mom on her iPad while fighting boredom at her kid’s soccer game.
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Another effect of turning stuff into data will be mass customization. You may never again have to own anything that looks like anybody else’s.
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Because the products are data, they don’t have to be static. The designers can constantly tweak them in response to customer input. “It’s iterative—I’ve seen some products go through 30 versions in a couple of months
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“Everybody’s empowered to solve their own problems,” he says.
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Industrial-scale 3D printing will get increasingly sophisticated, rendering one physical thing after another into data that can be sent anywhere, modified by anyone, and printed and assembled locally. In another decade, shoes, chairs, bicycles or who knows what else will become data.
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[Moi ici: O trecho que se segue é aquele que motivou o texto inicial deste postal acerca da surpresa] There’s an industrial side to this, too. This process is going to open up physical-product industries the way the Internet and blogs opened up the business of news. [Moi ici: Basta recordar as imagens da redacção do Daily Planet com centenas de pessoas e o que é uma redacção hoje. Ou comparar a bosta que muitos jornais clássicos produzem, com a excelência que projectos digitais conseguem atingir. Ou comparar como, num mundo cada vez com mais informação, cada vez menos gente comprar jornais. O mundo do cidadão jornalista. O mundo do cidadão prosumer... ] ... “New tools for democratized production are boosting innovation and entrepreneurship in manufacturing, in the same way that the Internet and cloud computing have lowered the barriers to entry for digital startups.”"

Trecho retirado de "3-D Printing Will Make Your Stuff Data, and Then Make It Unique" [Moi ici: O que importa reter é o "make it unique"]

"From Mass Production to Production By the Masses" (parte I)

No capítulo VI, "3D Printing - From Mass Production to Production By the Masses", do livro "The Zero Marginal Cost Society" de Jeremy Rifkin, encontro muito do que tenho escrito ao longo dos anos neste blogue acerca de Mongo:

"The long-dominant manufacturing mode of the Second Industrial Revolution is likely going to give way, however, at least in part, over the coming three decades.
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The consumer is beginning to give way to the prosumer as increasing numbers of people become both the producer and consumer of their own products.
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First, there is little human involvement aside from creating the software. The software does all the work, which is why it's more appropriate to think of the process as "infofacture" rather than "manufacture." [Moi ici: Coloco este trecho final só para sublinhar que este capítulo está todo virado para o Mongo tecnológico, o Mongo da produção 3D]
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A 3D PRINTING PROCESS EMBEDDED in an Internet of Things infrastructure means that virtually anyone in the world can become a prosumer, producing his or her own products for use or sharing, employing open-source software. The production process itself uses one-tenth of the material of conventional manufacturing and requires very little human labor in the making of the product. The energy used in the production is generated from renewable energy harvested on-site or locally, at near zero marginal cost. The product is marketed on global marketing websites, again at near zero marginal cost. Lastly, the product is delivered to users in e-mobility transport powered by locally generated renewable energy, again at near zero marginal cost.
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The democratization of manufacturing means that anyone and eventually everyone can access the means of production, making the question of should own and control the means of production irrelevant, and capitalism along with it.
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The democratization of production fundamentally disrupts the centralized manufacturing practices of the vertically integrated Second Industrial Revolution.
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But underneath the surface, an even more radical agenda is beginning to unfold, albeit undeveloped and still largely unconscious. If we were to put all the disparate pieces of the 3D printing culture together, what we begin to see is a powerful new narrative arising that could change the way civilization is organized in the twenty-first century. Think about it. The DIY culture is growing around the world, empowered by the idea of using bits to arrange atoms. [Moi ici: Mongo é meta "bits to atoms"] Like the early software hackers of a generation ago, who were motivated to create their own software to share new information, DIY players are passionate about creating their own software to print and share things."

Continua.

Curiosidade do dia

"the capitalist era is passing - not quickly, but inevitably. The emerging Internet of Things is giving rise to a new economic system - the Collaborative Commons - that will transform our way of life.
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Rifkin describes how hundreds of millions of people are already transferring parts of their economic lives from capitalist markets to what he calls the global “Collaborative Commons.” “Prosumers” are making and sharing their own information, entertainment, green energy, and 3-D printed products at near zero marginal cost. They are also sharing cars, homes, clothes and other items via social media sites, rentals, redistribution clubs, and cooperatives at low or near zero marginal cost. Students are even enrolling in free massive open online courses (MOOCs) that operate at near zero marginal cost. And young social entrepreneurs are establishing ecologically sensitive businesses using crowdfunding as well as creating alternative currencies in the new sharing economy. In this new world, social capital is as important as finance capital, access trumps ownership, cooperation supersedes competition, and “exchange value” in the capitalist marketplace is increasingly replaced by “sharable value” on the Collaborative Commons.
Rifkin concludes that while capitalism will be with us for the foreseeable future, albeit in an increasingly diminished role, it will not be the dominant economic paradigm by the second half of the 21st Century. We are, Rifkin says, entering a world beyond markets where we are learning how to live together in an increasingly interdependent global Collaborative Commons."

Em sintonia com o que se escreve neste blogue há anos... e é isto que vai minar a Torre de Babel burocrática-fiscal em que vivemos.

Trecho retirado de "Zero Marginal Cost Society"

Acerca de Mongo

"The great surprise: a prosumer world.
We're in the era of what Alvin Toffler called the "prosumer". Techno-literacy is concerned not just with consuming media but also creating it. Toffler's prosumers are people who consume media, who also produce it, and who are both producing and consuming at the same time. The Maker Movement is great evidence that we're in this kind of prosumer era where some of the artificial divisions that we had in the industrial society are breaking down - where there were producers and consumers, and they were separate camps. We're getting back a little bit more to a previous era - the hunter/gatherers - where people made the stuff that they consumed. In a curious way the new technologies can offer us more access to that earlier era.                  
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Certainly most of the things that are going to be produced are going to be made by robots and automation, but we can modify them and we can change them, and we can be involved in the co-production of them to a degree that we couldn't in the industrial age. That's true not just for media and liquid intangible things but also for tangible things, and that's sort of the promise of 3D printing and robotics and all these other high-tech material sciences is that it's going to become as malleable.
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Using the Internet and AI and connection, the physical world will be as malleable for us when we have help of these tools as the intangible world has been, and so that era of the prosumer can return. But again, this is not going to happen by osmosis; it will take training; it will take teaching; it will take education. It will take a literacy, a techno-literacy, to learn how this world works—to learn that these technologies have biteback, that they have feedback, that they have issues, restrictions, and there are costs. All this stuff is part of it."              

Trechos retirados de "A Conversation with Kevin Kelly"

The Coming Do-It-Yourself Revolution"

Um texto sobre Mongo, sobre os prosumers, sobre a revolução do DIY:

"some people there now see Apple as an icon of an older, vulnerable economic order. Having just met some of these innovators, entrepreneurs and investors in the Bay Area, I think there’s something going on here that is worth paying serious attention to, even if many of these people are still Apple devotees when it comes to the tools of their trade.

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Instead of waiting for big companies and big government to solve our problems, a new breed of innovators is in the process of creating a ‘Do-It-Yourself’ revolution.

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Now the champions of the Do-It-Yourself revolution are also encouraging each of us to build everything from phones to satellites.

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One emerging area of business is 3D printing, with the ultimate goal being that any of us would be able to print out a motorbike or microscope at home."

Trechos retirados de "The Coming Do-It-Yourself Revolution"
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E não esquecer a nota sobre a revolução contra as gerações mais velhas.
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E outro texto sobre Mongo:

"US manufacturing is at the cusp of a massive transformation, as the shifts flowing from both accelerating in-shoring and the emergence of new technologies—robotics, AI, 3D printing, and nanotechnology–change the nature of manufacturing fundamentally.
The winners in the ongoing transformation won’t necessarily be incumbents.

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The slow-moving multi-year product cycles of established manufacturers will find it difficult to cope with the rapidly shifting marketplace."

A propósito de Atenor

A propósito do mel de Atenor.
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Quem visita este blogue com regularidade sabe o que quero significar ao usar a metáfora do planeta Mongo, sabe o que penso de um futuro de prosumers, de artesãos, de proximidade, de produção customizada, de printers 3D.
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Pois bem, recomendo com gosto a leitura deste artigo "The Future of Manufacturing Is Local".
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Numa altura em que as correntes, marés e ventos desenham um futuro de diversidade, de individualidade, de autonomias e agentes livres, as vozes do passado suplicam pelas aspirinas enganadoras que maquilham e adiam a mudança. Num mundo em explosão de diversidade as vozes do passado confiam em soluções centralizadas e centralizadoras.
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Os desejos, as aspirações e as necessidades das pessoas conjugam-se numa conspiração virtuosa para subverter o mundo tal como o conhecemos:

• os que desejam individualidade;
• os que desejam proximidade;
• os que festejam a pertença a um local;
• os que procuram o orgânico;
• os que criam;
• os que só podem reparar ou recuperar;
• os que preferem a reparação ou a recuperação
• ...

“Manufacturing isn’t dead and doesn’t need to be preserved,” she says. “Let’s stop fixating on what’s lost. Let’s see what we have here, what’s doing well, and let’s help those folks do better.”
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“People want to buy stuff that’s made locally. It started with food but it’s permeating fashion, woodwork and the like.” Echoing Dwight, Friedman says that “it has to do with local pride, with wanting to be an ethical consumer.”

No nosso caso, acrescentaria a autenticidade que a pertença a um local confere; acrescentaria a deterioração das condições económicas, que traz novos hábitos de consumo e engendra novas preferências e, suporta uma recuperação sustentada assente num novo modelo de produção e consumo.
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Interessante que tudo isto se interliga com o que ando a ler sobre a criação de valor... sempre que um fornecedor e um cliente co-produzem, co-desenham, e fomentam uma interacção, o fornecedor deixa de não só facilitar a criação de valor pelo cliente mas também ajuda o cliente a co-criar valor.

O futuro no presente

"While walking around the Maker Faire grounds this morning I took a quick census all of the 3D printers. All told I saw 55 3D printers on the fairgrounds, 23 of which were unique designs. That’s not including the CNC machines or the stock of three dozen or so Replicator, Up! printers, and Printrbots for sale in the Maker Shed. I’m impressed?" 

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O futuro no presente... e tanta gente a passar ao lado desta revolução!!!

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Prosumers, designers, criadores, inventores, artesãos do futuro. DO IT YOURSELF!!!

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Mongo rules!!!

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Trecho retirado daqui.

A terceira revolução industrial

A revista The Economist traz esta semana um "Special Report" sobre a Terceira Revolução Industrial.
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É com uma agradável sensação de dejá vue que sublinho aqui algumas das mensagens da revista e que já fazem parte da mensagem deste blogue há muitos anos.
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Na verdade o "Special Report" é sobre marcadores como:

• printer 3D
• Mongo
• Flexibilidade
• 3ª vaga
• prosumer
• electronic cottage
• rapidez
• inshoring
• mass customization
• we are all weird

Pessoalmente acrescentaria ainda o tema das experiências.

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É um mundo novo, um mundo de empreendedores, de artistas, de designers, de artesãos, de pequenas empresas, de pequenos produtores especialistas. Um mundo muito mais diversificado, muito menos uniformizado, muito menos "normal", com muitas mais oportunidades, muito mais dinâmico.

"Now a third revolution is under way. Manufacturing is going digital. As this week’s special report argues, this could change not just business, but much else besides." (Moi ici: Claro, que muita coisa vai mudar, os movimentos pendulares de transporte para o emprego desaparecem, muitas fábricas e empresas de serviços como as conhecemos vão desaparecer, as relações laborais a que estamos habituados vão desaparecer, o comércio, a produção, a distribuição, o ensino, tudo revolucionado, tudo em divergência acelerada de um padrão uniformizador... até a cobrança de impostos vai ter de ser repensada)

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"The factory of the past was based on cranking out zillions of identical products: Ford famously said that car-buyers could have any colour they liked, as long as it was black. But the cost of producing much smaller batches of a wider variety, with each product tailored precisely to each customer’s whims, is falling. The factory of the future will focus on mass customisation—and may look more like those weavers’ cottages than Ford’s assembly line." (Moi ici: Recordar este postal  de 2006 com o exemplo da Canon. Contudo, ainda vou mais longe do que o artigo; existirá fábrica do futuro? Não será antes atelier do futuro? As fábricas do futuro não estarão nas nossas casas, ou garagens, ou ...? )

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"The geography of supply chains will change. An engineer working in the middle of a desert who finds he lacks a certain tool no longer has to have it delivered from the nearest city. He can simply download the design and print it. ... New materials are lighter, stronger and more durable than the old ones. ... New techniques let engineers shape objects at a tiny scale. ... And with the internet allowing ever more designers to collaborate on new products, the barriers to entry are falling. Ford needed heaps of capital to build his colossal River Rouge factory; his modern equivalent can start with little besides a laptop and a hunger to invent. Like all revolutions, this one will be disruptive. Digital technology has already rocked the media and retailing industries, just as cotton mills crushed hand looms and the Model T put farriers out of work. Many people will look at the factories of the future and shudder."  

Num outro artigo do relatório, "Back to making stuff":

"“Instead of a giant, purpose-built plant to supply the global market, you could imagine smaller, regionalised plants,” says Mr Sofen. Such factories could respond more rapidly to local demand, especially if a pandemic were to break out."

Num outro artigo do relatório, "All together now":

"Just as digitisation has freed some people from working in an office, the same will happen in manufacturing. Product design and simulation can now be done on a personal computer and accessed via the cloud with devices such as smartphones, says Mr Rochelle of Autodesk, the Silicon Valley software company. It means designers and engineers can work on a product and share ideas with others from anywhere. What does this do for manufacturing? The way Mr Rochelle sees it, “it means the factory of the future could be me, sitting in my home office.”"

 Depois disto tudo... estão já a imaginar os pedidos de ajudas, subsídios, barreiras protectoras, toda a parafernália do costume que os incumbentes vão invocar para serem protegidos pelos governos?

Vai ser um cocktail...

Mais matérias-primas para o cocktail de um futuro mais diversificado, mais próximo, mais pessoalizado, mais liberto do peso do Estado (?), menos, muito menos uniformizado:
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A vivenda electrónica:

• Printers 3D e Laser cutting ao alcance de cada vez mais gente;
• Robótica ao alcance de todos;
• Ligar objectos do dia-a-dia via Internet;

Mais um exemplo da economia de Mongo

A explosão dos consumidores-produtores, os prosumers do casal Toffler, mais um exemplo:
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"Busque came up with the idea for TaskRabbit in 2008 in Boston. It was too cold to go out, and she and her husband Kevin needed to buy a big heavy bag of dog food for her dog Kobe. She wondered if there was any service that let people easily outsource errands and tasks. There wasn’t, so she quit her job four months later to start a company.
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TaskRabbit, which lets people post tasks that can be subsequently bid on, operates in five cities

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TaskRabbit is now seeing 9,000 tasks a month and has tripled its net revenue since its Series A funding in May. The company monetizes by taking a fee of between 13% – 30% from each task completed."

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Trecho retirado de "TaskRabbit Gets $17.8M For “Aggressive” Expansion, Wants To Grow Internationally And Beyond"