Outro jogo infinito

Há tempos escrevi aqui "Luxo e sinais exteriores", com base em “Signaling Status with Luxury Goods” (Journal of Marketing, 2010), sobre quatro grupos: patricians, parvenus, poseurs e proletarians. Agora no número de Julho da revista Bloomberg Businessweek encontro o artigo "The Never-Ending Fight Against Fakes".

O artigo da Bloomberg Businessweek mostra a relação entre a contrafacção e os "poseurs", descrevendo como a plataforma Vestiaire Collective enfrenta um aumento significativo de produtos falsificados, muitos deles “quase indistinguíveis dos originais”. Isto está diretamente ligado ao perfil dos poseurs:

“Poseurs do not possess the financial means to readily afford authentic luxury goods. Yet they want to associate themselves with those they observe and recognize as having the financial means (the parvenus)… Thus, they are especially prone to buying counterfeit luxury goods.”

Versus:

“Fighting counterfeiters is crucial for purveyors of secondhand luxury goods… In 2021, less than a third of the items Vestiaire rejected were on suspicion of being counterfeit. Today it’s more than half.”

A falsificação responde à procura de estatuto a baixo custo — tipicamente por poseurs.

O artigo menciona o trabalho minucioso dos especialistas em autenticação da Vestiaire para verificar costuras, fechos de correr e palmilhas – detalhes que só os conhecedores reconhecem como prova de autenticidade. Isto corresponde ao comportamento dos patricians:

“Patricians possess significant wealth and pay a premium for inconspicuously branded products that serve as a horizontal signal to other patricians.”

Versus:

“Mélissa… sniffs the supple leather, breathes deeply to take in its scent. ‘It smells soft and sweet,’ she says.”
“It’s examined by Hermès in-house, with its distinctive H-shaped stopper at the end.”

A ênfase está na qualidade discreta e não no logótipo visível — típico de patricians.

O artigo de 2010 refere que os parvenus — ricos com forte necessidade de mostrar estatuto — preferem marcas visíveis, como o monograma da Louis Vuitton.

“Luxury houses must justify their stratospheric prices or watch as the once-clear distinction between authentic and counterfeit becomes irrelevant to a generation that values accessibility over exclusivity. For an industry built on image, aspiration and status, the most troubling illusion might not be the authenticity of products themselves but rather the belief that authenticity is worth a premium price.”

O “perigo” para as marcas de luxo é que a procura de sinais visíveis (por parvenus e poseurs) torna difícil distinguir o autêntico do falso, erodindo o valor simbólico da marca.

O mercado da segunda mão (e o de falsificações) cresce porque muitos consumidores valorizam o sinal de estatuto mais do que a substância do produto — o que desafia as marcas a reafirmarem o valor da autenticidade.

"the way you frame things affects how you make decisions"

"Reframe Your Situation

Most people are loss-averse. Multiple studies demonstrate that the way you frame things affects how you make decisions. The research shows, for instance, that if one treatment for a new disease is described as 95% effective and another as 5% ineffective, people prefer the former even though the two are statistically identical. Every innovation, every change, every transformation—personal or professional—comes with potential upsides and downsides. And though most of us instinctively focus on the latter, it’s possible to shift that mindset and decrease our fear.

One of our favorite ways of doing this is the “infinite game” approach, developed by New York University professor James Carse. His advice is to stop seeing the rules, boundaries, and purpose of the “game” you’re playing—the job you’re after, the project you’ve been assigned, the career path you’re on—as fixed. That puts you in a win-or-lose mentality in which uncertainty heightens your anxiety. In contrast, infinite players recognize uncertainty as an essential part of the game—one that adds an element of surprise and possibility and enables them to challenge their roles and the game’s parameters.

...

Chouinard [Moi ici: Fundador da Patagonia] has learned to face uncertainty with courage—and in fact to be energized by it—because he views his role as improving the game, not just playing it. “Managers of a business that want to be around for the next 100 years had better love change,” he advises in his book. “When there [is] no crisis, the wise leader…will invent one.”"

Depois de ler isto, recordar o que é mais comum em Portugal: resistir, chorar, chamar o papá estado, em vez de abraçar a mudança:

•  "Transforming An Obstacle Into A Design Constraint" 
• Curiosidade do dia
• Engaging emergence 

Trechos retirados de "How to Overcome Your Fear of the Unknown" 

Jogos infinitos

Em 2007 escrevi sobre a guerra que Israel travou no sul do Líbano. O que escrevi na altura em "Israel e os jogos infinitos" é o que penso acerca do Afeganistão.

Guerras como jogos infinitos:

"the players come and go, the rules are changeable, and there is no defined end point. There are no winners or losers, just ahead and behind"

O exemplo da Victorinox

Há uma frase mágica de Stephen Covey que guardo comigo:

"Não é o que nos acontece que conta, é o que nós decidimos fazer com o que nos acontece"

Há um outro autor, desconhecido(?), que tenho a sorte de conhecer, "Deep Survival" de Laurence Gonzales. Gonzales dá o exemplo do avião que se despenha na selva amazónica profunda e, os sobreviventes dividem-se entre uns que querem aventurar-se e procurar a salvação atravessando a floresta, há outros que querem permanecer junto ao avião esperando que ele volte novamente a levantar vôo, há outros que gritam por ajuda e esperam um milagre.

O que aprendi com Gonzales é que os que decidem aventurar-se e procurar a salvação, enfrentando o desconhecido, ao fazerem essa viagem, acabam por se transformarem a eles próprios e o mais interessante é que quando chegam à "civilização", ou quando são encontrados, já não estão perdidos, já se encontraram, já se adaptaram a uma nova realidade. Um pouco como o herói no modelo inicial de Joseph Campbell que deu origem à Jornada do Herói:

O herói acidental vive no mundo ordinário, e um evento convida-o/atira-o para a aventura...

Na vida das pessoas, das empresas e dos países, existem os fragislistas e os antifragilistas, os que têm o locus de controlo no exterior e os que têm o locus de controlo no interior. Há os que acreditam no alinhamento futuro dos planetas e os que sabem que não é se, é quando, sempre haverá tempos maus, tempos difíceis. Um mundo saudável não cresce sempre, sempre tem o seu Ragnarök, que vem podar os exagerados, os exuberantes, e premiar os mais preparados, para iniciar um novo nível do jogo.

Os que têm o locus de controlo no exterior pedem ajuda aos governos, culpam os chineses, ou os alemães, ou o Trump. Viveram e governaram como se a tempestade não estivesse no horizonte das possibilidades. Comportam-se como as salamandras no meio da tempestade. Quando a tempestade chega, porque ela sempre acaba por chegar, a culpa é sempre dos outros, quer dos Passos, quer das Merkl desta vida.

Os que têm o locus de controlo no interior sabem que a responsabilidade é sua, e comportam-se como os espalhadores de bosta, não são donos da coisa, apenas a gerem para passar à geração seguinte. E procuram não perder graus de liberdade para a tomada de decisão, algo que acontece quando perdemos a autonomia financeira ou a autonomia estratégica.

"Victorinox, the Swiss company that made the Swiss Army knife famous, saw its business dramatically affected by the events of September 11. The ubiquitous corporate promotional item and standard gift for retirements, birthdays and graduations, in an instant, was banned from our hand luggage. Whereas most companies would take a defensive posture—fixating on the blow to their traditional model and how much it was going to cost them—Victorinox took the offense. They embraced the surprise as an opportunity rather than a threat—a characteristic move of an infinite-minded player. Rather than employing extreme cost cutting and laying off their workforce, the leaders of Victorinox came up with innovative ways to save jobs (they made no layoffs at all), increased investment in new product development and inspired their people to imagine how they could leverage their brand into new markets.
In good times, Victorinox built up reserves of cash, knowing that at some point there would be more difficult times. As CEO Carl Elsener says, “When you look at the history of world economics, it was always like this. Always! And in the future, it will always be like this. It will never go only up. It will never go only down. It will go up and down and up and down. . . . We do not think in quarters,” he says. “We think in generations.” This kind of infinite thinking put Victorinox in a position where they were both philosophically and financially ready to face what for another company might have been a fatal crisis. And the result was astonishing. Victorinox is now a different and even stronger company than it was before September 11. Knives used to account for 95 percent of the company’s total sales (Swiss Army knives alone accounted for 80 percent). Today, Swiss Army knives account for only 35 percent of total revenue, but sales of travel gear, watches and fragrances have helped Victorinox nearly double its revenues compared to the days before September 11. Victorinox is not a stable company, it is a resilient one.
The benefits of playing with an infinite mindset are clear and multifaceted."

Trecho retirado de "The Infinite Game" de Simon Sinek.

Ainda e sempre: Volume is vanity; profit is sanity

Em Agosto de 2014 comecei a associar a metáfora "plancton" à reacção dos consumidores às marcas dos gigantes. Por exemplo aqui, "Porque não somos plankton (parte II)".

Os consumidores, ao deixarem de ser a massa típica do século XX, e ao converterem-se em membros de tribos aguerridas, começaram a abandonar os frutos da suckiness dos gigantes.

Interessante este resultado:

"The maker of CoverGirl cosmetics, Clairol hair dye and OPI nail polish is abandoning a revival plan centered on adding businesses and offering new products. The new strategy is to shrink, pay down debt and undo a failed makeover of one of its biggest brands.
.
The makeup and fragrance seller, controlled by European investment firm JAB Holding Co., has floundered since acquiring dozens of beauty brands from Procter & Gamble Co. in 2016. Coty stock has lost half its value since the deal, and the company this year took $4 billion in writedowns on the P&G business as it struggled to digest the brands and as drugstore staples such as CoverGirl and MaxFactor fell out of favor.
...
“We didn’t execute well because we tried to do too many things at one time,”
...
the challenge of absorbing the P&G businesses and an industry shift away from mass-market beauty brands such as CoverGirl overwhelmed the company. Coty tried to remake CoverGirl. It eschewed television ads in favor of hipper socialmedia influencers and sped up product development.[Moi ici: Tenho um postal em redacção sobre o regresso do analógico]"

Os trechos acima foram retirados de "Beauty Giant Coty Tries On a Smaller Size".

Se lerem o artigo vão encontrar uma empresa à la século XX a gerir um negócio onde o essencial é o intangível.

"“They’ve been on a mission to become one of the world’s biggest beauty companies and the way they put the portfolio together was not very thoughtful or carefully curated,” Ms. Bolton Weiser said. “New management have to take a fresh look at everything.”" 

Estavam preocupados a jogar um jogo finito: ganhar quota de mercado a todo o custo:

"The P&G deal was supposed to provide stability. In pitching the transaction to investors, Coty executives said it would create a beauty behemoth overnight that was capable of challenging industry giants Estée Lauder Co s. and L’Oréal SA in makeup, fragrances and hair care. They highlighted two of the hair-care businesses now up for sale, Clairol and Wella, as especially promising." 

Ontem de manhã, ao iniciar a leitura de "The Infinite Game" de Simon Sinek, sublinhei:

"To offer growth as a cause, growth for its own sake, is like eating just to get fat. It pushes executives to consider strategies that demonstrate growth with little to no consideration of any sense of purpose for that growth. Just like it would affect a human being, it should come as no surprise that the organizations that eat to get fat will eventually suffer from health problems. Growth as a cause often results in an unhealthy culture, one in which short-termism and selfishness reign supreme, while trust and cooperation suffer. Growth is a result, not a Cause. It’s an output, not a reason for being."

E volto a 2006 e aquele ditado:

"Volume is vanity; profit is sanity."

Israel e os jogos infinitos

Li este artigo "How having the right kind of rival can help you thrive in a changing world" sobre o último livro de Simon Sinek:

"Professor James P. Carse has argued that there are two types of games: finite games and infinite games. In finite games, the players are known, the rules are fixed, and the end point, winners and losers are all clear, as in a game of football or chess. But in infinite games — like business or politics or life itself — the players come and go, the rules are changeable, and there is no defined end point. There are no winners or losers, just ahead and behind.
...
To anyone who has spent time watching or playing games and sports, the notion of a finite competition where one player or one side beats the other to earn a title or prize is familiar."

E o que me veio à mente ... uma opinião de  2007 sobre a intervenção armada israelita no Líbano:

"(ainda à dias, um alto comando do exército israelita demitiu-se, por causa do desenlace da guerra no Líbano no passado Verão. Interrogo-me, poderia haver outro desenlace no terreno? Interrogo-me, poderia o exército convencional israelita, ter procedido de outra forma? Interrogo-me, qual teria sido o verdadeiro critério de sucesso para a intervenção armada do exército israelita, por que não acredito que estivessem à espera de uma vitória convencional no terreno, mas adiante…)"

O alto comando israelita pensava estar a jogar um jogo finito?
Eu não conhecia esta terminologia dos jogos finitos e infinitos, mas para mim qualquer guerra entre israelitas e os seus vizinhos tem de ser encarada pelos israelitas como um jogo infinito:

"the players come and go, the rules are changeable, and there is no defined end point. There are no winners or losers, just ahead and behind"

O mesmo para a campanha "cruzada" na República Centro Africana. Os jogadores que jogam um jogo infinito pensando que é um jogo finito, estão condenados a perder, como nas guerras de libertação colonial