Impressão 3D: Acerca do óbvio de que não se fala (parte II)

Em Abril passado, a propósito de um artigo de Richard D'aveni sobre a impressão 3D escrevi o postal "Impressão 3D: Acerca do óbvio de que não se fala".
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Entretanto, D'Aveni volta à carga e segue na direcção oposta à que equacionei, "3D Printing Will Revive Conglomerates":

"a single 3D printer can produce engine pumps one day and crankshafts the next. The technology’s flexibility introduces synergies where none existed before. [Moi ici: Olhar para dentro, produção e eficiência]
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Running plants at full capacity is often a key to profitability in manufacturing.[Moi ici: Olhar para dentro, produção e eficiência]
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3D printing offers even more advantages to these groups. Most of their sales are now overseas, but the individual businesses aren’t big enough to justify dedicated factories in Europe and Asia to better serve these markets. When combined in a conglomerate, however, the businesses could have enough scope to make overseas printer farms practical.[Moi ici: Olhar para dentro, produção e eficiência]
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When printer farms become such a readily available commodity in the marketplace, conglomerates will lose their advantage in manufacturing synergies."[Moi ici: Talvez em alguns sectores muito regulados, com elevadas barreiras à entrada, esta vantagem dos conglomerados possa ser verdade]

Julgo que o exemplo das multinacionais pode merecer reflexão que tempere a opinião de D'Aveni. Atender a "The New Mission for Multinationals":

"As local companies win an increasing share of markets in emerging economies, multinationals need to let go of their global strategies and embrace a new mission: Integrate locally and adapt globally.
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Something strange seems to be happening as globalization marches forward: Increasingly, powerful local companies are winning out against multinational competitors. This is especially true in emerging markets, where multinationals are assumed to enjoy superiority and their CEOs are counting on growth.
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Our data demonstrate the shortcomings of this traditional multinational approach in emerging markets. In dynamic markets, local adaptation is, at best, a catch-up strategy. To win in today’s global environment, companies will need to create new advantages in target markets by integrating their businesses with the local commercial networks and the society itself. They will need to help shape local markets rather than just adapt to them.
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[Moi ici: IMHO o grande trunfo, neste mundo que aspira a doses crescentes de interacção e co-criação] "locally integrated companies forge deep relationships with customers in ways that go well beyond market feedback. By connecting with customers’ lives and working closely with local influencers and lead users, companies can create new markets or embed their products and brands into local networks."

Julgo que em mercados com baixas barreiras à entrada, a democratização da produção vai acelerar de tal forma o modo de interacção produção-clientes que a a rapidez e a flexibilidade vão ser chave

Impressão 3D: Acerca do óbvio de que não se fala

Em artigos como este, "The 3-D Printing Revolution", escritos para a Harvard Business Review de Maio de 2015, há um tema que me baralha e deixa perplexo, por que não falam do óbvio?
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Sim eu sei e, se calhar, a razão para se evitar o óbvio tem a ver com o público-alvo da revista. Quem é o público-alvo de uma Harvard Business Review? O que procura e valoriza? Qual é a função, ou funções, da Harvard Business Review?
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Como é possível que um pensador como Richard D’Aveni, que tanto tem escrito sobre competição, hipercompetição, concorrência... nem uma vez aborde o que a mim, anónimo engenheiro da província, me parece óbvio.
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Por que não é abordado o impacte da democratização da produção?
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Por que não é abordado o impacte do tremendo abaixamento das barreiras à entrada na produção de artigos físicos?
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Como é possível escrever:

"Additive manufacturing doesn’t offer anything like that economy of scale. However, it avoids the downside of standard manufacturing—a lack of flexibility. Because each unit is built independently, it can easily be modified to suit unique needs or, more broadly, to accommodate improvements or changing fashion. And setting up the production system in the first place is much simpler, because it involves far fewer stages.
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the use of additive manufacturing for more-tailored and fast-evolving products will have ramifications for how offerings are marketed. What happens to the concept of product generations—let alone the hoopla around a launch—when things can be upgraded continually during successive printings rather than in the quantum leaps required by the higher tooling costs and setup times of conventional manufacturing?
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Additional questions will arise around facilities locations. How proximate should they be to which customers? How can highly customized orders be delivered as efficiently as they are produced? Should printing be centralized in plants or dispersed in a network of printers at distributors, at retailers, on trucks, or even in
customers’ facilities?
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Imagine how new, highly capable printers might replace highly skilled workers, shifting entire companies and even manufacturing-based countries into people-less production. In “machine organizations,” humans might work only to service the printers."

Sem nunca levantar a possibilidade da democratização da produção pôr em causa a empresa, como instituição do século XX...
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Quem são os clientes actuais? Quem são os utilizadores actuais? Como é que a sua vida pode ser melhorada com a impressão 3D? E vão precisar das empresas? Vão precisar de que tipo de serviço? De que tipo de empresa?
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Chego aqui e a metáfora de Mongo interrompe-me a linha do pensamento... esta revolução da impressão 3D e, da possibilidade da democratização da produção, levar o mundo para a variedade da era pré-industrial, para uma variedade de cooperativas de "artesãos" que trabalham como os alfaiates e as modistas, para servir os clientes da tribo respectiva e, estilhaçar os circuitos económicos criados pelo século XX. E ligo ao postal anterior "Para reflexão", para imaginar a necessidade de reinvenção que as empresas que hoje trabalham para uma EDP, terão de fazer, para continuar a existir no mundo da energia, se calhar a trabalhar particulares, bairros, cooperativas, ...
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BTW, este trecho:

"Finally comes the question of where and how the enterprise fits into its broader business environment. Here managers address the puzzles of Who are we? and What do we need to own to be who we are? As additive manufacturing allows companies to acquire printers that can make many products, and as idle capacity is traded with others in the business of offering different products, the answers to those questions will become far less clear. Suppose you have rows of printers in your facility that build auto parts one day, military equipment the next day, and toys the next. What industry are you part of? Traditional boundaries will blur. Yet managers need a strong sense of the company’s role in the world to make decisions about which assets they will invest in—or divest themselves of."

Isto é tão século XX... onde está o pensamento da tribo? Onde está a relação com o cliente? O essencial não será a capacidade de produção, o essencial será a interacção com a tribo, a adesão a um estilo.

Pensem em cenários ...

Quando D'Aveni escreve isto sobre a impressão 3D "3-D Printing Will Change the World" percebo mesmo que a parada é muito alta e continua a crescer:

"more goods will be manufactured at or close to their point of purchase or consumption. This might even mean household-level production of some things.
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many goods that have relied on the scale efficiencies of large, centralized plants will be produced locally. Even if the per-unit production cost is higher, it will be more than offset by the elimination of shipping and of buffer inventories. Whereas cars today are made by just a few hundred factories around the world, they might one day be made in every metropolitan area. Parts could be made at dealerships and repair shops, and assembly plants could eliminate the need for supply chain management by making components as needed.
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goods will be infinitely more customized, because altering them won’t require retooling, only tweaking the instructions in the software. Creativity in meeting individuals’ needs will come to the fore, (Moi ici: Recordar os velhos de 24 anos que reclamam que o futuro vai ser mau e é preciso deixar o design para os designers "Tão novos e já tão velhos...") just as quality control did in the age of rolling out sameness. (Moi ici: E a malta da qualidade ao mais alto nível não percebe isto? Recordar "O perigo da cristalização")
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These first-order implications will cause businesses all along the supply, manufacturing, and retailing chains to rethink their strategies and operations. And a second-order implication will have even greater impact. As 3-D printing takes hold, the factors that have made China the workshop of the world will lose much of their force.
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China has grabbed outsourced-manufacturing contracts from every mature economy by pushing the mass-manufacturing model to its limit. It not only aggregates enough demand to create unprecedented efficiencies of scale but also minimizes a key cost: labor.
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Under a model of widely distributed, highly flexible, small-scale manufacturing, these daunting advantages become liabilities."

 Ontem, na viagem de comboio nocturna, ouvia Seth Godin nos meus ouvidos a perguntar:

"Who do you want to become, a linchpin or a cog?"

E veio-me logo à mente esta imagem:

Isto era uma crítica ao sistema de produção do século XX que, então, estava em ascensão.
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As pessoas, porque tinham conhecido outra realidade, percebiam a crítica.
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Hoje, parece que muitos o que querem é voltar ao sistema que sempre conheceram, porque já estava implantado quando nasceram, e não pensam, ou não percebem, ou não querem perceber, que o mundo é isto, este fluir, esta mudança constante.
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Pensem em cenários influenciados por estes factores:

• design;
• ciclos rápidos; 
• diversidade;
• customização;
• auto-emprego;
• artesão moderno;
• regresso das trocas;
• proximidade;
• diferenciação;
• tribos;
• papel da escola;
• e... onde vai o Estado cobrar impostos quando as partes trocam, entre si, bens e serviços que produzem

Exploração versus exploração

Um texto que dá para reflectir um pouco:
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"The pursuit of a sustainable advantage has long been the focus of strategy. But advantages last only until competitors have duplicated or outmaneuvered them. ... protecting advantages has become increasingly difficult. Once the advantage is copied or overcome, it is no longer an advantage. It is now a cost of doing business. Ultimately the innovator will only be able to exploit its advantage for a limited period of time before its competitors launch a counterattack. With the launch of this counterattack, the original advantage begins to erode, and a new initiative is needed.

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Of course, if companies can extend these plateaus of sustainable advantage, they can reap profits. So what is the harm of trying to sustain an advantage for as long as possible? In an environment in which advantages are rapidly eroded, sustaining advantages can be a distraction from developing new ones. It is like shoveling sand against the tide rather than moving on to higher ground. (Moi ici: Quando ocorre uma mudança estrutural num mercado, os apoios e subsídios apenas adiam o inevitável. Por isso, são recursos desperdiçados. Talvez o mais importante deles todos seja o tempo, seja a atenção. Se o tempo é alocado a defender o passado e o presente apenas, como criar o futuro? Se só se explora (exploitation) o presente, quem explorará (exploration) o futuro)

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Trying to sustain an existing advantage is a harvest strategy rather than a growth strategy. It is designed to milk what assets you have now rather than to seek new assets to build on. Even in high-growth markets old advantages based on old assets may not be ones that will be the source of future success. A strategy of sustaining the advantage created by your existing assets creates a danger of complacency and gives competitors time to catch up and become strong. 

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The declining power of brands, described above, may be a result of firms seeking to sustain their static competitive strategies. Companies have rested upon the sustainable advantage of brand equity rather than building new advantages." (Moi ici: É a isto que chamo: marcas falidas. Marcas que vivem da herança e já não rasgam)

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Trecho retirado de "Hypercompetition" de Richard D'Aveni.

Viver num mundo sem vantagens competitivas

Mais um artigo que os deolindeiros e não só, deveriam ler para contextualizarem o que se vive na micro-economia mundial. "The Age of Temporary Advantage" de Richard D'Aveni, Giovanni Battista Dagnino e Ken Smith, e publicado pelo Strategic Management Advantage (Strat. Mgmt. J., 31: 1371–1385 (2010))
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"how organizations can successfully compete, evolve, and survive when firm-specific advantages are not sustainable or enduring, but more temporary in nature.
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Almost since the onset of strategic management scholarship, the field has assumed that sustainable competitive advantage exists.
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However, recent studies have begun to suggest that sustainable competitive advantage is rare and declining in duration. Other studies have found anecdotal and more rigorous empirical evidence of the concatenation of temporary advantages. And there is growing empirical evidence that the volatility of financial returns is increasing, suggesting that the relative importance of the temporary (volatile) component of competitive advantage is rising when compared to the long run component of sustainable competitive advantage.
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The increasing temporary nature of advantages has been attributed to numerous causes, including
technological change, globalization, industry convergence, aggressive competitive behavior, deregulation, the privatization movement stimulated by governments or hedge funds, government subsidies, the rise of China, India, and other emerging countries, the increase in availability of patient venture capital money, terrorism, global political instability, the pressure of short-term incentives for senior executives to produce results, etc. (Moi ici: falta aqui o papel dos clientes e consumidores, quanto mais opções de escolha têm à sua disposição e quanto mais se contrai o mercado de massas numa rede de segmentos de procura distintos, mais volátil a vantagem competitiva, por que mais se habituam a essa diferenciação)
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What would the field of strategy be like if we conclude that the key instruments of strategy design no longer have value? Both Porter’s five forces model and the resource-based view are rooted in a conception of the world that is essentially stable. (Moi ici: Esta concepção sempre me deu a volta ao estômago... não acredito nela) And much of economic thinking is based on assumptions of equilibrium. What if equilibrium is impossible or fleeting? What if industry structure is too temporary to be called structure and oligopolistic bargains, barriers to entry, and market power over buyers are quite limited or fleeting? What do economic models tell us about advantage when industry structure and cooperative solutions are not sustainable? And what do we have when markets, resources, and firms are continuously moving but never reaching equilibrium?
Some have suggested that more fine-grained theories from Austrian economics—that emphasize entrepreneurs, action, and disequilibrium—offer hope for competing in rapidly changing conditions. Indeed, the competitive dynamics stream of research has been built upon this assumption. The principle argument in this stream of research is that the firm strategy/performance relationship is very much dependent on the behavior of both a focal firm and its competitors or the level of rivalry."
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Quais as consequências disto, como é que isto influencia as decisões tomadas por quem tem de pensar no futuro das empresas?
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Há os que, cumprida a comissão de serviço, recebem o seu e vão para uma praia beber piñacoladas e gozar o day-after. E há os que, ano após ano, distribuem a bosta e prestam contas das suas decisões.

Beating the Commodity Trap

O tema não é novo neste blogue. No entanto, nunca me cansarei de chamar a atenção para ele, talvez, assim, possa abrir os olhos a algumas pessoas.

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"Traditionally, when facing low-cost competition companies try to cut costs or innovate. But this can trap them in “never-ending cycles of hypercompetition”, D’Aveni says. Survival requires smarter and subtler responses.
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The author describes three types of commodity trap. First, there is deterioration, where low-end businesses enter with “lower cost, lower benefit” options that attract the mass market, much in the way Zara, the Spanish fashion chain, has done. In the deterioration trap, prices go down, and the benefits for customers go down too.
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The second type is proliferation. Here, either cheaper or more expensive alternatives with “unique benefits” attack different parts of an incumbent’s market – as Japanese and American motorcycle makers did to Harley-Davidson. Prices and benefits for customers may go up or down.
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Third, and perhaps most dramatically, there is escalation. Here, players offer more benefits for the same or lower price, squeezing everyone’s margins, as Apple has done with iPods. Prices go down and benefits for customers go up.
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In this world of commodity traps, D’Aveni says, managers will understand what the Red Queen in Alice in Wonderland meant when she said: “Here you must run faster and faster to get nowhere at all!”
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To move on, companies must be resourceful, and “change the industry’s structure”, “redefine price” or “define new segments”.
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How do you avoid deterioration? Diesel, the fashion business, has done this by establishing expertise in denim products, the author says. Other high-end fashion companies have begun selling “baby cashmere” clothes, made from the first combing of a young goat. You need 20 goats to make one jumper. “This is a place where low-end players cannot follow,” D’Aveni writes."

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Retirado daqui.

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O valor que os compradores atribuem a um bem ou serviço é algo de subjectivo, volúvel e está, como um prego em água salgada, em permanente corrosão. Quem não percebe isto...