Re-equacionar modelos de negócio

O número deste Dezembro da Harvard Business Review inclui um interessante artigo "Reinventing Your Business Model" assinado por Mark Johnson, Clayton Christensen e Henning Kagermann.
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Em tempos de mudança acelerada da paisagem adaptativa onde se inserem as organizações a que chamamos empresas e que se traduz na migração de valor a que estamos a assistir todos os dias, é crucial repensar e re-inventar o modelo do negócio.
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"A 2005 survey by the Economist Intelligence Unit reported that over 50% of executives believe business model innovation will become even more important for success than product or service innovation."
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"few companies understand their existing business model well enough—the premise behind its development, its natural interdependencies, and its strengths and limitations. So they don’t know when they can leverage their core business and when success requires a new business model."
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"The first is to realize that success starts by not thinking about business models at all. It starts with thinking about the opportunity to satisfy a real customer who needs a job done. The second step is to construct a blueprint laying out how your company will fulfill that need at a profit. In our model, that plan has four elements. The third is to compare that model to your existing model to see how much you’d have to change it to capture the opportunity. Once you do, you will know if you can use your existing model and organization or need to separate out a new unit to execute a new model."
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"These four elements form the building blocks of any business. The customer value proposition and the profit formula define value for the customer and the company, respectively; key resources and key processes describe how that value will be delivered to both the customer and the company.
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As simple as this framework may seem, its power lies in the complex interdependencies of its parts."
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Ainda ontem, no âmbito de uma acção de formação, referi esta estatística:
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"Remember that 96% of all business start-ups in the US fail within 10 years, but the failure rate of franchises is less than one third of the rate of regular businesses.Why is this so?
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A significant part of franchises' greater general success is because of alignment. The best franchises have thought through very carefully who their target customer is and what the promise is that they want to make to that customer. And they've thought through all the internal systems and processes to deliver on that promise in the most efficient and effective way. Franchises have learned to invest in developing and maintaining alignment of resources to mission."
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Trecho retirado de "Six Disciplines for Excellence" de Gary Harpst
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A imagem é preciosa:
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"We can learn much about achieving excellence - not only for our customers, but for ourselves - by taking a lesson from franchises. The franchising concept has been wildly successful over the past 40 years..
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The appeal of a franchise is rooted in two promises. First, there's a very clear promise to the customer that's reflected in the brand.
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Second, there's a promise to the business owner (franchisee) of a well-considered and proven business model that delivers on the customer promise. The result is two-fold. It delivers something of excellence to the customer ...
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It also delivers something of excellence to the business owner - a predictable return on investment, established business procedures, employee training, staffing plans, marketing strategies and interested customers.
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The point isn't that all businesses should be franchised; the point is that all businesses would benefit from taking the same holistic approach to excellence that franchises take. Franchised businesses recognize that there are two products - the product or service which the customer buys, and the business which the investor buys."
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Qual o modelo de negócio da sua empresa?
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Até que ponto é que tem de ser reformulado?

"The Effect of Labor on Profitability: The Role of Quality” (parte II)

Este artigo “The Effect of Labor on Profitability: The Role of Quality” chama a atenção para a importância da batota na interacção com os clientes.
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"Although some authors argue for the benefits of bringing process discipline to service settings (Levitt 1972), most research in these settings focuses on service quality. There is limited evidence for the positive effect of conformance quality on profitability in service settings (Tsikritsis 2007). My study provides further empirical evidence of precisely that effect."
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"Beta has developed standard operating procedures for each of its store processes and tracks conformance to several processes via district manager visits, store audits, and collection of process performance data."
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"The Role of Process Discipline at Retail Stores
In my study, the mechanism through which store labor increases profit margins is conformance quality and not service quality. A one-standard-deviation increase in conformance quality is associated with a 4.1% increase in store profit margins. This finding suggests that when ensuring product availability is important and when offering environments where customers shop on their own is important (e.g. supermarkets, general merchandise stores, drug stores, and some specialty retailers), conformance quality is an important driver of financial performance. This has several implications for management.
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In such settings, it is important to design processes so that they are simple and easy to follow, especially when there is high employee turnover, as in the retail industry. Good process design needs to be backed up with an organizational culture that emphasizes conformance to these processes."
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Desenhar e implementar os processos que o artigo menciona é aquilo que eu chamo, no contexto de uma loja, fazer batota. Definir o que há a fazer, por quem, com que frequência, com que recursos, com que bitola. A interacção cliente-loja não pode ser deixada ao sabor do acaso, tem de ser, deve ser, desenhada e conduzida, para que se obtenham os resultados desejados.

The Effect of Labor on Profitability: The Role of Quality”

"Encontrei na internet um interessante artigo que merecia uma reflexão, por parte dos gestores de lojas, nestes tempos difíceis.
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O artigo é de Zeynep Ton e chama-se “The Effect of Labor on Profitability: The Role of Quality”.

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Antes de mais o esclarecimento: “The retailer I study competes on the basis of ensuring high product availability. Its stores offer a predominantly self-service environment where most customers do not expect or receive personalized attention from a salesperson. In such a retail setting, getting the right product to the right place at the right time may be more important than making sure that customers are satisfied with their overall service experience.” (empresas como “supermarkets, general merchandise stores, drug stores, and some specialty retailers” (estilo IKEA, AKI, Calçado Guimarães, …)).
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Algumas definições a ter em conta:
Service quality – the extent to which customers have a positive service experience at the stores
Conformance quality – how well employees execute prescribed processes
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O esquema que se segue ilustra as conclusões do autor do artigo

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O aumento dos “Staffing levels” leva a um aumento da “Conformance quality” que ajuda quer as vendas quer a rentabilidade.
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O aumento dos “Staffing levels” leva a um aumento da “Service quality” que ajuda as vendas mas não contribui necessariamente para a rentabilidade (atenção à caracterização do tipo de retailer).
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Quando as vendas baixam aumenta a pressão da gestão de topo sobre os gestores das lojas o que os leva a reduzir os “Staffing levels” o que deteriora a qualidade do serviço e a “conformance quality”, o que deteriora as vendas, o que faz aumentar a pressão da gestão de topo sobre os gestores das lojas, o que …
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Algumas notas que destaco são:
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“My findings have both operational and strategic implications. Operationally, given that increasing the amount of labor is associated with higher profitability, the stores I study are, on average, operating at a level where the marginal benefit of adding labor exceeds the marginal cost. In short, they choose labor levels that do not maximize profits. These findings are consistent with those of scholars who suggest that, when cost information is more available to managers than benefit information is, managers may tend to pay too much heed to the costs (King and Lenox 2002). They are also consistent with scholars who suggest that managers overemphasize short-term profitability targets at the expense of long-term profitability (Mizik and Jacobson 2007). Strategically, my findings suggest that, in certain service settings, conformance quality can have more impact on profitability than service quality does. This is important because many companies, including my research site, emphasize service quality over conformance quality.”
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Um ponto que muito apreciei foi este:
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“companies that emphasize revenue expansion—a measure of marketing performance in their study—financially outperform companies that emphasize cost reduction—a measure of operational performance in their study, financial performance being measured as managers’ perceptions of their firm’s financial performance.“

Como seria de esperar:
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“becoming lean, in terms of decreasing labor capacity, has the hidden cost of reduced service quality.”
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Para reforçar a ideia de que o importante é a rentabilidade e não o volume:
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“Profitability is stimulated by loyal customers; customer loyalty results from customer satisfaction; customer satisfaction results from the value of services provided to the customers. The value of services provided to the customers is a function of service quality. Empirical evidence for the linkages in the service profit chain, however, has been limited. While the positive relationship between service quality, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, and increased sales is empirically well established, the relationship between service quality, customer satisfaction, and profitability is not.”
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“These results show that despite the retailer’s emphasis on service quality, conformance quality is more associated with financial performance than service quality is.“

O número de Julho-Agosto de 2008 da revista Harvard Business Review traz a repetição de um artigo publicado inicialmente em 1994 a que nos referimos aqui.

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"Putting the Service-Profit Chain to Work", da autoria de James L. Heskett, Thomas O. Jones, Gary W. Loveman, W. Earl Sasser, e Leonard A. Schlesinger, publicado pela Harvard Business Review no número de Março-Abril de 1994.

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Volto ao artigo por causa de uns gráficos que julgo serem elucidativos e merecerem reflexão (à semelhança da Porsche e da Volkswagen):

Os dois primeiros gráficos são elucidativos. É impressionante a disparidade entre o volume de vendas e o lucro.

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Tanto trabalho, tanto capital a circular, tanto risco e afinal a que factura menos é a única que lucra!!!

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Profit is sanity, Volume is vanity!

Profit is Sanity, Volume is Vanity

Descobri o livro nas prateleiras da FNAC do Norteshoping “Manage for Profit, Not for Market Share: A Guide to Greater Profits in Highly Contested Markets” de Hermann Simon, Frank Bilstein e Frank Luby (já o encomendei à Amazon, uma vez que a FNAC não mo quis vender… go figure why!!!).

Foi um caso de amor à primeira vista.
O argumento é simples, há tanta gente bem intencionada neste país, que só conhece uma alavanca sobre o qual sabe actuar (o preço), para tentar manobrar no mar revolto da concorrência, que quando encontro uma voz diferente, uma voz com propostas alternativas, procuro logo recolher algum ensinamento.

Enquanto não chega o livro, aqui vão algumas notas que encontrei na Internet:

“By arguing against price cuts as a form of competitive reaction when you perceive a competitive threat, we hope to convince you to plan your responses more carefully and consciously by thinking through the consequences first.”
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“But resist they should. Proactive price cuts don't make you different, nor do they make you better off. They make you poorer, unless you have the evidence, the data, and the math to prove otherwise.”
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“Cutting prices almost always amounts to a huge transfer of wealth from corporate stakeholders to customers. You run a company, not a charity.”
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“Price cuts make sense only when they earn you higher profits. Most don't. …
Take a "guilty until proven innocent" approach when someone suggests that you offer a customer giveaway, make a value attack, or cut prices. The risks to your profit are too great.”

Texto completo aqui.

Profit is Sanity, Volume is Vanity

"We're not saying companies shouldn't pay attention to their competitors; they might be doing reasonable things that you may also want to do," Armstrong says. "What we're saying is that the objective should not be to try to beat your competitor. The objective should be profitability. In view of all the damage that occurs by focusing on market share, companies would be better off not measuring it."

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The 'Myth of Market Share': Can Focusing Too Much on the Competition Harm Profitability?" aqui.