Satisficers (parte III)

"A solution to a given problem is called optimal if one can prove that no better solution exists. Some skeptics might ask, Why should intuition rely on a rule of thumb instead of the optimal strategy? To solve a problem by optimization—rather than by a rule of thumb—implies both that an optimal solution exists and that a strategy exists to find it. Computers would seem to be the ideal tool for finding the best solution to a problem. Yet paradoxically, the advent of high-speed computers has opened our eyes to the fact that the best strategy often cannot be found."
.
Trecho retirado de "Gut Feelings" de Gerd Gigerenzer.
.
"Daniel Kahneman won the Nobel Prize in Economics because he demonstrated conclusively that people do not function according to the hyper-rational, cold calculating benefit maximizing cost minimizing Homo economicus that traditional economic theory presupposes."

.

Trecho retirado de "Kahneman on Well-Being and Domains of Consciousness"

.

"Decision makers often have imperfect information. We develop a choice theoretic experiment to explore choice mistakes that result from incomplete search. Our choice process methodology generates data on how choices change with contemplation time, thereby illuminating the search process. We demonstrate that most subjects behave in line with a reservation-based model of sequential search, altering their reservation utilities in response to the size of the choice set and the complexity of the environment. These …ndings support Simon’s model of satis…cing behavior and suggest simple measures of contextual e¤ects on the quality of decisions."

.

Trecho retirado de "Search and Satis…cing"

.

Tudo o que contribua para a explosão de diversidade é bem vindo... Mongo agradece!!!

Colhemos o que semeamos

"The spirit of an organization is a mirror of the environment the leader creates."
.
O espírito de um sector industrial é um espelho do ambiente que os seus líderes associativos criam!!!
.
Algo que já descobri há algum tempo!!! Ver aqui e aqui. Ver, também, aqui e aqui.

It's not the euro, stupid! (parte III)

Parte I, parte II.
.
Ontem, durante o jogging, ouvi uma uma parte do livro "Gut feelings : the intelligence of the unconscious" de Gerd Gigerenzer".
.
No capítulo 6 com o delicioso título: "Why Good Intuitions Shouldn't be Logical" gigerenzer chama a atenção para esta particularidade:
.
"Mark got angry and Mary left.
Mary left and Mark got angry.
.
Verona is in Italy and Valencia is in Spain.
Valencia is in Spain and Verona is in Italy.
.
We understand in a blink that the first pair of sentences conveys opposite causal messages, whereas the second pair is identical in meaning. Only in the last pair is the and used in the sense of the logical AND. Even more surprising, we also know without thinking when and should be interpreted as the logical OR, as in the sentence
.
We invited friends and colleagues.
...
To this day, linguists are still working on spelling out the rules of thumb that underlie this remarkably intelligent intuition. No computer program can decode the meaning of an and sentence as well as we can. These are the interesting unconscious processes that we only partly understand, but which our intuition masters in the blink of an eye."
.
Escrevo isto porque não me canso de me surpreender com o que os investigadores escrevem sobre a competitividade e a produtividade das empresas. A tríade de encalhados usa modelos obsoletos para explicar a realidade e, quando os modelos deixam de explicar a realidade... deixam de falar na realidade e continuam, como lapas, agarrados a ideias antigas que agitam sem contraditório.
.
Ainda mais surpreendente, os investigadores que descobrem que os modelos estão obsoletos e avançam para a realidade para formularem modelos mais robustos, depois de muita investigação, depois de um caminho árduo, chegam ao topo da montanha onde já me encontro há alguns anos...
.
Arrogância intelectual da minha parte? Não!
.
O contacto permanente com PMEs que têm sucesso a exportar e a reflexão... por que é que estas empresas têm sucesso apesar da procissão de desgraças que os encalhados da tríade previram? Por que é que os gerentes das PMEs, muitos com a 4ª classe, fizeram o que Daniel Bessa postulava como sendo impossível?
.
O percurso que me tem levado a Mongo, a "somos todos alemães", à vantagem do numerador e da eficácia sobre o denominador e a eficiência está retratado neste blogue e pode ser condensado neste postal de Agosto último "Promotor da concorrência imperfeita e de monopólios informais".
.
Ainda hoje ouvimos os governos apelarem às empresas pequenas a seguirem o exemplo das empresas grandes, ainda hoje ouvimos dizer que as empresas grandes são mais competitivas que as empresas pequenas, que têm produtividades, que podem ser mais resistentes a choques de competitividade.
.
Continua na parte IV, que tentarei escrever ainda hoje, com um exemplo que deita por terra todas estas ideias com um vector chamado China!

.

Satisficers (parte II)

"A lone, hungry rat runs through what psychologists call a T-maze.

 It can turn either left or right. If it turns left, it will find food in eight out of ten cases; if it turns right, there will only be food in two out of ten cases. The amount of food it finds is small, so it runs over and over again through the maze. Under a variety of experimental conditions, rats turn left most of the time, as one would expect. But sometimes they turn right, though this is the worse option, puzzling many a researcher. According to the logical principle called maximizing, the rat should always turn left, because there it can expect food 80 percent of the time. Sometimes, rats turn left in only about 80 percent of the cases, and right 20 percent of the time. Their behavior is then called probability matching, because it reflects the 80/20 percent probabilities. It results, however, in a smaller amount of food; the expectation is only 68 percent.3 The rat’s behavior seems irrational. Has evolution miswired the brain of this poor animal? Or are rats simply stupid?
.
We can understand the rat’s behavior once we look into its natural environment rather than into its small brain. Under the natural conditions of foraging, a rat competes with many other rats and animals for food.

If all go to the spot that has the most food, each will get only a small share. The one mutant organism that sometimes chooses the second-best patch would face less competition, get more food, and so be favored by natural selection. Thus, rats seem to rely on a strategy that works in a competitive environment but doesn’t fit the experimental situation, in which an individual is kept in social isolation."
.
Interessante... quando se pensa na dispersão de produtividades, na dispersão de dimensões, na dispersão de produtos e serviços, na dispersão de mercados... na economia. E, já agora, no destino económico ser a mongolização, o aumento exponencial da dispersão de opções.
.
Trecho retirado de "Gut feelings : the intelligence of the unconscious" de Gerd Gigerenzer.

Satisficers

"People who reported exhaustive search in shopping and leisure were called maximizers, because they tried hard to get the best. Those who engaged in a limited search and settled quickly with the first alternative that was satisfactory or “good enough” were called satisficers. Satisficers were reported to be more optimistic and have higher self-esteem and life satisfaction, whereas maximizers excelled in depression, perfectionism, regret, and self-blame."
.
Algo me diz que os economistas julgam que todos os agentes económicos somos "maximizers"... desconfio que muitos de nós são satisficers.
.
Trecho retirado de "Gut feelings : the intelligence of the unconscious" de Gerd Gigerenzer.

Simplesmente delicioso

"In the year 2000, the investment magazine Capital announced a stock-picking contest. More than 10,000 participants, including the editor-in-chief, submitted portfolios. The editor laid down the rules: he chose fifty international Internet equities and set out a period of six weeks in which everyone could buy, hold, or sell any of these stocks in order to make profit. Many tried to gain as much information and insider knowledge about the stocks as possible, while others used high-speed computers to pick the right portfolio. But one portfolio stood out from all others.
.
This portfolio was based on collective ignorance rather than on expert knowledge and fancy software, and it was submitted by economist Andreas Ortmann and myself. We had looked for semi-ignorant people who knew so little about stocks that they had not even heard of many of them. We asked a hundred pedestrians in Berlin, fifty men and fifty women, which of the fifty stocks they recognized. Taking the ten stocks whose names were most often recognized, we created a portfolio. We submitted it to the contest in a buy-and-hold pattern; that is, we did not change the composition of the portfolio once it was purchased.
.
We hit a down market, which was not good news. Nevertheless, our portfolio based on collective recognition gained 2.5 percent. The benchmark proposed by Capital was its editor-in-chief, who knew more than all the hundred pedestrians together. His portfolio lost 18.5 percent. The recognition portfolio also had higher gains than 88 percent of all portfolios submitted, and beat various Capital indices. As a control, we had submitted a low-recognition portfolio with the ten stocks least recognized by the pedestrians, and it performed almost as badly as the editor-in-chief ’s. Results were similar in a second study, where we also analyzed gender differences. Interestingly, women recognized fewer stocks, yet the portfolio based on their recognition made more money than those based on men’s recognition. This finding is consistent with earlier studies suggesting that women are less confident about their financial savvy, yet intuitively perform better."
.
Trecho retirado de "Gut feelings : the intelligence of the unconscious" de Gerd Gigerenzer.