O tempo é tudo

"There is no design that will generate all desired behaviors. Firms need to constantly monitor their current position relative to their corporate theory and the array of behaviors, goals, and investments it reveals. The need for change is frequently and ideally not a symptom of failure, but rather a symptom of success. It is the success of the old design that invites the new - that elevates the benefit of a new approach that invites a new set of complementary investments or accelerates a new set of complementary behaviors."

O que leva naturalmente a:

"Organizational design is a problem of dynamic optimization. The design question is not as simple as, What is the best organization design for my corporate theory? Rather, the critical question is, What is the appropriate organization design now? Different designs solve different problems; they invite different behaviors and investments. The leader’s task is to identify the problem that most needs solving today and design for it, recognizing that tomorrow’s problem and the design it needs will be different than today’s."

Assim:

"Timing is everything. Timing is the most important tool an organizational architect possesses. Like the sailor attempting to sail into the wind, your challenge is to not only put together the necessary change initiatives that will generate real velocity in the direction you select, but to impose them at the correct time. Bad timing dooms what may otherwise be great design."

Trechos retirados de "Beyond competitive advantage : how to solve the puzzle of sustaining growth while creating value" de Todd Zenger.

Tudo é serviço (parte II)

Parte I.
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Oportuna reflexão de Irene Ng em "Dematerialisation & Density: The Value of Things in context":
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"We hear it all the time and I've certainly said it again and again. Value comes from use, value is in context but why is it we still hear firms talking about value as the money they get for their things, and we still hear how they firms 'add value' as though the things in themselves have value?
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THINGS HAVE NO VALUE IN THEMSELVES. repeat after me. ok. (Moi ici: O marxianismo entranhado em todos nós é que nos faz querer que trabalho traduzido em objectos é valor... estão a imaginar aquele inventário tremendo que tantas empresas mantêm... pode ter um valor contabilístico, mas aos olhos dos potenciais clientes?) then you go back to business and start talking about getting more value from the things, keeping the factories open, keeping the jobs coming in and you have forgotten what you said. so let me join the dots for you.
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THINGS HAVE VALUE BECAUSE YOU IMAGINE IT'S USE. so basically, its not the thing you value, its what you THINK the thing is going to do in your life.

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so.....WHEN YOU IMAGINE ITS USE, YOU IMAGINE THE CONTEXT. so not only do you think about what the thing is doing in your life, you had an imagined scope of where and how and when the thing is used for (the context). that's why you think the thing is good. you are really thinking thing-in-context is good, which you believe means the same thing (wrong) (Moi ici: Vou tentar ajudar um empresário que pensa desta maneira mas que tem uma equipa comercial que não percebe a ideia, que foi educada a vender produto e tem dificuldade em em pôr o produto em 2º plano e começar pelo contexto do potencial cliente. Ou seja, criar personas ( aqui e aqui) que representem grupos de clientes-alvo, identificar as suas aspirações, as experiências que procuram e querem integrar na sua vida. Depois, em função disso, desenvolver os argumentos que relacionam as personas com os produtos mais adequados à sua vida. O ponto de partida é o contexto, a situação, a vida da persona. Ver nota 1, Ver nota 2)
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YOU IMAGINE THE CONTEXT IS CONSTANT BECAUSE THE THING IS CONSTANT. yup, so when you buy an iPad, the iPad doesn't change its form, get moody, or become a different iPad at different times so you believe the context of use can stay the same too........so when you buy the iPad, you are thinking about lying in bed, reading. when you're thinking of buying that apple, you are thinking about eating it in the next hour, the toaster and the warm toast etc. etc. etc. so when you're buying something, you're actually evaluating the value of the THING thinking that it is a THING-IN-CONTEXT
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here's the bad news, firms don't manufacture context. they manufacture things. (Moi ici: Queremos, temos de tornar esta afirmação falsa. Temos, como tão bem escreveu Dave Gray há dias, de pensar no produto como um avatar do serviço. O produto, como escrevo há n tempo aqui, tem de ser uma desculpa, um pretexto para a criação de uma relação com um cliente)
and the good news? YOU 'manufacture' the context. and then magically, they come together and it is good. .
that's co-creation for you.
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so... for all those who really want to know what is value, how it's created and why people buy at higher or lower prices etc...........IT'S THE CONTEXT S****D....."

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Nota 1: "The first imperative is to put people at the heart of services. If we try to produce a service without the participation of the customer it cannot either satisfy that customer or achieve its potential. We must find ways to re-engage people in the services they use. ... In order to put people at the heart of services we need to know who they are. We need to listen to them and gain accurate information that helps us give them what they need, when they need it. Organisations across the spectrum have the potential to personalise services and to create huge benefits for themselves and their customers."
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Nota 2: "The Way of Marketing in an Experience Economy" e "CHANGE. The Way of Marketing in an Experience Economy", por todo o lado, a base para a definição da proposta de valor é a experiência, não o produto.
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Nota 3: "Do You Really Want Fries With That? How to Find a Customer Service Perfect Match" Sem formação, como pretender que as pessoas que estão na categoria 2 e 3 actuem, pensem, imaginem, cenários ganhar-ganhar?

The future of pricing and revenue models

Excelente artigo de Irene Ng "The future of pricing and revenue models", publicado por Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management (2010) 9, 276–281.
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Primeiro o acentuar da importância do valor que emerge da experienciação do valor durante o uso:
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"Value co-creation is the idea that firms do not really provide value, but merely value propositions, and it is the customer that determines value and co-creates it with the firm at a given time and context best for the customer to achieve the outcomes they want. As Ballantyne and Varey (2006) puts it, a ‘customer’s value-in-use begins with the enactment of value propositions’ (p. 337). Hence, a firm’s product offerings, be they goods or activities, are merely value unrealized, that is, a ‘store of potential value’ (p. 344), until the customer realizes it through co-creation and gains the benefit."
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Depois, por outras palavras, o sublinhar da importância dos clientes para a definição do preço... Por exemplo, no caso do B2B, como querer ter bons preços e boas margens se a grande distribuição não está para aí virada?
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"Value co-creation therefore implies customer resources to realize the value to become central towards achieving end benefits (outcomes, see below). This further implies that the price charged by the firm to the customer has to trade-off against the customer’s abilities to realize the value."
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Depois, uma referência ao pensamento sistémico para concluir:
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"the world in which we are currently operating is becoming more complex, where components cannot
be analyzed on their own but within their ‘whole’, as the interactions between components are key to achieving system level outcomes.
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The future therefore resides in a service system of resources proposed, consumed and value co-created by a web of stakeholders, including customers themselves, all of whom have something to gain and something to give to the system."
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Nestes tempos de crise, soa excepcionalmente oportuno esta secção incluída no artigo:
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"FROM OWNERSHIP AND PRODUCTION TO OUTCOMES, ACCESS RIGHTS AND SYSTEM CAPACITY"
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Conseguem imaginar a explosão de modelos de negócio baseados no aluguer, na partilha em vez da posse? Por exemplo, o quanto eu gostava de poder alugar material caro para tratar do meu jardim. É caro porque é um desperdício dar 150 euros por algo que só usaremos uma ou duas vezes por ano e que teremos dificuldade em guardar em condições que minimizem a deterioração. E se num condomínio se partilham espaços, por que não electrodomésticos?
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"Consequently, future pricing models would surround the payment for the right to access such resources which include firm and customer resources"
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Depois, a referência aos clientes-alvo. Embora eu use o termo perfil, até brinco com a analogia com os profilers do FBI, vou passar a usar o termo "contextualização". Embora às vezes use o termo segmentação, tenho medo da visão fechada que pode induzir. O que interessa é o comportamento não a aplicação cega de um conjunto de crivos para identificar clientes-alvo.
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"FROM PROFILING TO CONTEXTING
The convergence of technological platforms described previously has resulted in a greater focus on context rather than merely profiling customers. Segmentation of customers for price discrimination is still widely practiced but such segmentation tends to discriminate on customer types, rather than use-types. Technology convergence allows customers to play multiple roles and take on diverse tasks leading to inaccurate profiling.
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Future pricing models will be more concerned with not just who the customers are but how they derive their value in-use, that is, when, where and how customers are consuming the goods and activities.
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The move towards context would also be hastened by a liberated workforce that is able to work at different times and places according to where it is most suited. (Moi ici: Um cheirinho de Mongo)
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Por fim a conclusão que aponta para o advento de Mongo:
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"Pricing and revenue models are powerful mechanisms as they can stimulate change just as much as they can also impede innovation. Behaviors, attitudes and lives change according to the way the world pays for goods and activities. With imagination and creativity, the possibilities to develop innovative pricing mechanisms would be limitless. Yet we must shed the baggage of the industrial era of pricing as a commodity (goods or activity) exchange mechanism. (Moi ici: Um grande desafio... uma grande oportunidade) The future of pricing and revenue management lies in the management of revenue derived from paying for resource rights, in the contexts appropriate to customers, as they become a stakeholder among other stakeholders co-creating value in a complex service system."