"where value emerges for customers and is perceived by them"

"Nowhere is the idea that enterprises make and deliver value more evident than in the concept of "value added." Value added has been a ter used to describe the process of firms transforming matter to change its form, and its time, place, and possession. Predictably, these transformations require effort and thus costs, and these costs  became labeled "value added" and often identified as a source of "utility." However, offerings (tangible or intangible) are not embedded with value (valu-in-exchange) or utility but rather value occurs when the offering is used.
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Accountants might believe that an unsold good has value but this is economic value; value creation from an actor-centric and service-dominant vantage point is only possible when market and other offerings are used - that is, when they contribute to the well-being of some actor in the context of his or her life.
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With G - D logic, the value is embedded during production and distribution/marketing without the involvement of the actor who will become the beneficiary of the enterprise's offering. Early scholars in the area of services marketing succinctly identified the problem with G - D logic. For example, Gumesson argued: "if the consumer is the focal point of marketing, value creation is only possible when a good or service is consumed. An unsold good has no value, and a service provider without customers cannot produce anything." Similarly, Groonroos stated:
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Value for customers is created throughout the relationship  by the customer, partly in interactions between the customer and the supplier or service provider. The focus is not on products but on the customers' value-creating processes where value emerges for customers and is perceived by them ... the focus of marketing is value creation rather than value distribution, and facilitation and support of value-creating processes rather than simply distributing ready-made value to customers."

Trecho retirado de "Service-Dominat Logic: Premises, Perspectives, Possibilities" de Robert Lusch e Stephen Vargo.

The systemic nature of customer value

Ao longo da minha evolução profissional, que de certa forma se vai espelhando neste blogue, passei de clientes para clientes-alvo.
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Assim, comecei a trabalhar o conceito de proposta de valor num sentido que me levou, na prática, ao que Michael Lanning publicou em 1998 e que só li no ano passado:
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"The combination of resulting experiences, including price, which an organization delivers to a group of intended customers in some time frame, in return for those customers buying/using and otherwise doing what the organization wants rather than taking some competing alternative.”
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De clientes-alvo, com esta empresa, apercebi-me, encontrei-me numa situação em que o cliente-alvo não é o alvo das experiências a co-criar... fizemos o by-pass aos clientes-alvo, trabalhando com prescritores, com reguladores, com ... ou seja, de clientes-alvo passei cadeia da procura, rede da procura.
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Entretanto, com os nórdicos, Gronroos, Storbacka e Gummesson, os conceitos de balanced centricity e many-to-many entraram no meu modelo mental.
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Desta forma fica mais complicado definir o que é a proposta de valor de uma empresa inserida numa cadeia da procura, inserida numa rede de many-to-many... não é só para um grupo de "intended customers" (o grupo de italianos que ontem, às 18h30 saíram de metro do aeroporto para a cidade do Porto são clientes-alvo do metro, são clientes-alvo do hotel onde ficaram hospedados... mas como foi feita a ligação comercial hotel-turista? E se o turista gosta do hotel mas detesta a cidade? E se o turista gosta do hotel e da cidade mas receia pela sua segurança? E se o turista gosta do hotel e da cidade, não tem receios de segurança mas apanha uma intoxicação alimentar...
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Assim, foi mais uma peça do puzzle vivo que vai criando, alterando, mexendo, enriquecendo o meu modelo mental que encontrei neste artigo "The new meaning of customer value: a systemic perspective" de Mikko Pynnonen, Paavo Ritala e Jukka Hallikas (não é por acaso que estes temas são tratados por nórdicos... sobretudo finlandeses), publicado pelo Journal of Business Strategy VOL. 32 NO. 1 2011.
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"In a nutshell, the systemic nature of customer value reflects the fact that the value delivered (Moi ici "Value delivered"? Isso não se admite num artigo publicado em 2011... value co-created) to the customer is dependent on more than one attribute, and possibly on more than one firm. This means that companies operating in the world of systemic value find it hard to succeed with the help of traditional management theories and methods. This is where the systems-thinking perspective on customer value creation could offer valuable and insightful ideas and tools for management."
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"Traditionally, firms have sought to make profits from transactions. However, some firms realize that not all transactions have to generate money directly because in the world of systemic value, giving something for free enables even bigger profits somewhere else in the network." (Moi ici: Novo? Não, é aprender com a indústria farmacêutica e trabalhar os prescritores, por exemplo)
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Nunca esquecer aquela frase:
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NUNCA!
Nunca é tarde para aprender!
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Às vezes é demasiado cedo!!!
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Às vezes não temos estrutura mental, experiência de vida, vocabulário para perceber o que estamos a ver, ou a ler, ou ouvir, ou a sentir.

Não é armadilhar, é perceber os clientes dos clientes

Na sequência de:

• "Não é armadilhar, é educar"
• "Não é armadilhar, é arte"
• "Não é armadilhar, é criar harmonia, é construir uma sinfonia..."

“In more complex B2B deals, it is not a single person selling to a single person. Both the customer and the supplier are many-headed, meaning that one network meets another.”
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“In B2B, customers are using received deliveries as input to deliveries to their customers.
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Every supplier has a relationship to the customer’s customer. It is there even if it is indirect and not recognized. Many products pass through several stages before they reach the user.
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Who is the customer and whose needs and specifications should be satisfied?
The dilemma has been expressed in the following way: ‘It is also possible that the properties sought by the customer may not be the same, or may even be at odds with those properties required by the user further downstream. In this respect the injunction to match the product not only to the needs of the immediate client, but also to those of the user further downstream is worth recording even if this is difficult to achieve in practice.
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Sometimes a new product may be neutral to the intermediary, but of special value to the user. Should a supplier then turn directly to the user? This may seem rational but at the same time it means a disturbance in the relationships to the middlemen, who feel that their positions are threatened. The intermediaries in turn may protect their business by withholding information and blocking personal contact between the manufacturer and the user.
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The suppliers can choose their mission to be ‘helping customers to do business with their customers’. They must then understand the customer’s customer.”
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Trechos recortados da leitura de "Total Relationship Marketing" de Evert Gummesson