Uma pregação em prol da ... concorrência imperfeita

Continuo a minha leitura matinal de "Fundamentals of Business-to-Business Marketing - Mastering Business Markets" editado por Michael Kleinaltenkamp, Wulff Plinke, Ian Wilkinson e Ingmar Geiger.

Estão a ver o choradinho e a falta de noção deste senhor, "Boas notícias, Portugal a ser abandonado pelo negócio do preço (parte II)"?

Imaginem o que diria desta linguagem:

"We have come to understand the market process as a never-ending process of learning for all involved, a process that is kept running by the entrepreneur who detects profit opportunities. Entrepreneurs sense differences in the market, they discover the possibility to sell something at a higher price than they can buy it for, and they disperse this knowledge—voluntarily or involuntarily—to other market participants. This process is a competitive one that rewards the capable and punishes the less able. Competition among sellers, therefore, has a selection function that creates better problem solutions for the buyer.
The Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises described the situation in the following way: “The entrepreneur can only act a step ahead of his competitors if he strives toward serving the market more cheaply and better. More cheaply means richer supply; better means supply with products not yet in the market”"

Depois, o livro apresenta esta figura:

Sabem o que vem aí?
Uma pregação em prol da ... concorrência imperfeita.

"Homogeneity: The offers in a market are homogeneous if they resemble each other in all aspects, so that the buyer perceives no difference among them. Offers are heterogeneous if they differ either objectively or as perceived by the buyer.
• Knowledge: Buyers have complete market knowledge if they know without delay about all offers in the market.
• Barriers: Barriers hinder free market entry: new sellers cannot enter the market without entry costs or constraints, and sellers already in the market cannot imitate the characteristics and behavior of other sellers.
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Information shortages and quality differences that initially exist will tend to disappear, and the temporary profits of cases 2–4 will disappear, shifting the situation to case 1.
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Cases 5 and 6 differ from cases 1 to 4 because barriers exist. Barriers act as an obstacle to competition for new entrants as well as for those already in the market. Market entry barriers are always disadvantageous for new entrants compared to incumbent sellers, because the latter can approach buyers more easily than new entrants. And if a seller has a first mover advantage compared to its competitors then others cannot catch up—either because they are unable to (the advantage is too great) or because they do not want to (e.g., they are afraid of the first movers’ response).
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Hence, barriers are, among other things, the reason for sellers earning profits significantly higher than competitors.
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The picture of competition created in cases 5 and 6 provides the basis for an analysis of competitive advantage. Dynamic seller competition means that sellers are permanently searching for and experimenting with new products or services in order to find or create ones that distinguish themselves from those of other sellers, in terms of value to the buyer and/or the costs they incur. If a competitor succeeds in operating with lower costs than its competitors, then it can offer lower prices to buyers, which can increase its market share and profits. If a seller succeeds in offering a better product or service without higher costs, then it can increase prices and earn higher profits. This never-ending search and experimentation has only one aim: By differentiation, the seller wants to avoid being substitutable. Furthermore, a seller strives to establish a difference that is sustainable; it wants to avoid being imitated."

"Don’t worry about the competition"

"I may never have been to Cape Cod in summer like the some of the blue bloods in the newsroom, or studied with John McPhee, or palled around with JFK and Jackie. I may not have spoken French or dined regularly with ambassadors or sports heroes—or anyone at all during that first couple of years, when I worked the graveyard shift exclusively.
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But I did have a few things going for me. A facility with words. A musical bent. An eye for detail. An empathetic ear. An interest in people who were different than me. A little dab of street wise I’d picked up in my early days as a rebellious junior hippy, and later as a day-tripper through seedier climes. And above all, the knowledge that this was what I had to be doing.
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Over time, without thinking too hard about it, I did the best I could with what I had, drawing from my intangible assets to create a style of my own. Some people like it. Some do not. I’m not a household word. But I always try, with every piece that I make, to deliver something different and original, something entertaining that carries the weight of truth, something that people will pay me for—yes, that’s important too. Into everything goes my all.
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Along the way I have learned that comparison and competition are enemies of the artist. How did he get that assignment? How could she win that award? How many books did she sell? What’s his hourly rate?
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All that should matter is the piece of work that sits before you. There is you. There is your art. At the elemental level, nothing else matters.
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Call it my Theory of Originals.
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Don’t worry about the competition. Find what you do best. When the room is full or when the lines are long, form a line of your own. Be number one in a class of one.
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Once you’re there, nobody will be better than you, either."

À atenção das PME, esta é a receita que lhes recomendo.

Trecho retirado de "Nobody’s Better Than You"

Sintoma de falta de concorrência

"De acordo com os Correios de Portugal, "a alteração de preços enquadra-se no convénio de preços assinado entre os CTT e o regulador" (Autoridade Nacional das Comunicações - Anacom) e pretende fazer frente a um aumento dos custos.
A alteração de preços reflete "não só a queda de tráfego ocorrida em 2013 mas também, entre outros, o acréscimo de custos operacionais com combustíveis e transportes terrestres e aéreos na prestação do serviço de correio", divulgou a empresa na Comissão do Mercado de Valores Mobiliários."

Nem uma palavra sobre a melhoria do serviço, sobre novos serviços de valor acrescentado potencial.
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Trecho retirado de "Preços dos CTT aumentam em média 2,6% a partir de 7 de abril"

Curiosidade do dia

No cabeçalho deste blogue pode ler-se "Promotor da concorrência imperfeita e dos monopólios informais".
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Quando desenhei a primeira versão dessa "assinatura" ainda pensei em:

"Promotor da concorrência imperfeita, dos monopólios informais e das rendas excessivas"

Contudo, como a expressão "rendas excessivas" está tão gasta em Portugal, por causa do combate político, não a cheguei a usar.
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Hoje, descobri que este senhor, Edward Chamberlin, estava contra a existência de marcas, porque elas permitem a diferenciação dos produtos. A diferenciação dos produtos permite que mais monopólios, "informais"  acrescento eu, sejam criados e, por isso, as empresas, pelo menos algumas, tenham retornos superiores. (Ver páginas 71 e 72, a teoria neoclássica como inimiga do marketing)
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Portanto, primeira regra para uma PME que quer ver o seu rendimento aumentado, pensem em tudo o que possa contrariar as ideias do senhor Chamberlin.
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Monopólios informais (parte II)

Parte I.

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Gosto desta abordagem, recomendo-a a qualquer PME:

"To compete isn’t what you should set out to do. That doesn’t mean you should slack off. To succeed you probably need to work intensely. But you should work on something that others aren’t doing. That is, focus on an area that’s not zero-sum.
Sometimes, though, you need to compete. Monopoly is the theoretical ideal that you should always pursue. But you won’t always find some non-competitive, cornucopian world. You may well find yourself in competitive, zero-sum situations. You must be prepared to handle that competition."

Perseguir um monopólio informal, criar uma exclusividade na cabeça de quem usa ou compra. Em vez de tentar ser melhor que os outros e correr na mesma corrida, tentar criar uma corrida à parte, uma corrida diferente com regras diferentes.
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É, por exemplo, o contrário da corrente por detrás do acordo ortográfico, em vez de convergência, diferenciação.
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BTW, já repararam que anda por aí uma campanha para acabar com as marcas de tabaco, para uniformizar as embalagens de cigarros? Quem ganha com isso? Acabando as marcas, acabando a diferenciação, dá-se a vantagem ao volume, dá-se a vantagem à escala... parece algo encomendado pelas grandes tabaqueiras, para poder vencer as mais pequenas que dependem de marcas, da diferenciação, dos monopólios informais na mente dos apreciadores.

Monopólios informais

Quando neste blogue nos assumimos como "Promotores da concorrência imperfeita e dos monopólios informais" é disto que falamos:

"One of his core points is that we tend to confuse capitalism with competition. We tend to think that whoever competes best comes out ahead. In the race to be more competitive, we sometimes confuse what is hard with what is valuable. The intensity of competition becomes a proxy for value.
In fact, Thiel argues, we often shouldn’t seek to be really good competitors. We should seek to be really good monopolists. Instead of being slightly better than everybody else in a crowded and established field, it’s often more valuable to create a new market and totally dominate it. The profit margins are much bigger, and the value to society is often bigger, too.
Now to be clear: When Thiel is talking about a “monopoly,” he isn’t talking about the illegal eliminate-your-rivals kind. He’s talking about doing something so creative that you establish a distinct market, niche and identity. You’ve established a creative monopoly and everybody has to come to you if they want that service, at least for a time."

 E da próxima vez que ouvirem alguém falar em competitividade pensem em:

"We live in a culture that nurtures competitive skills. And they are necessary: discipline, rigor and reliability. But it’s probably a good idea to try to supplement them with the skills of the creative monopolist: alertness, independence and the ability to reclaim forgotten traditions.
Everybody worries about American competitiveness. That may be the wrong problem. The future of the country will probably be determined by how well Americans can succeed at being monopolists."

Isto implica fugir do espírito da manada, implica seguir o caminho menos percorrido, implica procurar ser diferente e fazer a diferença. Este é o caminho que recomendo!
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E a sua empresa, está a construir o seu próprio monopólio informal?

 Trechos retirados de "The Creative Monopoly".

A beleza de Mongo

A beleza de Mongo, a minha metáfora preferida, está em permitir coisas como esta:

"If you started a made-in-America furniture design business during the financial doldrums of 2009, and have since grown from working out of your house to a dozen-person operation in a 20,000-square-foot facility, you're doing something right. And what Greg Hankerson is doing right is creating very specific furniture that a lot of people want."

Ainda por cima a partir do nada:

"Amazingly, Hankerson started the company in his late '30s with zero furniture design/building experience; his wife needed a table for their patio and Hankerson, who was hosting websites for a living, figured he could save them a few bucks by making one. Having learned to weld from his motocross hobby, he cobbled together a welded base and a repurposed oak top. That piece finished, he then became obsessed with creating improved versions."

Em Mongo we are all weird e, por isso, há cada vez mais nichos e mais nichos. Um dia, a soma de todos os nichos representará um mercado bem superior ao que no passado chamávamos mercado de massas.
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O mercado de massas, normalizado, padronizado... tão século XX, pós II Guerra Mundial é cada vez mais uma coisa do passado.
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Estranho, aparecer neste blogue a citar Krugman, mas um Krugman técnico, não o político dos nossos dias, talvez seja a altura de se começar a estudar um pouco mais da economia da primeira metade do século XX, com toda a sua diversidade.

"Imagine a sector whose product is differentiated. Suppose that every variety is produced with increasing returns to scale. Also assume that these economies of scale are relatively small so that the industry can accommodate many producers, each one producing a different variety.
Then, following Chamberlin (1933), it is natural to expect in this industry a market structure known as monopolistic competition; that is, every firm chooses a variety and its pricing so as to maximize profits, taking as given the variety choice and pricing strategy of the other producers in the industry. In this case every firm ends up producing a different variety of the product.

Now imagine a demand structure within which there is a taste for variety.

This may arise either because people like variety or because every person likes a particular product but different people like different products. Then for every pair of countries that actively produce varieties of the good, we should expect to observe intraindustry trade. Under monopolistic competition, which is the natural market structure under these circumstances, each country will produce different varieties of the product, while every variety is demanded in both countries. Hence differentiated products provide a simple explanation of intraindustry trade." (Moi ici: Substituam "countries" por empresas, por empreendimentos, por projectos e temos Mongo, e temos, por exemplo a coexistência pacífica entre calçado português e chinês, ambos de vento em poupa, cada um trabalhando para os seus clientes-alvo com diferentes gostos)

E como é que a sua empresa está a tratar a sua capacidade de se diferenciar?
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Trecho retirado de "Market Structure and Foreign Trade - Increasing Returns, Imperfect Competition, and the International Economy" de Elhanan Helpman e Paul Krugman (1985).