"When we focus attention on the traditional measure of gross exports of goods, the analysis shows that advanced economies lost non-price competitiveness relative to emerging economies over the period from 1995 to 2011. This picture changes when the fragmentation of production is considered. We find that the relative quality of production from the US, Canada, Germany and the UK, when tracing value added in exports, remained unchanged or even increased over this period. Likewise, the seemingly unchanged or improving relative quality of Brazil, Russia and India's export goods largely arose from outsourcing rather than from improvements in the quality of domestic production. However, gains in Chinese non-price competitiveness remain impressive even after accounting for global value chain integration.
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Competitiveness can no longer be assessed by simply looking at price and cost factors nowadays; it is even not sufficient anymore to control for the changing quality of a country's export goods or to assess a country's ability to react to changes in consumer demand (i.e. meeting tastes). In today's globalised world, competitiveness is also affected by a country's ability to integrate and position itself well in international production chains. Data on gross trade flows may provide misleading conclusions on a country's competitiveness, as internationalisation of production diminishes the domestic component of exports.
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Our results also show that non-price competitiveness losses of developed countries are in fact lower than claimed before, as they remain important suppliers of high quality intermediates in fragmented production lines."
""Made in China" - How Does It Affect Measures Of Competitiveness?"
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