Como se começam a corrigir 30 anos de activismo político? (parte II)

Parte I.
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Na parte I sublinhámos:

"“For 30 years, French authorities encouraged regional development and medium-sized, family-owned dairy farms.”
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France has yet to reconcile its ideal of traditional farming, centred around families, and the need to foster larger farms able to compete with lower-cost competitors in Germany or the  Netherlands.
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“The general public wants small farms because it is more pretty,” says Mr Daudin, 27. “There’s resistance to anything that resembles a factory. But this has a cost."

E recordo outro exemplo francês "Small isn’t always beautiful: The cost of French regulation"

E recordo o exemplo italiano "As long as you’ve got fewer than 15 employees, the union usually leaves you alone"
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Neste blogue não se segue acriticamente a relação entre produtividade e tamanho da empresa, como ainda ontem voltamos a referir acerca dos Encontros da Junqueira. É tudo situacional, se uma empresa segue uma estratégia em que a competitividade se baseia no preço, em que os ganhos de produtividade decorrem de aumentos de eficiência, então, o tamanho é importante e relevante.
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Vamos então à parte II, "Pourquoi le porc français est-il plus cher que celui des voisins européens ?":

"La donne est claire: la France est moins compétitive que ses voisins européens. Troisième producteur de viande de porc en Europe avec 1,9 millions de tonnes produites en 2014, le pays affiche le prix le plus élevé: 1,55 euro le kilo. En Allemagne, le porc est vendu à 1,32 euro le kilo et va même jusqu'à 1,25 euro du kilo en Espagne. Certains industriels préfèrent alors se tourner vers l'étranger.
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Les exploitations françaises ont un problème de rentabilité. En moyenne, un élevage en France compte 200 truies contre 560 au Danemark et même le double en Espagne! «En 1998, la circulaire Voynet-Le Pensec, a mis un coup à la modernisation nécessaire à notre système agricole, estime Guillaume Roué, de l'interprofession porcine (Inaporc). L'objectif était alors de limiter l'élargissement des élevages. En 2004, on a commencé à voir une inversion de la courbe sur la production de porcs français. Pendant ce temps-là, nos voisins se sont diversifiés, ont augmenté leur productivité et ont agrandi leurs exploitations.» En vingt ans, l'Allemagne est en effet passée de 35 millions de porcs abattus à presque 60 millions l'an passé."

E agora, como começar a corrigir 30 anos de activismo político?
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Talvez uma resposta esteja aqui na experiência neo-zelandesa, quem sabe?
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E agora, enquanto a indústria do porco está atolada num pântano, tem de competir pelo preço, no entanto, a regulação, ao mesmo tempo, desincentiva a tomada de decisões que a favorecem. Os políticos que a minaram estão algures a gozar a reforma como se nada fosse com eles.
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Há alternativas ao preço? Claro, mas implicam uma mudança tão grande que poucos a tentam. Por exemplo, criar uma marca, deixar de optar pelas estirpes mais produtivas e voltar às raças autóctones, trabalhar novos segmentos de mercado, fazer da quinta um lugar de visita e de experiências.
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Olha, podiam começar por estudar os frangos Purdue.
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"Firm Size Distortions and the Productivity Distribution: Evidence from France"
"Size-dependent regulations, firmsize distribution, and reallocation"

Como se começam a corrigir 30 anos de activismo político?

Depois de ler um artigo como este "French farmers reap a harvest of strife" sinto-me assim:

Pertencemos a dois universos distintos... falamos duas línguas diferentes, cada um com a sua cosmovisão.
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Os agricultores ainda estão na fase marxiana:

"“It’s down to global market prices now, not whether you did a good job,” she says. “You can have a great harvest and not earn much one year, and make more money with lower quality the following. The only thing we can predict is our costs, and they are always rising.”"

Que outro sector da economia ainda acredita que o mais importante é produzir e que o preço deve incorporar o trabalho realizado?
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Em todos os sectores económicos se vive(u) o mesmo. Quando a produção é superior à procura não basta produzir, não chega produzir. É preciso seduzir potenciais clientes para que prefiram os nossos produtos.
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O que é que os economistas e outros membros da tríade propõem para conseguir essa sedução?
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A redução de preços!
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E como é que se reduzem preços e se ganha dinheiro ao mesmo tempo? Aumentando a eficiência, aumentando a escala para distribuir os custos por uma maior quantidade produzida.

"“In France, more than in other European countries where state intervention was less important, the end of the quotas is a major evolution,” says Vincent Chatellier, a researcher at Institut National de Recherche Agronomique. “For 30 years, French authorities encouraged regional development and medium-sized, family-owned dairy farms.”
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Once Europe’s top exporter of agricultural products, France has in recent years been dethroned by the Netherlands and Germany. It is still the continent’s largest producer, but more competitive countries are pushing down the prices of beef, pork and dairy products at home and gaining market share abroad.
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Cédric Daudin, a dairy farmer near Blois, says France has yet to reconcile its ideal of traditional farming, centred around families, and the need to foster larger farms able to compete with lower-cost competitors in Germany or the  Netherlands. Farmers who seek authorisation to extend plots or smallholdings  often run into local opposition, he notes.
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“The general public wants small farms because it is more pretty,” says Mr Daudin, 27. “There’s resistance to anything that resembles a factory. But this has a cost. Our labour costs are higher, some of our health and environmental rules are  tougher than the European norms.”"

30 anos de activismo político de governos sucessivos destruíram os sinais económicos que deveriam incentivar os agricultores no terreno a optarem por alternativas estratégicas em função da sua idiossincrasia e leitura do mercado. Uns, teriam optado pela via do gigantismo e tornar-se-iam nos gigantes do low-cost. Outros, teriam abandonado o sector. Outros, muitos, teriam optado por alternativas ao gigantismo: aposta em culturas alternativas; aposta em marcas; aposta em canais de distribuição alternativos; aposta em inovadores modelos de negócio, ...
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30 anos de activismo político que deixaram um grupo profissional a queixar-se do que acontece normalmente nos outros sectores. Uma qualquer fábrica pode produzir bem, pode encher o armazém de algo produzido sem defeitos e, no entanto, não ser capaz de seduzir os clientes simplesmente porque alguém fez melhor ou fez diferente e seduziu os clientes. É a vida!
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O interessante... é como este é o grande desafio, o desafio prioritário em tantos e tantos sectores, em tantas e tantas empresas em todo o mundo.
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Reconhecer que há alternativas à competição pelo preço.
Acreditar que a procura é heterogénea.
E, paciência estratégica para explorar até encontrar a alternativa que se ajusta ao caso de cada um.
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Como se começam a corrigir 30 anos de activismo político?

Recordar Lawrence... nada está escrito (parte VIII)

Comecei esta série na parte I por causa de um feeling resultante da combinação do meu gosto pela via  "contrarian" com o que vou observando nas PMEs com que lido.
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Acabo de encontrar um texto que corrobora... corrobora não, que justifica o meu sentimento, "France faces a Dilemma" de Kaj Grichnik e Jerome Pellan:
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"The United States is not alone in its manufacturing malaise. In virtually every Western country, factory employment is disappearing and trade deficits are dangerously on the rise. Take France, for example. Between 1999 and 2009, the country moved from a positive trade balance of €17.8 billion (US$25.4 billion) to a deficit of €21.1 billion ($30.1 billion), a disturbing change in direction that took 30 percent of France’s manufacturing jobs with it.
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And although these numbers mirror trends in the U.S., one very big distinction hidden in these statistics provides important clues about whether France and other western European countries are more likely to enjoy a manufacturing recovery, (Moi ici: Qual o país da Europa Ocidental que mais se aproxima dos Estados Unidos?) or whether the U.S. is — and that distinction clearly favors the United States. Unlike U.S. losses, the lion’s share of France’s losses in manufacturing capacity are not due to China and other low-cost nations; instead, French production and jobs are moving primarily to Germany. (Moi ici: É como se a França estivesse no meio-termo, perde no topo para a Alemanha e na base para a China. Nós por cá perdemos quase tudo para a China...)
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In other words, the deterioration in France’s manufacturing capacity is the result of a shift within its region. Of the €38.9 billion ($55.5 billion) total decline in France’s trade balance, only about €7.2 billion ($10.3 billion) is directly attributable to the growth of its trade deficit with China. Yet between 1999 and 2009, France’s trade imbalance with Germany increased by a whopping €13 billion ($18.5 billion). By contrast, the United States’ trade imbalance with China grew more than threefold in that period while the U.S. trade deficit with Germany held steady.
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The implications of this for France and for the United States could not be more different. If manufacturing does, in fact, become more and more regional, the United States stands to gain from the movement back to North America of Chinese and other low-cost production facilities. France, though, doesn’t have that luxury. (Moi ici: É o que tenho pensado e escrito no último mês...)
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Moreover, France’s worsening trade deficit with China has been driven chiefly by manufacturing losses in lower-tech, lower-margin products, such as apparel, furniture, and office machines. France’s trade imbalance with western European nations has come at the expense of higher-value products such as automobiles, advanced chemicals, and industrial machinery. Consequently, for France, the regional manufacturing model could turn out to be a very expensive development.
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France’s inability to compete effectively against other countries in its backyard for factory capacity is linked to a set of labor and cost dynamics that are increasingly antiquated in a more globalized and malleable manufacturing environment. (Moi ici: Flexibilidade, para mim, pode ser mais importante que os custos)  For example, France’s 35-hour workweek, imposed in 2000 just as other countries were liberalizing production shift rules, increases the overall cost of labor. Further, because of France’s generous medical, unemployment, and pension benefits for residents, companies pay an amount equal to about 83 percent of net salaries in so-called social charges, compared with only 47 percent in Germany. And industrial labor relations in France are extremely adversarial.

By addressing these and other equally problematic issues adroitly, France could possibly dissuade some CEOs from closing French factories. But if France doesn’t address these issues in the next 10 years, the country stands to lose an additional 7 percent of its manufacturing workforce, or about 200,000 jobs.

There are some indications that improving the fortunes of manufacturing is increasingly important to French politicians of all stripes. One of the more audacious proposals calls for taxing sectors that are not exposed to international competition to help industries that are. (Moi ici: A maneira rápida, fácil e errada de resolver um problema é subsidiando o seu prolongamento e atrasando a inevitável transformação... uma espécie de TSU?) But it will take more than new fiscal measures for France to regain its former manufacturing glory; a 21st-century cultural and social transformation is needed for France to again resemble the country that spawned such legendary industrial figures as Peugeot, Eiffel, Citroen, Hussenot, Renault, and Schlumberger.

French Exodus

Hoje, ao final da tarde, ao chegar a casa, encontrei na caixa do correio mais um número da revista TIME.

A capa chamou-me logo a atenção: "The French Exodus (Europe)"
By PETER GUMBEL, Why a growing number of talented and ambitious young people are leaving France behind.

Alguns trechos desse artigo deviam fazer com que muito mais gente pensasse:

"an estimated 2.2 million French citizens, about 4% of the population, who have joined a wave of emigration. According to the Foreign Ministry, there has been a 40% increase in the number of those registering at French consulates abroad since 1995. "

""France is like an old lady. It is paralyzed by the fear of what it could lose.""

"Ségolène Royal wants to hand out $13,000 interest-free loans to aspiring entrepreneurs, and says she will create 500,000 state-funded jobs to get young people into the workforce." Caso para dizer, they just don't get it.

"The French diaspora isn't waiting. Emigrés are voting with their feet, and that has turned them into an election issue"

"Royal's Socialist Party briefly mooted whether to institute a tax on French who move abroad, but soon dropped the idea" ???????!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

"More than 7% of French university graduates in their late 20s are unemployed — one of the worst records in the European Union and about 50% higher than the E.U. average. Moreover, many of the jobs that are available to young people, even highly skilled ones, tend to be short-term and poorly paid. That's a consequence of a skewed labor market, which provides so much protection to full-time employees that firms are reluctant to hire people for anything other than temporary positions. "