Qual é a vantagem competitiva?

"Competitive advantage is a function of what game you’re playing. Not only that, in business competitive advantage is defined not by some abstraction and not by your rival, but by your customers. When ABC Corp. competes with XYZ, Inc., it’s not to see which can run the 100-yard dash fastest. They’re competing to see whose offer will appeal most to a set of customers. Forgetting that is like pretending Rhett and Ashley are just rivals for a gold medal.
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Win By Playing a Different Game
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The question isn’t “which company is better?” It’s “Which customers will buy from you, not the other guy, and why?” Oddly, this key strategy question is often unasked, and even more often answered sloppily. (Moi ici: Grande, grande verdade!!! As empresas pensam que basta dizer "Produzimos vinto tinto"... ficam-se pelo produto e esquecem a experiência do cliente. Vinho tinto para quem? O que é que esse cliente procura num vinho tinto? Onde é que faz sentido expor esse vinho tinto?) Executives often forget that they can-and often should-beat their competitors by playing a different game.
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Don’t Follow the Others, Build on Your Strengths
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Strategic “me-tooism” is endemic. Companies benchmark each other, chase the same hot technologies or markets, fall for the same management fads. What they should do is define a game they are uniquely able to play well, then maintain and invest in the capabilities needed to stay on top of that game. The first step in doing this, I argued a couple of weeks ago, is to identify what intangible assets matter most to your way to play. A company like Bang & Olofson will hire different people, set a different innovation strategy, sell through different channels, and manage its brand different from, say, Panasonic or Nokia.
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As HR experts Dave Ulrich and Norm Smallwood point out, a smart company will develop a distinctive leadership brand. They define this as “a reputation for developing exceptional managers with a distinct set of talents that are uniquely geared to fulfill customers’ and investors’ expectations.” Even more specifically, it means hiring and promoting people in order to build capabilities that reinforce the choice you have made about the game you’re playing, not in order to fill in some generic map of HR competencies.
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The same goes for all the other intangibles: your IT system, your processes, your philosophy of customer relations. They are, or should be, selected and perfected according to your needs rather than a “what’s benchmark” or “what’s world-class’ standard that may be meaningless to your business. (Moi ici: O alinhamento da perspectiva de recursos e infra-estruturas com a estratégia)
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In almost every industry, there’s more than one way to play, which means there’s more than one definition of competitive advantage-and more than one winner." (Moi ici: Claro que para os economistas encalhados só existe a opção de competir pelo custo mais baixo)
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Trechos retirados de "Do You Know Your Company’s Competitive Advantage?"