A vantagem destes artigos é recolherem informação com base em empresas reais (amostra de 2450 empresas apenas) e não com base em especulação. A mim, ajuda-me a calibrar as ideias. Por vezes, valorizo mais ou menos um factor e estes artigos chegam e obrigam-me a reformular e a dar mais peso a uns factores e menos a outros.
Olhando para os dados.
"4.1. Frequency of backshoringIn the countries covered by the EMS 2015, 4.3% of all firms have moved production activities back to the home country between 2013 and mid-2015. The sample includes 105 backshoring firms; these are more observations than most empirical papers on backshoring can provide, but, nevertheless, it makes backshoring a rare event. The highest shares of backshoring firms are reported from Spain (7.9%)...
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We can distinguish further between backshoring from suppliers and backshoring from own subsidiaries. 1.7% of the firms have backshored from suppliers, while 2.6% backshored from their own subsidiaries abroad. In a sectoral perspective, the share of backshoring firms is lowest in low-technology industries such as paper, wood, food and beverages, or textiles, and highest in high-technology industries. However, offshoring frequency also rises with technology intensity,
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Further descriptive results show that backshoring frequency rises steadily with firm size, from around 2% in small firms with less than 50 employees to 7% in large firms with more than 1000 employees. However, offshoring frequency also rises with firm size, making backshoring simply more probable in large firms, as they have previously more often offshored manufacturing activities.
4.3. Motives for backshoringThe most frequent reasons for backshoring of production activities are a lack of flexibility and poor quality, which are both named by more than half of the firms. Unemployed capacity at home takes the third rank with 42%, followed by transportation and coordination costs (24% and 22%) and labour costs (15%). Quality and flexibility show a high consistency as backshoring motives over time, as they have also been the most important reasons for backshoring in the 2012 EMS survey. Innovation-related factors play a minor role as backshoring motives. The perceived loss of know-how in the source country (2%) and the vicinity to R&D capacities at the home base (5%) are the least frequent motives for backshoring of manufacturing activities.
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Firms move production activities back to the home country mostly because of a lack of flexibility, quality problems, and low capacity utilization. Rising labour costs in source countries as a motive to backshore production are, so far, just in sixth place, right behind transportation and coordination costs. The motives for backshoring are heavily dependent on the source country.
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hightech firms are backshoring more frequently, as superior products and quality are inevitable for these firms. They seem to find it difficult to “slice” the value chains for their hightech products vertically into different components, and, therefore, prefer to organise and control them under their own governance in close vicinity to their parent plants, providing additional insights for transaction cost and internalization economics of backshoring activities
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The importance of a production relocation strategy to low-wage countries seems to be diminishing, and local manufacturing strategies seem to be gaining in importance. The reasons to strengthen local manufacturing are, in a way, similar to the main backshoring motives: To reduce complexity and coordination of global supply chains, to provide customised products and services in a flexible and agile way, to adapt to increasing labour costs in emerging countries and the rapid pace of innovations in ICT and advanced manufacturing technologies towards smart and digital factories."
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