Ecossistemas estratégicos

"Strategy describes competition between companies, businesses or individuals that are distinct, that is, heterogeneous. Strategy becomes observable when companies, businesses or individuals compete in a given arena. Put into practical terms, for businesses within a given strategic ecosystem, a strategy is a coherent and consistent pattern of action expressed through a business model leading to the appropriation of sustained economic rents."

 O exemplo que se segue ilustra bem o que se entende por heterogeneidade num sector económico.
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"in the valve and pump industries, in spite of the fact that there are several hundred businesses in each of these industries in the United Kingdom, few of the businesses compete head-to-head. The products designed, manufactured and distributed by these companies vary significantly depending upon their engineering complexity and degree of customisation. In addition, valves and pumps have very different characteristics depending on the needs of industry end users. Finally, the nature of the installation, maintenance and replacement economics may differ very substantially.
Various combinations of these factors impinge upon the viability of different strategic and operational options for participants in the pump and valve industries that affect the nature of the manufacturing, supply, design and servicing capabilities of the business (as shown in Figure 1).

Overlaid on top of this power/cost dimension of strategic ecology is an end-use dimension, which determines the design and materials aspects of the pumps or valves. Over a period of time, the industry has evolved into approximately twenty different ecosystems characterised by complexity, value and end-user industry. Businesses typically participate in only one or two ecosystems, because different ecosystems require markedly different business models for a player to participate: a single business model, even if distinct from that of other players, is unlikely to confer advantages in different pump and valve ecosystems. A broad participant needs multiple model to compete in several different ecosystems, which splinters learning and is expensive. What an analysis of the pump and valve industries makes clear is how heterogeneous these industries in fact are, and how varied are the firms that compete in them — there is no single industry but instead many strategic ecosystems."
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Leio "strategic ecosystems" e recordo as árvores cladísticas.