Os economistas falam e discutem sobre a competição entre empresas com uma oferta homogénea para servir uma procura homogénea.
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Por isso, quando pensam em aumentar a competitividade das empresas portuguesas, para que possam exportar mais, só pensam em medidas como a redução da TSU ou das alterações ao Código do Trabalho. O racional é, se reduzirmos estes custos de contexto, então, as empresas podem baixar os seus preços e tornarem-se mais competitivas.
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Não percebo é como, uma vez aplicadas estas medidas, a preocupação seguinte é, o que é que as empresas vão fazer com o dinheiro que vão poupar? Esperem aí... com o dinheiro que vão poupar? Mas então o objectivo não era poder vender mais barato?
"Resta saber, por outro lado, que destino é que os empresários vão dar a essas poupanças. Vão reinvesti-las?"
Algo na senda desta ideias mirabolantes.
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Por mim, prefiro uma visão do mundo das empresas e dos clientes onde a heterogeneidade de parte a parte permite a criação de valor para uma rede de intervenientes.
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"According to classical economics, the advantages that a business enjoys, unless it is protected by monopoly or stable oligopoly, will be eroded by competition until only normal profits sufficient to cover the costs of capital remain. "How then can we expect businesses to enjoy sustained competitive advantages that result in superior i.e. nonnormal profits that endure for considerable periods of time? The answer lies in the ability of the business to generate abnormal profits by extracting different types of economic rent from its activities that are sustainable.
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In addition to monopoly and oligopoly rents, which have been very well worked by economists and will not be discussed here, other sources of rents available to businesses are Schumpeterian, Ricardian and opportunity rents.
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Much prominence is given in economics to the first four categories of rent (monopoly, oligopoly, Schumpeterian, Ricardian), but it is probably the minority of businesses that can rely upon these rents as a source of sustained returns. Instead, the majority of businesses rely upon their ability to extract opportunity rents, and resulting opportunity profits from their activities. What are opportunity rents?
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firms exist because they provide a more efficient way than markets to handle complex, customised transactions in situations of bounded knowledge and opportunism.
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markets are often not capable of supplying customers precisely what they want when they want it in an efficient and effective way. Typically, business–customer exchange is deeply specific and idiosyncratic (on both sides), and this creates the opportunity to create value through exchange that is not zero-sum. Part of the value created accrues to the business as an opportunity rent for the specific, heterogeneous set of idiosyncratic resources deployed by the business, which enable the specific exchange to occur with the particular customer concerned. Businesses exist to extract these rents, not just to minimise the transactional costs of supply and optimise their production function (the focus of economists). If businesses extract opportunity rents successfully, they will earn superior returns.
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Typically, economists describe price discrimination between customer groups that are internally homogeneous where the offered price of a homogeneous product is different between the groups of customers. Contrast idiosyncratic exchange, which takes place between heterogeneous customers who purchase idiosyncratic variants of a product through a non-uniform interface with businesses that are themselves heterogeneous in structure. Heterogeneity is the source of value in exchange, and the source of opportunity rents and profits.
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What is not in doubt, however, is that successful businesses are able to capture opportunity rents from the customers within the confines of idiosyncratic win-win exchanges.
So long as businesses and individuals remain different, opportunities will exist for rents to be extracted. Only when all businesses and purchasers become the same, homogenous, will returns fall to the level of normal profits favoured in the discussions of economists."
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Trechos retirados de "Astute Competition" de Peter Johnson.
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