O choque chinês num país de moeda forte (parte IV)

Continuado daqui: Parte I, Parte II e Parte III.

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Há dias no Facebook, a propósito deste texto sobre as ideias de Edward Hugh "El economista Edward Hugh apunta que España necesita rebajar salarios un 20%" escrevi:

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"I prefer "creative destruction". I prefer to reduce costs to whoever wants to join the market, and let low productivity plants being displaced by high productivity plants". "

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Pois bem, ontem lembrei-me de consultar o pai da "Destruição Criativa", Joseph A. Schumpeter himself. Assim, mergulhei no capítulo "The Process of Creative Destruction" do livro "Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy" e ... que refrescante:

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"The essential point to grasp is that in dealing with capitalism we are dealing with an evolutionary process."

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"Capitalism, then, is by nature a form or method of economic change and not only never is but never can be stationary." (Moi ici: Lá se vai a treta do equílibrio)

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"The fundamental impulse that sets and keeps the capitalism engine in motion comes from the new consumers' goods, the new methods of production or transportation, the new markets, the new forms of industrial organization that capitalist enterprise creates."

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"This process of Creative Destruction is the essential fact about capitalism. It is what capitalism consists in and what every capitalist concern has got to live in."

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E agora a pièce de résistance:

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"The first thing to go is the traditional conception of the modus operandi of competition. Economists are at long last emerging from the stage in which price competition was all they saw. (Moi ici: Estão a ver isto!!! Parece que desde 1942 o progresso não foi tão rápido como Schumpeter previu, malheureusement...) As soon as quality competition and sales effort are admitted into the sacred precincts of theory, the price variable is ousted from its dominant position. However, it is still competition within a rigid pattern of invariant conditions, methods of production and forms of industrial organization in particular, that practically monopolizes attention. But in capitalist reality as distinguished from its textbook picture, it is not that kind of competition which counts but the competition from the new commodity, the new technology, the new source of supply, the new type of organization (the largest-scale unit of control for instance)–competition which commands a decisive cost or quality advantage and which strikes not at the margins of the profits and the outputs of the existing firms but at their foundations and their very lives." (Moi ici: Porque é que fico com a sensação que pouca gente percebe a distinção entre estes dois tipos de competição? A competição pela eficiência, pelos custos, versus a competição pela eficácia? Como é que a Alemanha consegue prosperar com uma moeda forte senão com base na competição pela eficácia? E agora que somos todos alemães bem que era preciso perceber isso.)

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"This kind of competition is as much more effective than the other as a bombardment is in comparison with forcing a door, and so much more important that it becomes a matter of comparative indifference whether competition in the ordinary sense functions more or less promptly; the powerful lever that in the long run expands output and brings down prices is in any case made of other stuff.

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It is hardly necessary to point out that competition of the kind we now have in mind acts not only when in being but also when it is merely an ever-present threat. It disciplines before it attacks."

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Há por aí alguma exegése sobre este capítulo e sobre estes dois tipos de competição?