Qualificações vs instituções

Ontem, antes da minha caminhada do final da tarde, li este artigo, "Do topo à base, as empresas precisam de mais qualificações para garantirem o seu futuro", onde encontrei esta pérola:

"Tal como os países, as empresas produzem mais riqueza quanto maiores forem as qualificações de quem as compõe.
...
A opinião é unânime entre os especialistas, que apontam o défice de qualificações como uma das debilidades da economia nacional."

Depois, durante a minha caminhada, li mais uns trechos de "Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty" de Daron Acemoglu e James Robinson, nomeadamente o capítulo 2, "Theories that don't work". Nesse capítulo, os autores explicam várias teorias que, segundo eles, não explicam a pobreza no mundo:

• não é por causa da geografia;
• não é por causa da presença ou ausência de recursos naturais;
• não é por causa da adopção ou não adopção de novas tecnologias;
• não é por causa da presença ou ausência endémica de animais ou cereais para alimentação;
• não é por causa de diferenças culturais;
• não é por causas de diferenças religiosas.

Depois destas hipóteses todas aparece mais uma, "The Ignorance Hypothesis":

"The final popular theory for why some nations are poor and some are rich is the ignorance hypothesis, which asserts that world inequality exists because we or our rulers do not know how to make poor countries rich.
...
if ignorance were the problem, well-meaning leaders would quickly learn what types of policies increased their citizens’ incomes and welfare, and would gravitate toward those policies. [Moi ici: Atentar no discurso, na exortação de Vasco Cordeiro aos pescadores açorianos. Se se sabe, por que não acontece?]
...
The ignorance hypothesis differs from the geography and culture hypotheses in that it comes readily with a suggestion about how to “solve” the problem of poverty: if ignorance got us here, enlightened and informed rulers and policymakers [Moi ici: Ou Patróes e empregados no caso das empresas] can get us out and we should be able to “engineer” prosperity around the world by providing the right advice and by convincing politicians of what is good economics. ... the main obstacle to the adoption of policies that would reduce market failures and encourage economic growth is not the ignorance of politicians but the incentives and constraints they face from the political and economic institutions in their societies."

Depois da caminhada, à noite, li este artigo "Where are Greece’s missing exports?", onde encontrei:

"Institutional weaknesses are mainly to blame for Greece’s dire trading performance, with exports around a third smaller than they should be, according to a new paper from staff at the European Commission.
...
“Competitiveness depends crucially on a more comprehensive notion of the cost of doing business – which in turn depends on the rule of law, property rights, the ability to enforce contracts, flexible labour market arrangements, the available transport infrastructure and many other factors besides the recorded cost of capital and labour. Customs formalities, administrative procedures, and regulatory transparency are directly linked to the trading process.”"

À luz da hipótese de Acemoglu a explicação para a pobreza das nações reside nas instituições:

"Countries differ in their economic success because of their different institutions, the rules influencing how the economy works, and the incentives that motivate people.
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Inclusive economic institutions foster economic activity, productivity growth, and economic prosperity. Secure private property rights are central, since only those with such rights will be willing to invest and increase productivity.
A businessman who expects his output to be stolen, expropriated, or entirely taxed away will have little incentive to work, let alone any incentive to undertake investments and innovations. But such rights must exist for the majority of people in society.
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This book will show that while economic institutions are critical for determining whether a country is poor or prosperous, it is politics and political institutions that determine what economic institutions a country has."

 Estou a recordar "The Predator State"