Macro-economistas e modelos de negócio

Este artigo de Helena Garrido no JdN "O treinador de bancada do Banco de Portugal" desencadeia algumas reflexões:

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"Que bom deve ser estar sentado numa confortável sala climatizada a emitir opiniões sobre uma realidade que apenas se conhece através de indicadores e estudos." (Moi ici: a autora escreve sobre o BdP mas o que escreve aplica-se aos políticos e macroeconomistas que nunca trabalharam na microeconomia e julgam-se Grandes Planeadores)

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Ontem, ao ler este artigo "Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation" de David Teece e publicado na Long Range Planning 43 (2010) volto a encontrar temas a merecerem reflexão. Um deles é a falta de adesão... ou antes, o atraso da teoria económica face à realidade do mundo actual.

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Por exemplo, acerca dos modelos de negócio:

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1.O que é um modelo de negócio.

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"“A business model articulates the logic and provides data and other evidence that demonstrates how a business creates and delivers value to customers. It also outlines the architecture of revenues, costs, and profits associated with the business enterprise delivering that value.
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The issues related to good business model design are all interrelated, and lie at the core of the fundamental question asked by business strategists - how does one build a sustainable competitive advantage and turn a super normal profit? In short, a business model defines how the enterprise creates and delivers value to customers, and then converts payments received to profits. To profit from innovation, business pioneers need to excel not only at product innovation (Moi ici: Sinek reflecte aqui sobre o risco de nos concentrarmos no produto e perdermos toda a arquitectura necessária para oferecer a proposta de valor) but also at business model design, understanding business design options as well as customer needs and technological trajectories. Developing a successful business model is insufficient to assure competitive advantage as imitation is often easy: a differentiated (and hard to imitate) e yet effective and efficient e business model is more likely to yield profits. Business model innovation can itself be a pathway to competitive advantage if the model is sufficiently differentiated and hard to replicate for incumbents and new entrants alike.
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In essence, a business model embodies nothing less than the organizational and financial ‘architecture’ of a business."

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2.E o que diz a teoria económica sobre os modelos de negócio:

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"The concept of a business model lacks theoretical grounding in economics or in business studies.
Quite simply there is no established place in economic theory for business models; and there is not a single scientific paper in the mainstream economics journals that analyses or discusses business models in the sense they are defined here.
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In standard approaches to competitive markets, the problem of capturing value is quite simply assumed away: inventions are often assumed to create value naturally and, enjoying protection of iron-clad patents, firms can capture value by simply selling output in established markets, which are assumed to exist for all products and inventions. Thus there are no puzzles about how to design a business e it is simply assumed that if value is delivered, customers will always pay for it.
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In short, figuring out business models for a new or existing product or business is an unnecessary step in textbook economics, where it is not uncommon to work with theoretical constructs which assume fully developed spot and forward markets, strong property rights, the costless transfer of information, perfect arbitrage, and no innovation. In mainstream approaches, there is simply no need to worry about the value proposition to the customer, or the architecture of revenues and costs, or about mechanisms to capture value. Customers will buy if the price is less that the utility yielded; producers will supply if price is at or above all costs including a return to capital e the price system resolves everything and business design issues simply don’t arise.

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But general equilibrium models, with (one-sided) markets and perfect competition are a caricature of the real world. Intangible products are in fact ubiquitous, two-sided markets are common, and customers don’t just want products; they want solutions to their perceived needs. In some cases, markets may not even exist, so entrepreneurs may have to build organizations in order to perform activities for which markets are not yet ready. Accordingly, in the real world, entrepreneurs and managers must give close consideration to the design of business models and even to building businesses to execute transactions which cannot yet be performed in the market.
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It’s also true that business models have no place within the theoretical constructs of planned economies (just as in a perfectly competitive economy). While central planners do need to understand the stages in the production system, in a supply driven system - where consumers merely get what the system produces - business models simply aren’t necessary. There is no problem associated with producers capturing value because value doesn’t even have to be captured; the state decides what and how to produce, and how to pay for it all."

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Ou seja, os macroeconomistas, que não sabem o que é um modelo de negócio, que não usam modelos de negócio, que lidam com caricaturas do mundo económico baseadas no conceito absurdo de equilíbrio que Walras introduziu... não admira que depois só conheçam uma alavanca para reforçar a competitividade de uma empresa: baixar o preço!!!!!!!