Subjectivismo e valor

"All economic science has endeavored to account for real-world phenomena. The classical economist believed that these phenomena are to be seen as having been inexorably determined by the underlying physical realities. The availability of scarce natural resources, in conjunction with population and its demographics, basically determine the course of human history. What emerges over history is inescapable, it cannot be substantially altered by human will. Economic history emerges as automatically determined by the objective conditions governing and surrounding production. It was against this premise that Menger did revolutionary battle in his 1871 Grundsätze.
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The central thrust of Menger’s book, we argue, was not so much his articulation of a subjective (marginal utility) theory of value, as his vision of the entire economic process of production as expressing the imprint, upon external reality, of the human factor. It was this vision that led him to formulate his theory of goods of various “orders,” in which it is the preference of the final consumers that determines the place of each potential resource in the structure of production, and that ultimately assigns market values to all of them.
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It was this vision that led him (some twenty years earlier than his fellow pioneers in the marginalist revolution, in other schools) to glimpse, at least, the outlines of the theory of marginal productivity within the very formulation of the marginal utility theory of value.
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What ultimately determines the economic phenomena that we observe in the real world is, in this Mengerian vision, not the physical conditions governing production, but the needs of human beings. It is the latter that determine production methods, and the assignment of market values to goods, and incomes to owners of agents of production. Menger’s vision is thus subjective in the fundamental sense that what emerges in real-world economies is the expression of human preferences as exercised against a background of given, passive resource constraints and endowments."
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Trecho retirado de "The driving force of the market: essays in Austrian economics" de Israel M.Kirzner.
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Interessante reter "Rational - by definition an ideology"