"Niche construction: an idea from the evolutionary theory
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The standard view assigned excessive importance to natural selection, and the selection environment was usually seen as exogenous. The role of organisms was typically reduced to the role of a mediator between the selection environment and the population gene pool.
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This view has been largely criticized on the grounds that an organism is, in fact, actively changing its environments: the organism chooses it, modifies it, and creates it, and these modifications may become evolutionarily significant. Genotype retention is not linearly caused by environmental conditions. Instead, genes, organism, and environment are intertwined and mutually influencing entities. In response to the traditional model of adaptation— seeing adaptations as solutions to the problems posed by the environment—Lewontin (1983) suggested that organisms and their ecological niches are coconstructing and codefining each other. Organisms both physically shape their environments and determine which factors in the external environment are relevant to their evolution, thus assembling such factors into their niches.
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The evolutionary process depends not only on natural selection and genetic inheritance, but also on the process of niche construction and ecological inheritance. Niche construction may reduce environmental pressures: e.g., building a burrow or hive will protect organisms and their resources from some nature hazards and predators. Speaking in terms of the fitness landscape, niche-oncstructing species do not climb the local peak of fitness; rather they become landscape shapers, raising new mountains where they never existed before.
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Respectively, the process of niche construction does not imply strategic assaults on rivals or changes in organizational boundaries through acquisitions and divestments, although the outcome of niche construction transforms the competitive landscape. Rather, it implies sustained changes in the pool of resources in the environment (i.e., outside the organizational boundary), and changes in the knowledge distribution and the typical divisions of labor. Rather than the game by the rules strategy, it is envisaged as the change of the rules of the game—a change that results in reorganization or creation of opportunities."
Trechos retirados de "Niche Construction: The Process of Opportunity Creation in the Environment" de Pavel Luksha, Strat. Entrepreneurship J., 2: 269–283 (2008)
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