quinta-feira, junho 02, 2011

Service-dominant logic (parte I)

Há anos que procurava um filão destes.
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A minha formação de base é engenharia. Praticamente tudo o que desenvolvo com as empresas no campo da estratégia resulta do meu estudo, da minha reflexão e da experiência que vou vivendo com as empresas.
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Sinto que existe uma grande lacuna entre o que vou construindo como sendo o meu arsenal de ferramentas, de abordagens e de perspectivas da realidade e o que a academia me oferece.
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A realidade de trabalhar com as empresas é implacável, as experiências têm de resultar, o que não resulta é rapidamente eliminado ou retrabalhado.
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Assim, há anos que descobri a importância do valor para o sucesso das empresas. Não o valor na concepção marxiana, como sendo algo embutido nos produtos, durante a produção, pelo fornecedor, mas o valor gerado na mente do cliente. Valor como algo de subjectivo e diferente de cliente para cliente.
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Para reduzir a variabilidade na interpretação do que é valor, o passo seguinte, levou-me a descobrir a importância do conceito de cliente-alvo e daí chegar ao conceito de proposta de valor.
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Mas a sede de perceber melhor o que é isso de valor, como é que ele é originado, capturado e extraído, nunca se extingue, está sempre presente, é sempre testada assim que trabalhamos com um cliente.
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Foi com uma grande satisfação que descobri um filão interessante que desconhecia e há muito tempo procurava. Aconselho a leitura de "Evolving to a New Dominant Logic for Marketing" de Stephen L. Vargo & Robert F. Lusch, publicado no Journal of Marketing em Janeiro de 2004.
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Segundo os autores, os fornecedores produzem plataformas que os clientes podem usar para criar valor na sua vida. E só os clientes podem criar valor, por isso, os fornecedores apenas podem apresentar propostas de valor. O que os clientes compram é a capacidade de prestação de serviços que criam valor.
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Alguns recortes do artigo
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"marketing has moved from a goods-dominant view, in which tangible output and discrete transactions were central, to a service-dominant view, in which intangibility, exchange processes, and relationships are central.” (Moi ici: Fugir dos atributos do produto ou serviço, para nos concentrarmos na experiência que o cliente vai experienciar)

“we define services as the application of specialized competences (knowledge and skills) through deeds, processes, and performances for the benefit of another entity or the entity itself.”

“define operand resources as resources on which an operation or act is performed to produce an effect, and they compare operand resources with operant resources, which are employed to act on operand resources (and other operant recourses).” (Moi ici: Quanto mais intangibilidade as empresas incorporam na oferta, mais "operant resources" actuam e transforma outros operant resources que por sua vez transformam operand resources)

“A goods-centered dominant logic developed in which the operand resources were considered primary.” (Moi ici: Está obsoleta esta lógica dominante. No entanto, a academia, os políticos e os economistas continuam mergulhados nela. Por isso só conhecem a alavanca do preço)

“Operant resources are resources that produce effects”

““it is never resources themselves that are the ‘inputs’ to the production process, but only the services that the resources can render.”
Operant resources are often invisible and intangible; often they are core competences or organizational processes.”

“The service-centered dominant logic perceives operant resources as primary, because they are the producers of effects. This shift in the primacy of resources has implications for how exchange processes, markets, and customers are perceived and approached.”

The service-centered view of marketing implies that marketing is a continuous series of social and economic processes that is largely focused on operant resources with which the firm is constantly striving to make better value propositions than its competitors. In a free enterprise system, the firm primarily knows whether it is making better value propositions from the feedback it receives from the marketplace in terms of firm financial performance.
Because firms can always do better at serving customers and improving financial performance, the service-centered view of marketing perceives marketing as a continuous learning process (directed at improving operant resources). The service-centered view can be stated as follows:


  • 1. Identify or develop core competences, the fundamental knowledge and skills of an economic entity that represent potential competitive advantage.
  • 2. Identify other entities (potential customers) that could benefit from these competences. (Moi ici: Quem são os clientes-alvo?)
  • 3. Cultivate relationships that involve the customers in developing customized, competitively compelling value propositions to meet specific needs. (Moi ici: Qual o mosaico de actividades e recursos e infraestruturas que vai gerar a proposta de valor para os clientes-alvo?)
  • 4. Gauge marketplace feedback by analyzing financial performance from exchange to learn how to improve the firm’s offering to customers and improve firm performance.”


Core competences are not physical assets but intangible processes; they are “bundles of skills and technologies””

““the competitive advantage of firms stems from dynamic capabilities rooted in high performance routines operating inside the firm, embedded in the firm’s processes, and conditioned by its history.” Hamel and Prahalad discuss “competition for competence,” or competitive advantage resulting from competence making a “disproportionate contribution to customer-perceived value.””

““core competence is communication, involvement, and a deep commitment to working across organizational boundaries.” In addition, they state (Hamel and Prahalad) that core competences are “collective learning in the organization, especially [about] how to coordinate diverse production skills.””

“The service-centered view of marketing is customercentric and market driven (Moi ici: Concentrar tudo no serviço aos clientes-alvo). This means more than simply being consumer oriented; it means collaborating with and learning from customers and being adaptive to their individual and dynamic needs. A service-centered dominant logic implies that value is defined by and cocreated with the consumer rather than embedded in output. Haeckel (1999) observes successful firms moving from practicing a “make-and-sell” strategy to a “sense-and-respond” strategy. Day (1999, p. 70) argues for thinking in terms of self-reinforcing “value cycles” rather than linear value chains. In the servicecentered view of marketing, firms are in a process of continual hypothesis generation and testing. Outcomes (e.g., financial) are not something to be maximized but something to learn from as firms try to serve customers better and improve their performance.”"
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Continua

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