Mostrar mensagens com a etiqueta hayek. Mostrar todas as mensagens
Mostrar mensagens com a etiqueta hayek. Mostrar todas as mensagens

quarta-feira, março 13, 2019

Curiosidade do dia

Num único subcapítulo do livro, "The Market Process" de Wulff Plinke e Ian Wilkinson, capítulo incluído no livro "Fundamentals of Business-to-Business Marketing - Mastering Business Markets" editado por Michael Kleinaltenkamp, Wulff Plinke, Ian Wilkinson e Ingmar Geiger, um festival de liberalismo económico:
"The market process can be viewed as a search process that never stops for any participant. Since all market participants are engaged in this search process, the market in effect creates the knowledge needed by buyers and sellers to act: “. . . the whole organization of a market mainly serves the distribution of information according to which the buyer has to act” (Hayek)
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Kirzner developed a helpful way of describing the market mechanism
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The market process is driven by entrepreneurs’ continuous search for profit opportunities. “The necessity to realize profits compels an entrepreneur to adapt as quickly and completely as possible to the desires of buyers (on the goods market) and sellers (on the resource market)” (Mises).
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The result is what Schumpeter calls a process of “creative destruction” in the economy in which entrepreneurial activity leads to the continual supplanting of existing patterns of production by new ones."

sexta-feira, novembro 03, 2017

Acerca do optimismo não documentado

"Except I didn't buy 1,000 dollars worth of Bitcoin in 2008. If I had, I'd have more than $40,000,000 today.
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It's not that I didn't know.
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It's that I didn't act.

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Two different things.
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I knew, but I didn't know for sure. Not enough to act.
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All the good stuff happens when we act even if we don't know for sure."
Tão bom!!!

Faz-me lembrar o optimismo não documentado (2010, 2010, 2010, 2014) , faz-me lembrar a tese da concorrência como um mecanismo de descoberta.
"O optimismo não documentado é um assunto que separa a ténue fronteira entre o arriscar com fundamento e o arriscar com base na fé."
BTW, este optimismo não documentado pode ser relacionado com aquela fase de neblina em que o mundo muda e as receitas anteriores deixam de funcionar. Então, alguns optimistas (ou desesperados) arriscam, fuçando. A maioria falha, um acerta e depois começa a aprendizagem dos empríricos por spillover.

Trecho inicial retirado de "What you know vs. what you do"

quarta-feira, novembro 01, 2017

o vector tempo não é irrelevante (parte II)

Recordar estes postais sobre a aplicação dos princípios da física à economia:


"The difference between economic competition and the successful procedure of science is that the former exhibits a method of discovering particular temporary circumstances, while science seeks to discover something often known as “general facts,” i.e., regularities in events, and is concerned with unique, particular facts only to the extent that they tend to refute or confirm its theories. Since this is a matter of general and permanent features of our world, scientific discoveries have ample time to demonstrate their value, whereas the usefulness of particular circumstances disclosed by economic competition is to a considerable extent transitory. ... By the nature of things, however, the theory of the market is unable to accomplish this in all those cases in which it is reasonable to make use of competition. As we shall see, the predictive power of this theory is necessarily constrained to a prediction of the type of structure or abstract order that will result; it does not, however, extend to a prediction of particular events.
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The basis for this point of view is the conviction that the coarse structure of the economy can exhibit no regularities that are not results of the fine structure, and that those aggregates or mean values, which alone can be grasped statistically, give us no information about what takes place in the fine structure. The notion that we must formulate our theories so that they can be immediately applied to observable statistical or other measurable quantities seems to me to be a methodological error which, had the natural sciences followed it, would have greatly obstructed their progress. All we can require of theories is that, after an input of relevant data, conclusions can be derived from them that can be checked against reality. The fact that these concrete data are so diverse and complex in our area of inquiry that we can never take them all into account is an unchangeable fact, but not a shortcoming of the theory. A result of this fact is that we can derive from our theories only very general statements, or “pattern predictions,” as I have called them elsewhere; we cannot, however, derive any specific predictions of individual events from them. Certainly, however, this does not justify insisting that we derive unambiguous relationships among the immediately observable variables, or that this is the only way of obtaining scientific knowledge—particularly not if we know that, in that obscure image of reality we call statistics, in aggregates and averages we unavoidably summarize many things whose causal meaning is very diverse."
F. A. Hayek em "Competition as a Discovery Process"

quarta-feira, janeiro 12, 2011

The Road to serfdom - parte II

Quem está atento ao que dizem os políticos do sistema, da situação e da oposição, sabe que uma das doenças de que sofrem é a das prioridades. Tudo é prioritário.
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"The only exception to the rule that a free society must not be subjected to a single purpose is war and other temporary disasters when subordination of almost everything to the immediate and pressing need is the price at which we preserve our freedom in the long run. This explains also why so many of the fashionable phrases about doing for the purposes of peace what we have learnt to do for the purposes of war are so very misleading: it is sensible temporarily to sacrifice freedom in order to make it more secure in the future; but the same cannot be said for a system proposed as a permanent arrangement.
That no single purpose must be allowed in peace to have absolute preference over all others applies even to the one aim which everybody now agrees comes in the front rank: the conquest of unemployment. There can be no doubt that this must be the goal of our greatest endeavour; even so, it does not mean that such an aim should be allowed to dominate us to the exclusion of everything else, that, as the glib phrase runs, it must be accomplished "at any price"."
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Trecho retirado de "The Road to Serfdom" de F. Hayek.

sábado, janeiro 08, 2011

The Road to serfdom - parte I

"The crucial point is that it is infinitely more difficult rationally to comprehend the necessity of submitting to forces whose operation we cannot follow in detail, than to do so out of the humble awe which religion, or even the respect for the doctrines of economics, did inspire. It may indeed be the case that infinitely more intelligence on the part of everybody would be needed than anybody now possesses, if we were even merely to maintain our present complex civilisation without anybody having to do things of which he does not comprehend the necessity. The refusal to yield to forces which we neither understand nor can recognise as the conscious decisions of an intelligent being is the product of an incomplete and therefore erroneous rationalism. .
It is incomplete because it fails to comprehend that the co-ordination of the multifarious individual efforts in a complex society must take account of facts no individual can completely survey. And it fails to see that, unless this complex society is to be destroyed, the only alternative to submission to the impersonal and seemingly irrational forces of the market is submission to an equally uncontrollable and therefore arbitrary power of other men. In his anxiety to escape the irksome restraints which he now feels, man does not realise that the new authoritarian restraints which will have to be deliberately imposed in their stead will be even more painful."
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Mais actual que nunca e a conjugar bem com a emergência e Seth Godin.

Continua.

Cucos em acção - first things first

"Alunos fartos de estudar à chuva boicotam aulas"
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"DREC gasta 138 mil euros a tapar o sol aos carros"
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"O dirigente do SPRC ressalva que "estas são as coisas que vêm à tona!" e lança uma questão: "Quanto mais disto haverá espalhado pelas várias capitanias do Ministério da Educação e de outros organismos do mesmo Governo que imporá tantos sacrifícios aos portugueses neste ano que agora se inicia?"."
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Num país em crise com um sector público que gasta mais de 1,6 milhões de euros em cabazes de Natal tudo é possível.
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"Ao JN, a presidente da AP/ESJF, Ana Costa, afirmou-se "chocada" com as prioridades e o "desprezo da DREC""
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Chocada!!!??? Chocado fico eu quando as pessoas se indignam com estas coisas. Estas coisas não são pessoais, não acontecem porque os decisores da DREC são más pessoas, estas coisas são uma consequência directa do esquema das coisas num mundo socialista.... que vontade de reler "The Road to Serfdom"...

quinta-feira, junho 10, 2010

O triunfo das ideias do Grande Planeador

"According to the views now dominant the question is no longer how we can make the best use of the spontaneous forces found in a free society. We have in effect undertaken to dispense with the forces which produced unforeseen results and to replace the impersonal and anonymous mechanism of the market by collective and "conscious" direction of all social forces to deliberately chosen goals."
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Hayek em "The Road to Serfdom"

domingo, dezembro 21, 2008

A dança da chuva

João Miranda escreve hoje no DN, num artigo de opinião intitulado "Mais um plano".
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O plano é este:
Procuremos então mergulhar dentro do plano, fazendo um zoom, para ...
... perceber como é que as entradas dão origem às saídas.
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Et voilá!!!
"No entanto, estes benefícios não passam de conjecturas que pressupõem uma relação causa-efeito entre as medidas tomadas e o crescimento económico."
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Eheheheh!!!
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Este mambo-jambo faz-me lembrar cada vez mais a dança da chuva:
Roubei esta imagem a um artigo que gosto muito e que julgo que é injustamente esquecido “Successful Change Programs Begin with Results", publicado pela Harvard Business Review em Jan/Fev. 1992 (mesmo número em que foi publicado o artigo original de Kaplan e Norton) da autoria de R. Schaffer & H. Thomson (Schaffer é autor de um livro que li em 1992 ou 1993 e que ainda hoje recomendo a quem queira liderar projectos de mudança numa organização "The Breakthrough Strategy").
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Nesta imagem os bonecos realizam uma dança-da-chuva...
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Schaffer no artigo tem esta frase espectacular “rain dance” is the ardent pursuit of activities that sound good, look good, and allow managers to feel good – but in fact contribute little or nothing to bottom-line performance."
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"“The government is looking at this from a purely macroeconomic level. They have to consider the microeconomics and buil a model up from that to macro to find a way to hopefully fix this. This would hopefully help the common man survive this turmoil with something left to show for years of hard work.” "
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O artigo remata enumerando o lado negativo certo destes planos:
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"Durante as recessões, determinados meios de produção ficam inactivos, a produção baixa e o desemprego aumenta. Um plano keynesiano, como o que o Governo apresentou, visa aproveitar os meios de produção inactivos. O Governo tem de saber não apenas quais são os meios de produção inactivos, mas também quais são as medidas exactas que poderão mobilizar esses meios de produção sem distorcer a economia.
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O trabalho de Friedrich Hayek sobre a importância da informação na economia sugere que este projecto é impossível. O Governo desconhece a informação relevante para determinar os meios de produção inactivos e a forma como eles podem ser mobilizados. Esta informação encontra-se dispersa por toda a economia e é ela própria o objecto da actividade económica. As medidas que constam do Governo não mobilizam apenas os factores de produção inactivos, mas todos os factores produção.
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Por exemplo, os projectos de obras públicas que o Governo pretende lançar não beneficiarão apenas as empresas sem clientes e os trabalhadores no desemprego. Estes projectos vão beneficiar empresas com uma boa carteira de clientes e trabalhadores que não correm qualquer risco de ir para o desemprego. O plano do Governo pode até criar problemas estruturais geradores de desemprego porque desloca recursos das actividades produtivas e sustentáveis para projectos públicos desnecessários."
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O que João Miranda se esquece é que o governo acredita profundamente na teoria do Grande Geometra, do Grande Planeador... apesar de pregar aos empresáros a necessidade de mudar de esquema mental, ainda não estão preparados para a humildade de Kepler.
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Há que não esquecer as lições do passado:
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"Although deep downturns are destructive, they can also have an upside. The Depression-era economist Joseph Schumpeter emphasized the positive consequences of downturns: the destruction of underperforming companies, the release of capital from dying sectors to new industries, and the movement of high-quality, skilled workers toward stronger employers. For companies with cash and ideas, history shows that downturns can provide enormous strategic opportunities"
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Tom Nicholas in "Innovation lessons from the 1930s " no The McKinsey Quarterly.